A number of imposing problems now have our best minds in thrall. These include questions regarding the unity or plurality of the races of Man, whether his creation ought to be dated thousands of years or thousands of centuries past, whether species are fixed, or rather undergo a slow, progressive transformation into new species, how supposedly eternal matter relates to the nothingness outside of it, and whether the idea of God is useless. These are just a few of the issues (...) now subject to learned debate. You need, however, have no fear that my address tonight has any pretensions toward resolving any one of these earnest questions. But in the neighborhood of such mysteries lies another question, more or less closely related, to which I may, perhaps, venture to direct your attention; for its complexities, which I have made the object of concerted and conscientious study, are accessible to experiment. This is the question of what we call "spontaneous generations." Mightn't matter, perhaps, organize itself? Or posed differently, mightn't creatures enter the world without parents, without forebears? This is the question I seek to resolve. (shrink)

Excerpt from Pasteur Et le Transformisme Il avait constaté que les racemates étaient formés d'un mélange de cristaux hémiédriques droits et gauches et, les ayant triés à la pince, il put isoler les hémiédriques gauches (qui étaient alors inconnus), et vérifier, ce qu'il prévoyait, qu'ils devaient dévier à gauche. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses (...) state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The French chemist Louis Pasteur chose to be actively engaged in the fine arts throughout his life—yet scholarship has ignored or dismissed these pursuits. This empirical study documents his unknown, but deep involvement with art and artists from age thirteen until his death. This was no casual pastime. Art animated Pasteur. It was also at times useful to him for making political statements, cultivating status, and supporting loyal friends. This account identifies nearly twenty significant friendships with (...) painters and sculptors and uncovers over thirty other artists with whom his associations deserve examination. The narrative suggests points at which art was especially germane to his scientific career and possible junctures that merit further research. Evidence from his artistic friendships also corrects the common picture of Pasteur as a dour workaholic who never laughed or smiled. (shrink)

Louis Pasteur’s defeat of belief in spontaneous generation has been a classical rationalist example of how the experimental approach of modern science can reveal superstition. Farley and Geison told a counter-story of how Pasteur’s success was due to political and ideological support rather than superior experimental science. They claimed that Pasteur violated proper norms of scientific method, and that the French Academy of Science did not see this, or did not want to. Farley and Geison argued (...) that Pouchet’s experiments were as valid as those of Pasteur. In this paper I argue that the core of the scientific debate was not general theories for or against spontaneous generation but the outcome of specific experiments. It was on the conduct of these experiments that the Academy made judgements favorable to Pasteur. Claude Bernard was a colleague of Pasteur, supportive and sometimes critical. I argue that Bernard’s fact-oriented methodology of “experimental medicine” is a better guide to explaining the controversy than the hypothetic-deductive view of scientific method typical of logical empiricism. (shrink)

Throughout his career, the problems that attracted Louis Pasteur almost invariably involved considerations of specificity of structure and/or of action. Thus, his work on asymmetric crystals showed that chemical form not only specifies crystalline structure, but affects the affinity of ferments as well. In his studies of diseases of silkworms, of beer, and of wine, he could unerringly distinguish with the microscope the specific agents of disease. From this emerged his concept of the specificity of species and against (...) the nonspecificity of spontaneous generation, whence the germ theory of disease. It was in the new field of immunology, however, where the manifestations of an exquisite specificity were most clearly seen. Here, Pasteur's vaccines worked because he chose the specific pathogen in order to induce a specific immunity, and he succeeded each time. But the two most prominent Pastorian successors in immunology, Elie Metchnikoff and Jules Bordet, were not equally successful. Although each contributed significantly to the birth of immunology, each advanced a theory that neglected the principle of specificity and paid a price in consequence. Metchnikoff's phagocytic theory of immunity could not survive the demonstrable specificity of humoral antibodies, while Bordet's physical adsorptive concept of the antibody-cell interaction quickly fell to Paul Ehrlich's demonstration of the stereochemical determination of immunological specificity. (shrink)

Treating mathematical science as a distinct cultural entity subject to environmental factors which influence its evolution, the author examines the creation and development of its major concepts since early times.

