Schwierige Fälle der Gen-Ethik - Hard Cases in Genethics

Jahrbuch für Recht Und Ethik 9 (2001)
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Abstract

Die möglicherweise kontroverseste Frage im Bereich des Biorechts ist die Frage danach, ob die Erforschung des menschlichen Genoms, insbesondere die Isolierung menschlicher Gene und die Identifizierung ihrer Funktionen, patentierbar sein sollte. Nach Jahren einer diesbezüglichen Debatte unterstützt die EU-Direktive zum rechtlichen Schutz von biotechnischen Entwicklungen nun die Pro-Patentierbarkeit-Lobby. Gleichzeitig wurde jedoch eine neue Konzeption der Bioethik in Europa formuliert, in der das Prinzip der Achtung der Menschenwürde eine zentrale Rolle spielt und aus deren Perspektive Patente auf menschliche Gene als unmoralisch ausgeschlossen sein sollten.Im Lichte dieser Entwicklungen untersucht dieser Beitrag den "Relaxin-Einspruch", bei dem das Europäische Patentamt mit Argumenten konfrontiert wurde , die den Gedanken der Menschenwürde gegen die Patentierbarkeit menschlicher Gene ins Feld führten. Die im vorliegenden Beitrag vertretene Auffassung geht dahin, daß, obwohl die Achtung der Menschenwürde ein wichtiges Kriterium für ein rational konzipiertes Patentrecht darstellt, es doch nicht ein völlig überzeugendes Argument gegen die Patentierbarkeit menschlicher Gene ist. Vielmehr ist die zentrale Frage die, ob die Patentierung menschlicher Gene generell und im Einzelfall mit der Achtung der Menschenrechte vereinbar ist . Perhaps the most controversial questin in biolaw is wether inventive work on the human genome, particularly involving the isolation of human genes and the identification fo their functions, should be treated as patentable. After years of debate, the EU Directive on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions gives qualified support to the pro-patent lobby. At the same time, however, a "new bioethics" in Europe has been articulated, in which the principle of respect for human dignity is seen as central and from which perspective patents on himan genes should be excluded as immoral.In the light of these developments, this paper revisits the Relaxin Opposition, where the European Patent Office was presented with dignity-based arguments against the patentability of human genes. The position taken in this paper is that, whilst respect for human dignity is an important consideration for a rationally defensible patent regime, it does not represent a simple knock-down argument against patenting human genes. Rather, the fundamental issue is whether patenting human genes, in general as well as in a particular case, is compatible with respect for human rights . My abstract is: "Newborns In many countries are routinely tested for a variety of metabolic diseases for which early treatment averts serious long term morbidity. Many researchers seek to use the blood samples that are left over from these screening programs for research, sometimes for diseases that affect primarily or only adults. These samples. however, can provide limited information. Moreover, using the samples in this way, particularly without parental permission, both threatens the future of the screening programs and contradicts the emerging consensus about the appropriate use of human biological materials for research."

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