Abstract
On Aquinas’s account of this virtue, martyrdom fits best as its paradigm
act. By this choice of paradigm, he underscores the way that the virtues of
faith, hope, and charity inform courage, and the way grace infuses virtue
and produces a joy that can overcome even the greatest fear and sorrow
this world has to offer. Martyrdom, as the exemplar act of courage, is best
suited to illustrate the features of this virtue so as to counter any mistaken
conceptions of courage—those relying solely on human power and control—
that ancient and modern ideals alike might tempt us to hold.
Aquinas’s choice ofmartyrdom as his paradigm introduces new dimensions
of courage and redefines the standard elements of other portraits.
His paradigm introduces a new understanding of power, one that resists
the world’s eager use of force and offers grace-filled possibilities for human
beings precisely in their vulnerability and weakness. Aquinas’s portrait of courage supplies new dimensions of love to counteract fear, and transforms
the basis of hope and daring from human heroics to a relationship of humble
dependence on divine assistance. In doing so, it also opens up this virtue
to an entirely new range of practitioners. The infant in the baptismal waters
is a fitting picture of human frailness and trust before the gift of divine
grace and power, and captures the essential point of Aquinas’s baptismal
transformation of courage. By modeling courage on the example of Christ’s
own suffering and steadfast witness, Aquinas directs our moral gaze beyond
the limits of human life and power to a life in which virtue and happiness
are perfected by a power that is both beyond us and yet can become our
own.