Jose Marti contributed greatly to Cuba's struggle for independence from Spain with words as well as revolutionary action. Although he died before the formation of an independent republic, he has since been hailed as a heroic martyr inspiring Cuban republican traditions.

Algorithmic biases, or algorithmic unfairness, have been a topic of public and scientific scrutiny for the past years, as increasing evidence suggests the pervasive assimilation of human cognitive biases and stereotypes in such systems. This research is specifically concerned with analyzing the presence of discursive biases in the text generated by GPT-3, an NLPM which has been praised in recent years for resembling human language so closely that it is becoming difficult to differentiate between the human and the algorithm. The (...) pertinence of this research object is substantiated by the identification of race, gender and religious biases in the model’s completions in recent research, suggesting that the model is indeed heavily influenced by human cognitive biases. To this end, this research inquires: How does the Natural Language Processing Model GPT-3 replicate existing social biases?. This question is addressed through the scrutiny of GPT-3’s completions using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), a method which has been deemed as amply valuable for this research as it is aimed at uncovering power asymmetries in language. As such, the analysis is specifically centered around the analysis of gender and race biases in the model’s generated text. Research findings suggest that GPT-3’s language generation model significantly exacerbates existing social biases while replicating dangerous ideologies akin to white supremacy and hegemonic masculinity as factual knowledge. (shrink)

The concept of human gene therapy came on the heels of fundamental discoveries on the nature and working of the gene. However, realistic prospects to correct the underlying cause of recessive genetic disorders through the transfer of wild‐type alleles of defective genes had to wait for the arrival of recombinant DNA technology. These techniques permitted the isolation and insertion of genes into the first recombinant delivery systems. The realization that viruses are natural gene carriers provided inspiration for gene therapy and, (...) as engineered vectors, viruses became prominent gene delivery vehicles. Nonetheless, when put in the context of human and non‐human primate studies, all vectors fell short of success regardless of their viral or non‐viral origin. Recognition of issues such as inefficient gene transfer and short‐lived or scant expression in the relevant cell type(s) prompted researchers to refine and develop several gene delivery systems, in particular those based on retroviruses, adeno‐associated viruses and adenoviruses. Concomitantly, available technology was deployed to tackle disorders that require few genetically corrected cells to attain therapy. BioEssays 27: 506–517, 2005. © 2005 Wiley periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

In a recent paper, Trevor Hedberg and Jordan Huzarevich assessed a number of objections against practical apatheism, concluding that they are either unsuccessful or at least very controversial. The aim of this discussion note is to contribute to their discussion by presenting and analysing a short argument for a reason in favor of apatheism; one that appeals to a particular universalist formulation of the thesis of theodical individualism. After briefly introducing a distinction between a particular and a universal version of (...) apatheism, I present the argument, assess its merits in light of some objections to it, I conclude that at least one reason in favor of a particular practical apatheistic position is warranted by it. Finally, I suggest some alternative reasons that could be advanced in favor of apatheism, and I distinguish between strong and weak forms of apatheism. (shrink)

Neste trabalho nos ocupamos centralmente em compreender a proposta ética de Hans Jonas e como ele apresenta o Princípio Responsabilidade como uma categoria ética a ser norteadora das ações humanas. Apresentamos um breve histórico do desenvolvimento da Filosofia da Tecnologia enquanto uma disciplina filosófica específica e, então, discutimos as principais considerações de Jonas sobre a necessidade de uma ética inteiramente nova que tome a técnica como objeto e a proposta que este apresente de uma ética do futuro pautada na responsabi (...) lidade enquanto princípio. (shrink)

