Abstract

Drawing from the teachings of Neo-Confucian scholars, particularly Zhang Zai, the Cheng brothers and Wang Yangming, this chapter examines the philosophical foundations of gongsheng. Zhang Zai's “theory of foundational qi” emphasizes the interconnectedness of all things and the need to overcome selfishness. The Cheng brothers stress moral empathy and going beyond the human perspective when thinking of how everything is interconnected. Wang Yangming believes that people are united with the world and everything in it, while emphasizing the “spiritual acuity” of individuals or subjects. These ethical perspectives challenge modern notions such as individualism and property ownership, highlighting the importance of incorporating gongsheng ethics in contemporary society. By understanding and embracing the principles of gongsheng, humanity can strive for a more balanced and sustainable coexistence with the natural world.