Empathy remains poorly understood, under-theorized, and subject to conflicting and opportunistic uses. Its systematic role in human experience has not been analyzed and interpreted from top to bottom. In this book, the author attempts to provide such an analysis in the philosophical traditions of hermeneutics, phenomenology, analytic philosophy of language, and psychoanalysis. applying his interpretation of empathy to the philosophical issues of intentionality, the emotions, and the checkered transformations of empathy itself. In doing so the author aims to rescue empathy (...) from the margins of intelligibility and reveal its central role in our understanding of the emotions, the integrity of our relations with others, and human community (“intersubjectivity”). -/- The work draws on both the Anglo-American (“analytic”) tradition of ordinary language philosophy and the continental ones of phenomenology and hermeneutics. This work follows the movement of empathy from the periphery of ethics, aesthetics, and theory of mind to a key place in establishing and maintaining the integrity and emotional equilibrium of dynamic interrelations with other individuals. Beginning with the philosophical infrastructure of the hermeneutics of empathy, this work thoroughly explains the complex architecture of empathy, tracing it downward through the levels of authentic human interrelations, empathy with unexpressed emotions, the empathic penetrability of cognitively impenetrable affect, the first-ever intentional analysis of both the empathizer and the “empathasand” in interrelation, and the hermeneutic infrastructure. The consequences of empathy are exposed in the context of the emotions, cognitive impenetrability, empathy and altruism, and the intentionality of empathy as accessed through language and story telling. Drawing on the multi-method approach of hermeneutics, phenomenology, and story telling, this work demonstrates that empathy forms the foundation for community in ways not clearly appreciated in the on-going debate. In a bootstrap operation that is guided by Heidegger’s call for a “special hermeneutic of empathy,” this work achieves a delicate balancing act of unpacking the rich intellectual traditions from which empathy - the phenomenon itself, not the concept - emerged historically. The result is an exposure of the deep structure of empathy as a fundamentally human capability for creating possibilities of community and human relations. (shrink)

A milestone in the development of post-war Marxist thought.

No figure among the western Marxist theoreticians has loomed larger in the postwar period than Louis Althusser. A rebel against the Catholic tradition in which he was raised, Althusser studied philosophy and later joined both the faculty of the Ecole normal superieure and the French Communist Party in 1948. Viewed as a "structuralist Marxist," Althusser was as much admired for his independence of intellect as he was for his rigorous defense of Marx. The latter was best illustrated in For (...) Marx (1965), and Reading Capital (1968). These works, along with Lenin and Philosophy (1971) had an enormous influence on the New Left of the 1960s and continues to influence modern Marxist scholarship. This classic work, which to date has sold more than 30,000 copies, covers the range of Louis Althusser's interests and contributions in philosophy, economics, psychology, aesthetics, and political science. Marx, in Althusser's view, was subject in his earlier writings to the ruling ideology of his day. Thus for Althusser, the interpretation of Marx involves a repudiation of all efforts to draw from Marx's early writings a view of Marx as a "humanist" and "historicist." Lenin and Philosophy also contains Althusser's essay on Lenin's study of Hegel; a major essay on the state, "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses," "Freud and Lacan: A letter on Art in Reply to Andre Daspre," and "Cremonini, Painter of the Abstract." The book opens with a 1968 interview in which Althusser discusses his personal, political, and intellectual history. (shrink)

L'on questionne ici le discours de Gilles Deleuze sur sa relation avec la boisson et sur les notions de temporalité et d'espace qui, lors de l'alcoolisation se trouvent perturbées. Ainsi l'on peut, grâce à l'entretien de l'Abécédaire faire le lien entre la rupture de la créativité et l'alcoolisme en ce que la création a besoin d'un continuum spatio-temporel mis à mal de manière fondamentale dans la conduite addictive.

Nous n'aimons guère le spirituel républicain. Un spectre, dira-t-on, vestige de gloires révolues, épouvantail obsolète d'un imaginaire laïque passablement décharné. Forgé dans l'atelier conceptuel de la Révolution française, irriguant le dialogue de la philosophie et des sciences sociales naissantes, le problème du gouvernement des esprits est le point névralgique du XIXe siècle. Et telle est la distance qui nous sépare d'auteurs apparemment aussi hétérogènes que Comte, Michelet, Tocqueville ou Pierre Leroux : rendre effective la liberté des modernes suppose d'abord d'affronter (...) l'énigme du pouvoir spirituel. Heureux émancipés ou mélancoliques vitupérants, nous sommes les héritiers d'une sacralité républicaine qui fut conjointement cernée de tragique et ourlée d'espoirs. Ce livre retrace l'histoire d'une contrariété. (shrink)