Language’s intentional nature has been highlighted as a crucial feature distinguishing it from other communication systems. Specifically, language is often thought to depend on highly structured intentional action and mutual mindreading by a communicator and recipient. Whilst similar abilities in animals can shed light on the evolution of intentionality, they remain challenging to detect unambiguously. We revisit animal intentional communication and suggest that progress in identifying analogous capacities has been complicated by (i) the assumption that intentional (that is, voluntary) production (...) of communicative acts requires mental-state attribution, and (ii) variation in approaches investigating communication across sensory modalities. To move forward, we argue that a framework fusing research across modalities and species is required. We structure intentional communication into a series of requirements, each of which can be operationalised, investigated empirically, and must be met for purposive, intentionally communicative acts to be demonstrated. Our unified approach helps elucidate the distribution of animal intentional communication and subsequently serves to clarify what is meant by attributions of intentional communication in animals and humans. (shrink)

O presente artigo trata da geografia da violência urbana na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Mostra como a ação do Estado está permeada por ignorâncias acerca das lógicas de experiências espaciais com que se organizam e operam as classes populares trabalhadoras do Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo é estimular uma discussão que impulsione as análises para além dos discursos estigmatizadores com relação à população favelada. A metodologia adotada assemelha-se às sinuosidades dos becos e vielas, visto que optamos em nos entranhar (...) empiricamente na concretude do espaço favelado e, também, nas re-leituras das narrativas marginalizadas, dos compositores que há décadas oferecem pistas para que possamos esboçar um mapeamento das lógicas de sociabilidades e das experiências de espaço dessa população. Assim, podemos afirmar – ainda que hipoteticamente – que os mecanismos convencionais de análises e os instrumentos metodológicos fundamentados no distanciamento dos seus “objetos” são insuficientes para uma mínima compreensão do que se passa nos cotidianos de opressão e resistências das classes populares. O máximo que se tem alcançado historicamente, tanto com as pesquisas quantitativas acerca do tema quanto com os apelos midiáticos, é a forte influência na construção de discursos universalistas que naturalizam a criminalização dos citadinos mais pobres e as suas lógicas de integração-sobrevivência nas cidades. (shrink)

El artículo versa sobre la relación entre epistemes, espacio y poder. Cuestiona la presunción de universalidad tal como es pensada por la tradición hegemónica europea -eurocentrismo- pero rechaza cualquier pretensión de universalidad unidireccional venga de donde venga. Propone la idea de múltiples universalidades posibles partiendo del supuesto de la incompletud de toda cultura. El artículo invita a la crítica de la colonialidad del saber y del poder que están imbricados mutuamente, y a la atención que debemos prestar al lugar de (...) enunciación de cada discurso, lugar al mismo tiempo social y geográfico. Parte del pensamiento subalterno y valoriza los espacios de conflicto como epistémicamente densos, aportando además que el debate acerca de los territorios quizás sea la mejor expresión de la naturalización de las relaciones sociales y de poder que el territorio comporta, significando, en verdad, cuán profundas son las transformaciones en curso en los días actuales. (shrink)

El artículo procura analizar el contexto en que surge el reciente debate acerca de agua identificando los principales protagonistas que vienen conformando ese campo que es, al mismo tiempo, teórico, técnico y político. Demuestra como los organismos multilaterales y sus intelectuales (con el discurso de la escasez) vienen impulsando políticas que buscan transferir el papel del Estado en beneficio de los agentes empresariales estimulando procesos de privatización de agua y de su mercantilización. El artículo presenta una serie de casos en (...) que este proceso de privatización aumenta los conflictos en torno del agua. (shrink)

Os processos de integração regional em curso hoje na América Latina têm sido marcados por uma lógica territorial que tem concebido grandes áreas do espaço geográfico latino-americano como “vazios demográficos” ou “terras disponíveis”. Essa forma de conceber o espaço geográfico latino-americano remonta ao legado colonial que atravessa a formação sócio-espacial da região e a própria posição que o continente americano ocupou no processo de formação do sistema-mundo moderno-colonial, a partir de 1492. Este artigo tem por objetivo problematizar os processos de (...) integração física em curso atualmente no continente, especificamente a Iniciativa para Integração da Infra-estrutura Regional Sul-Americana (IIRSA), buscando evidenciar a reprodução da lógica da colonialidade do poder e do saber constituintes de seu modelo de desenvolvimento regional. (shrink)

