Das Werk entkräftet das Vorurteil, Kants Philosophie sei für eine Reflexion der kulturellen Welt unzureichend. Klingner entwickelt die Option einer Kulturphilosophie als Theorie technischer Vernunft mit Bezug auf den kantischen Kulturbegriff und auf seinen Philosophiebegriff. Damit erweist sich zugleich, dass eine kantische Kulturphilosophie rekonstruierbar und in ihrem Gehalt auch heute noch diskussionswürdig ist.

It is not just rationalist metaphysics, but also Kant’s transcendental philosophy that is teeming with a priori concepts. According to Kant, some of these a priori concepts are “ideas,” and similar to the categories, some of these ideas in turn belong to the nature of human reason, while others can be derived from them. It is therefore part of Kant’s claim in the “Transcendental Dialectic” to be able to explain not only the leading ideas of rational psychology, cosmology, and theology (...) as natural concepts of reason, but the origin of the entire a priori vocabulary of the metaphysica specialis as well. This article outlines how Kant’s derivations of these concepts work. After explaining Kant’s classification of a priori concepts and the derivation of the transcendental ideas, his derivations are explored in more detail using the example of the concepts of the pure doctrine of the soul. This contributes to a better understanding of Kant’s theory of philosophical concepts while also shedding light on the rather rarely treated topic of the “Transcendental Dialectic.”. (shrink)

Die neuere Fichteforschung interpretiert Fichtes Konzeption der intellektuellen Anschauung nahezu ausschließlich bewusstseinstheoretisch, besonders mit Blick auf das Problem des Selbstbewusstseins in der Philosophie des Geistes. Dabei wird übersehen, dass der Begriff der intellektuellen Anschauung für Fichte vor allem eine – dem Selbstverständnis der „Wissenschaftslehre“ entsprechende – erkenntnistheoretische Funktion hat. Mit ihm versucht Fichte zu zeigen, wie ein spezifisches Wissen a priori für ein einzelnes Subjekt möglich ist, indem er den Zugang zum philosophischen Wissen in der intellektuellen Anschauung verortet. Fichtes Konzeption (...) der intellektuellen Anschauung sollte daher mit Blick auf jüngere Diskussionen eher in den Kontext der erkenntnistheoretischen Frage nach der Möglichkeit apriorischer Rechtfertigung bzw. der metaphilosophischen Fragen nach der Möglichkeit und dem Status philosophischen Wissens gestellt werden. Der Vortrag gibt einige Überlegungen zu einer solchen Kontextualisierung. (shrink)

In this paper I want to do the following things. First I want to show that in the part of the Theaetetus where the relationship between knowledge and perception is examined, the concept of knowledge that is in question is very clearly characterized. We are left in no doubt as to what is to count as knowing. Secondly I want to unravel in some detail the case that Socrates puts on Protagoras’ behalf where he draws on what Protagoras actually wrote (...) (151 E-152C); as opposed to what he may have taught secretly to his pupils (152C-160D). Thirdly I wish to argue that if we let the dialogue speak for itself, it is manifest that this case put up on Protagoras’ behalf at 151 E-152C is not overthrown; it is not even shaken. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Kant-Studien Jahrgang: 107 Heft: 4 Seiten: 617-650.

In this paper I want to do the following things. First I want to show that in the part of the Theaetetus where the relationship between knowledge and perception is examined, the concept of knowledge that is in question is very clearly characterized. We are left in no doubt as to what is to count as knowing. Secondly I want to unravel in some detail the case that Socrates puts on Protagoras’ behalf where he draws on what Protagoras actually wrote (...) ; as opposed to what he may have taught secretly to his pupils. Thirdly I wish to argue that if we let the dialogue speak for itself, it is manifest that this case put up on Protagoras’ behalf at 151 E-152C is not overthrown; it is not even shaken.In that part of the dialogue where the question is under examination whether or not knowledge and perception are the same, Socrates uses an idealized concept of knowledge. That is, he restricts the use of the word by setting down what he will consider to be the essential characteristics of knowledge, the sufficient and necessary conditions of its being instantiated. An excellent piece of philosophical procedure. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie Jahrgang: 97 Heft: 4 Seiten: 458-480.