L’historienne autrichienne Maria Mesner se propose de comparer les politiques de « reproduction » aux États-Unis d’Amérique et en Autriche du milieu du xixe siècle à la fin du xxe. Bien que les deux pays aient une culture politique fort différente, un poids totalement différent dans le monde, Maria Mesner s’appuie sur Daniel T. Rodgers pour lequel il existe un arc nord-atlantique qui partage des valeurs fondamentales, au-delà même des différences culturelles nationales. S’inspirant des sens...

Le deuxième siècle inaugure une nouvelle trame d’expression artistique dans laquelle vient s’immiscer le discours philosophique et sociologique. La relation Courbet-Proudhon nous invite à envisager une nouvelle organisation de l’expérience esthétique en résonance avec une articulation de la conscience collective et de la conscience individuelle dont le concept d’« esthésie»s’affirme comme faculté qui y est spécifiquement dédiée.

Siglinde Clementi réunit dans cet ouvrage quatre portraits de femmes tyroliennes confrontées aux mutations provoquées par les « guerres napoléoniennes ». À la fin du XVIIIe siècle, le Tyrol, profondément catholique et réactionnaire, se dresse contre les envahisseurs étrangers, français, bavarois ou italiens et défend ses droits traditionnels contre toute idée de progrès ou de changement. Les femmes s’associent largement à cette lutte contre les « Franco-bavarois ». En choisissant de réunir ce...

Siglinde Clementi propose un volume au titre polysémique. Die Marketenderin signifiait autrefois la cantinière qui accompagnait le régiment, à l’image de la Mère Courage de Bertolt Brecht, mais dans l’espace sud-germanique, le terme caractérise aussi, surtout depuis le lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les femmes actives dans les sociétés de tir (Schützenverein), une institution du monde germanique remontant aux guerres napoléoniennes. Cinq textes sont ici réunis ; le plus long, presqu...

La référence à Saint Augustin chez Pierre-Joseph Proudhon questionne le lien entre une fondation d’une institution religieuse et celui d’un renouveau révolutionnaire. La comparaison des deux mouvements culturels qui ont façonné la culture occidentale dans deux moments critiques de l’histoire s’inscrit dans une logique d’indentification sociologique dont la religion se faisait le porteur et dont la révolution doit être la nouvelle expression.

The method of supervaluations offers an elegant procedure by which semantic theory can come to terms with sentences that, for one reason or another, lack truth-value. I argue, however, that this method rests on a fundamental mistake, and so is unsuitable for semantics. The method of supervaluations, I argue, assigns semantic values to sentences based not on the semantic values of their components, but on the values of other, perhaps homophonic, but nevertheless distinct, expressions. That is because supervaluations are generated (...) from classical valuations which necessarily require reinterpreting the component expressions, but the reinterpretation of an expression is tantamount to the introduction of a new expression, or alternatively, to a shift to an entirely new language. To confuse the expression of the language for which a semantic theory is developed with its reinterpreted counterpart, is to commit a fallacy of equivocation. That is the flaw within the method of supervaluations. We see it manifest in a number of examples. (shrink)

The need for quantitative measurement represents a unifying bond that links all the physical, biological, and social sciences. Measurements of such disparate phenomena as subatomic masses, uncertainty, information, and human values share common features whose explication is central to the achievement of foundational work in any particular mathematical science as well as for the development of a coherent philosophy of science. This book presents a theory of measurement, one that is "abstract" in that it is concerned with highly general axiomatizations (...) of empirical and qualitative settings and how these can be represented quantitatively. It was inspired by, and represents a generalization and extension of, the last major research work in this field, Foundations of Measurement Vol. I, by Krantz, Luce, Suppes, and Tversky published in 1971. (shrink)

Two essays, one by Althusser, the other by Balibar which were presented as papers at a seminar on Marx's "Capital" at the Ecole Normale Supérieure in 1965, and included al.

Reply to John Lewis: Note on "The critique of the personality cult". Remark on the category "Process without a subject or goal(s)"--Elements of self-criticism: On the evolution of the young Marx.--Is it simple to be a Marxist in philosophy? "Something new".