El artículo busca explicar las razones de la conversión al discurso de la sustentabilidad, por parte del sector de los grandes productores de petróleo y el de los latifundios empresariales de monocultivos, que hegemonizan el agro negocio. Para ello, se analiza la forma como históricamente se ha constituido el bloque de poder hegemónico conformado como un complejo de poder técnico-científico-industrial-financiero-militar-mediático, del cual también participan los dueños de los agronegocios -el viejo bloque de poder modernizado. Se concluye que se avecina una (...) verdadera tragedia con la expropiación generalizada que advendrá de la expansión del monocultivo latifundista moderno-colonial de los agro negociantes que quieren someter la producción agrícola a la producción de combustibles de biomasa. Se señala la enorme importancia de comprender adecuadamente el carácter mundial del capitalismo y del papel del desarrollo de las fuerzas productivas que el capital impone al mundo y la necesidad de ejercer el derecho a la diferencia anclada en la defensa del territorio. (shrink)

Strong evidence shows that exposure and engagement with the natural world not only improve human wellbeing but can also help promote environmentally friendly behaviors. Human-nature relationships are at the heart of global agendas promoted by international organizations including the World Health Organization’s “One Health” and the United Nations “Ocean Decade.” These agendas demand collaborative multisector interdisciplinary efforts at local, national, and global levels. However, while global agendas highlight global goals for a sustainable world, developing science that directly addresses these agendas (...) from design through to delivery and outputs does not come without its challenges. In this article, we present the outcomes of international meetings between researchers, stakeholders, and policymakers from the United Kingdom and Brazil. We propose a model for interdisciplinary work under such global agendas, particularly the interface between One Health and the UN Ocean Decade and identify three priority research areas closely linked to each other: human-nature connection, conservation-human behavior, and implementation strategies. We also discuss a number of recommendations for moving forward. (shrink)

Turing’s much debated test has turned 70 and is still fairly controversial. His 1950 paper is seen as a complex and multilayered text, and key questions about it remain largely unanswered. Why did Turing select learning from experience as the best approach to achieve machine intelligence? Why did he spend several years working with chess playing as a task to illustrate and test for machine intelligence only to trade it out for conversational question-answering in 1950? Why did Turing refer to (...) gender imitation in a test for machine intelligence? In this article, I shall address these questions by unveiling social, historical and epistemological roots of the so-called Turing test. I will draw attention to a historical fact that has been only scarcely observed in the secondary literature thus far, namely that Turing’s 1950 test emerged out of a controversy over the cognitive capabilities of digital computers, most notably out of debates with physicist and computer pioneer Douglas Hartree, chemist and philosopher Michael Polanyi, and neurosurgeon Geoffrey Jefferson. Seen in its historical context, Turing’s 1950 paper can be understood as essentially a reply to a series of challenges posed to him by these thinkers arguing against his view that machines can think. Turing did propose gender learning and imitation as one of his various imitation tests for machine intelligence, and I argue here that this was done in response to Jefferson's suggestion that gendered behavior is causally related to the physiology of sex hormones. (shrink)