Because anticipated and retrospective regret play important roles in practical deliberation and motivation, better understanding them can illuminate the contours of human agency. However, the possibility of self-ignorance and the fact that we change over time can make regret—especially anticipatory regret—not only a poor predictor of where the agent will be in the future but also an unreliable indicator of where the agent stands. Granting these, this paper examines the way in which prospective and, particularly, retrospective regret can nevertheless yield (...) important insight into the sorts of creatures we are, both generally and individually. The experience of retrospective regret can show a person she values something in a way she did not know or that she is (or was) a different person than she had thought, insights which can factor into forward-looking, or prospective, deliberation. Such instances of revelatory regret reveal something to the agent about herself as agent. I examine two cases of agential self-ignorance. In the first, the experience of regret reveals what the agent values, not only to others but even to the agent himself. In the second, the agent anticipates experiencing regret for an action but does not experience the regret, suggesting that the agent did not value the rejected alternative in the way she thought. Anticipatory regret is forward-looking and can play an important role in practical deliberation. But insofar as anticipatory regret flows from one’s imperfect judgment and prospection about oneself, retrospective regret can be an important corrective in helping the agent understand her own standpoint. (shrink)

Christoph Meiners (1747–1810) zählte zu den wohl ungewöhnlichsten Mitgliedern der Göttinger Universität, der er von 1767 bis 1810 als Student und Professor angehörte. Dabei bestand das Ungewöhnliche seines Schaffens einerseits in dem schon früh zu verzeichnenden enormen Lektüreumfang, andererseits in der über 40 Jahre anhaltenden Publikationstätigkeit auf nahezu allen Feldern der wissenschaftlichen Philosophie und Historiografie, auf vielerlei Gebieten der zeitgenössischen Popularphilosophie sowie überaus erfolgreich als Reiseschriftsteller. Neben der aus seiner empiristischen Sicht grundlegenden Psychologie und Anthropologie (einschließlich einer umfangreichen Geschlechteranthropologie) bearbeitet (...) Meiners auch die Religions- und Geschichtsphilosophie, die politischen Philosophie und Ethik, die Ästhetik und Philosophiegeschichte. Historiografisch arbeitet er von der Antike über das Mittelalter bis in die unmittelbare Vergangenheit des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts und dabei ebenso politik- wie kulturgeschichtlich. Die Popularphilosophie bedient er mit Reflexionen zur attischen Liebe ebenso wie zu Epikurs Charakter oder zu den Eleusinischen Geheimnissen. Seine Briefe über die Schweiz werden über die Jahre zu einem Bestseller des Genres. (shrink)

_Buchbesprechung von: Meer, Rudolf/Motta, Giuseppe (Hg.), _Kant in Österreich. Alois Riehl und der Weg zum kritischen Realismus_ (Meinong Studies 12), Berlin/Boston, De Gruyter, 2021, 978-3-11-074728-7._.

The purpose of this anthology is to bring together in one volume some of the texts published in the series "Werkprofile", which focus on Kant’s relationship to his philosophical contemporaries and predecessors, and to make them accessible to a wider audience in English. In doing so, the volume is aimed at those who have an interest in better understanding the premises of Kant's philosophy, its historical context, and the development of many of Kant’s fundamental ideas. As it is often hard (...) to glean philosophical motivation directly from reading Kant’s texts, understanding Kant’s commitment to answering certain questions and his silence on others, requires a historical approach. This broader purview will also be helpful for grasping deeper systematic questions at work throughout Kant’s philosophy. The anthology thus aims at inviting a more wide-angled view of Kant’s philosophy by focusing on overlooked references and historical figures. Scholarship on these references is still at an early stage, even though important steps have been taken in this direction in recent years. The aim of our volume is to build on this development and to supplement and expand the content of existing research. (shrink)

