Abstract

This dissertation combines ethical reflection about the responsibilities of journalists and the role of the news media in society with an examination of the institutionalized ethical discourse that exists in journalism. Chapter I examines how journalists talk and write about issues of professional ethics in a variety of contexts. It then probes tensions and contradictions between professed professional ideals and journalistic practices, and considers the role of power relations and institutional interests in shaping journalistic norms and practices. Chapter II traces the history of this institutionalized ethical discourse, within the context of the broader history of U.S. journalism. Particular attention is given to the rise of professionalism in the 20's, and to the emergence of objectivity as a central ethical value. Chapter III identifies and criticizes three central dogmas that underly the institutionalized ethical discourse, labeled the dogmas of objectivity, neutrality and information. It is argued that journalistic objectivity is not possible, that journalists cannot and should not be neutral observers, and that the primary social function of the news media in contemporary society is the transmission of symbols and values, rather than information. The final chapter, Chapter IV, outlines a theory of journalism ethics that rests upon a Pragmatist theory of knowledge, and a more complete account of the role of the news media in society. It concludes by considering what kinds of structural changes are necessary, and what kinds of strategies news consumers and news producers can undertake to bring about those changes