'Nun aber kam die Kritik der Urteilskraft mir zuhanden, und dieser bin ich eine höchst frohe Lebensepoche schuldig.' (Goethe, 1817) In der Epoche der klassischen deutschen Philosophie galt Kants 'Kritik der Urteilskraft' beim gelehrten Publikum als 'beliebteste' Kantschrift. Heute wird sie weitestgehend fragmentarisch und mit einem deutlichen Schwerpunkt auf der Kritik der ästhetischen Urteilskraft gelesen. Obwohl sich der vorliegende Sammelband der gesamten dritten Kritik widmet, versuchen die Autoren insbesondere einen verstärkten Diskurs über Kants Kritik der teleologisch reflektierenden Urteilskraft in Gang (...) zu setzen. Denn für Kant vermag nur eine wohlverstandene kritisch reflektierte Teleologie die Einheit der endlichen Vernunft denkbar zu machen und damit die Transzendentalphilosophie zu vollenden. (shrink)

Heute tritt die berühmte Gretchenfrage in das Bewusstsein der Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften vor allem durch die Diskussionen um die"Rückkehr der Religionen" und die Frage nach dem Umgang mit den verschiedenen Spielarten des politisch-religiösen Fundamentalismus. Die zahlreichen Diskussionen dieser Themen in der breiteren Öffentlichkeit machen eines deutlich: Wenn über das Verhältnis von autonomer Vernunft und Religion diskutiert wird, steht zumindest implizit nahezu immer die monotheistische Offenbarungsreligion im Zentrum. Der Anspruch dieses Typs von Religion scheint am stärksten mit dem Anspruch autonomer Rationalität (...) zu kollidieren. Der Frage nach dem Verhältnis von monotheistischer Religion und Vernunft kann besonders gut durch das Studium der religionsphilosophisch relevanten Schriften Immanuel Kants nachgegangen werden. Denn Kants Religionsphilosophie ist ein Exempel dafür, wie das Verhältnis von Vernunft und Religion in einer Weise gefasst werden kann, so dass weder Religion noch Vernunft ihre genuinen Rechte bestritten oder gar genommen werden. Der vorliegende Band ist als Vorschlag zu verstehen, wie Kants Religionsphilosophie in Hinsicht auf ihren Gehalt und ihre Relevanz angemessen erfasst werden kann. *** Today Gretchen s famous question to Faust about religion is asked in cultural and social studies primarily as part of the discussion about the "return of religion and the question of how to approach different forms of religious-political fundamentalism. The many discussions about these themes in the wider public sphere make one thing clear: when the relationship between autonomous reason and religion is discussed the monotheistic revealed religions are almost always at least implicitly the focus of debate. The demands of this form or religion seem to collide most powerfully with the demands of autonomous rationality. Immanuel Kant s works on the philosophy of religion form a particularly good basis for the investigation of this relationship between monotheistic religion and reason since Kant s religious philosophy is an example of how reason and religion can be conceived without the genuine rights of either being disputed or even lost. This volume should be seen as a proposal for understanding Kant s philosophy of religion with regard its content and relevance. (shrink)

My discussion addresses the differences between analytic and continental philosophy concerning the use of logic and exact reasoning in philosophical practice. These differences are mainly examined in the light of the controversial dominance of Hegel's concept of logic (and theory of concept) in twentieth-century continental philosophy. The inquiry is developed in two parts. In the first (Sections 1-2), I indicate some aspects of the analytic-continental divide, pointing to the role that the topic 'logic and philosophy' plays in it. In the (...) second part (Sections 3-6), I give a short account of the views of logic which are typical of the three main trends of continental philosophy (see Table 1). I also suggest how, with the aid of some typical analytical devices, some continental 'anti-logical' attitudes may be corrected, on their own terms. (shrink)

We investigate whether ordinary quantification over objects is an extensional phenomenon, or rather creates non-extensional contexts; each claim having been propounded by prominent philosophers. It turns out that the question only makes sense relative to a background theory of syntax and semantics (here called a grammar) that goes well beyond the inductive definition of formulas and the recursive definition of satisfaction. Two schemas for building quantificational grammars are developed, one that invariably constructs extensional grammars (in which quantification, in particular, thus (...) behaves extensionally) and another that only generates non-extensional grammars (and in which quantification is responsible for the failure of extensionality). We then ask whether there are reasons to favor one of these grammar schemas over the other, and examine an argument according to which the proper formalization of deictic utterances requires adoption of non-extensional grammars. (shrink)

In recent decades, Kant's philosophy of law has increasingly moved into the focus of moral-philosophical discussions. In this context, the "Naturrecht Feyerabend" is of particular importance. On the one hand, it is the only surviving transcription of the lectures on natural law that Kant gave twelve times between 1767 and 1788; on the other hand, it is based on his lectures in the summer semester of 1784 and thus provides important evidence of Kant's reflections during an important phase in the (...) development of his moral philosophy. Despite this special significance, the text has received little attention in previous research. Dieter Hüning, Stefan Klingner and Gianluca Sadun Bordoni present here a volume that emphasizes this special significance. The ten contributions in the volume ask about the relationship of "Naturrecht Feyerabend" to the tradition of natural law as well as its relationship to critical moral philosophy and the late "Doctrine of Right". Contributors are: Manfred Baum, Franz Hespe, Philipp-Alexander Hirsch, Dieter Hüning, Stefan Klingner, Markus Kohl, Gabriel Rivero, Gianluca Sadun Bordoni, Michael Städtler, and Gideon Stiening. (shrink)

Hermann Samuel Reimarus war eine der bekanntesten und einflussreichsten Persönlichkeiten der deutschen Hochaufklärung. Er lehrte ab 1723 am Gymnasium Johanneum in Hamburg und beschäftigte sich hauptsächlich mit klassischer und orientalischer Philologie. In den 1750ern erschienen seine philosophischen Hauptwerke, „Die vornehmsten Wahrheiten der natürlichen Religion", „Die Vernunftlehre" und die „Allgemeinen Betrachtungen über die Triebe der Thiere", in denen er als Deist, scharfsinniger Naturgelehrter und eigenständiger Logiker hervortrat. Sie stießen auf starkes Interesse und weite Verbreitung über die Grenzen der deutschsprachigen Länder hinweg, (...) wobei ihr klarer und populärer Stil geschätzt wurde. Allerdings wirkte allein seine bibelkritische, nur in Auszügen herausgegebene Schrift „Apologie oder Schutzschrift für die vernünftigen Verehrer Gottes" auch über die Diskussionen des 18. Jahrhunderts hinaus, indem sie Religionskritik wie Theologie bis ins 20. Jahrhundert wiederholt beeinflusste. Der Band gibt einen Gesamtüberblick über das Werk von Reimarus. In Einzelbeiträgen wird dessen Gehalt erschlossen und jeweils durch Rekurs auf die zeitgenössischen philosophischen und wissenschaftlichen Diskussionen kontextualisiert. (shrink)

In his newly updated version of The Anatomy of a Constitutional Law Case, Alan F. Westin provides a documentary portrait of historically important constitutional law case, 'Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, ' from its rise in a bargaining dispute in the steel industry during 1952 to the aftermath of its decision by the United States Supreme Court. Westin has added to his classic book additional materials and personal commentaries collected since the work was first published. The new information (...) covers what went on within the Truman administration, what went on within the Supreme Court when analyzing and resolving issues that come before it. Westin includes selections from transcripts, briefs and other official proceedings, adds notes describing each phase of the constitutional process, and a section of commentary and questions relating this case to others. (shrink)

F. N. Sibley; VIII—Colours, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Volume 68, Issue 1, 1 June 1968, Pages 145–166, https://doi.org/10.1093/aristotelian/68.1.1.

It is not quite as easy to see that there is in fact no formula of this modal language having the same truth conditions (in terms of S5 Kripke semantics) as (1). This was rst conjectured by Allen Hazen2 and later proved by Harold Hodes3. We present a simple direct proof of this result and discuss some consequences for the logical analysis of ordinary modal discourse.

In discussing questions of free will, Soviet philosophers fail to distinguish conditions from causes. This makes them unable to understand the very opponents they like to criticize.