O texto é um exercício de pensamento, a partir de textos filosóficos e de experiências vivenciadas por seu autor e sua autora, sobre a voz docente e os lugares por ela ocupados, com base em três de suas expressões que, aqui, funcionam como figuras analíticas: o grito, o gaguejo e o silêncio. Elas são tomadas a partir de sua força acontecimental e não individualizante, apontando para as forças do fora deleuziano em seu encontro com a ação docente e em suas (...) possibilidades de criação. Com tais motes vislumbram-se, ao longo do texto, gestos que narram e se propõem a ampliar reflexões sobre uma experiência de docência que, ao resistir à captura, aponta para a re-existência dos próprios professores, e para outros modos de gritar, gaguejar e silenciar. Palavras-chave: Grito; Gaguejo; Silêncio; Voz docente. Shout. Stutter. Silence. Ways of re-existing in teaching. Abstract: This text is an analytical exercise about the teaching voice and the places it occupies, based on philosophical texts and experiences lived by its authors. Three of this voice expressions function here as analytical figures: the shout, the stutter and the silence. They are taken from their event-based and non-individualizing force, pointing to the powers of the Deleuzian outside in their encounter with the teaching action and in their possibilities of creation. Gestures that narrate and propose to expand reflections on a teaching experience can be glimpsed throughout the text. They are based on a way of teaching experience that, by resisting capture, points to the re-existence of the teachers themselves, and to other ways of shouting, stuttering and silencing. Keywords: Scream; Stutter; Silence; Teachers voice. Grito. Tartamudeo. Silencio. Modos de reexistir en la docencia. Resumen: El texto es un ejercicio de reflexión, a partir de textos filosóficos y experiencias vividas por sus autores, sobre la voz docente y los lugares que ocupa a partir de tres de sus expresiones que, aquí, funcionan como figuras analíticas: el grito, el tartamudeo y el silencio. Tales expresiones son analizadas desde su fuerza acontecimiental y no individualizadora, y apuntan a las fuerzas del “afuera” deleuziano en su encuentro con la acción docente y en sus posibilidades de creación. Desde ahí se vislumbran a lo largo del texto gestos que narran y proponen ampliar reflexiones sobre una experiencia docente, que, al resistirse a la captura, apunta a la reexistencia de los propios docentes, y a otras formas de gritar, tartamudear y silenciar. Palabras-clave: Grito; Tartamudeo; Silencio; Voz docente. Data de registro: 25/04/2022 Data de aceite: 26/10/2022. (shrink)

The Turing test has been studied and run as a controlled experiment and found to be underspecified and poorly designed. On the other hand, it has been defended and still attracts interest as a test for true artificial intelligence (AI). Scientists and philosophers regret the test’s current status, acknowledging that the situation is at odds with the intellectual standards of Turing’s works. This article refers to this as the Turing Test Dilemma, following the observation that the test has been under (...) discussion for over seventy years and still is widely seen as either too bad or too good to be a valuable experiment for AI. An argument that solves the dilemma is presented, which relies on reconstructing the Turing test as a thought experiment in the modern scientific tradition. It is argued that Turing’s exposition of the imitation game satisfies Mach’s characterization of the basic method of thought experiments and that Turing’s uses of his test satisfy Popper’s conception of the critical and heuristic uses of thought experiments and Kuhn’s association of thought experiments to conceptual change. It is emphasized how Turing methodically varied the imitation game design to address specific challenges posed to him by other thinkers and how his test illustrates a property of the phenomenon of intelligence and suggests a hypothesis on machine learning. This reconstruction of the Turing test provides a rapprochement to the conflicting views on its value in the literature. (shrink)

A cultura ocidental, desde a sua marca grega, viu a instância do ser humano reduzida á condição de cidadão. O período medieval tentou inverter essa tendência, constituindo indice dessa alteração discussão polarizada no tópico Intelecto Universal/Intelecto Individual que ocupou lugar fundamental entre as questões desenvolvidas na Universidade Medieval, tornando-se mesmo a referênda privilegiada da actividade desta, senão até a sua razão de ser. È a incidencia no Intelecto Individual que caracteriza o humanismo cristão. Ao esbater-se essa questáo, na modernidade, o (...) modelo do Intelecto Universal passou novamente a comandar a nacionalidade da cultura ocidental,circunscrita esfera á esfera da cidadania, dominada pela política, sendo a Universidade um instrumento desta, limitando-se a preparar especialistas para o funcionamento da engrenagem citadina. A recuperação da Universidade passa pelo regresso a dimensão ampla e profunda do ser humano, cuja dimensão universal não é garantida pela cidadania. /// The greek influence on the western culture has led the human being to be reduced to his condition of citizen. The medieval period tried to revert this tendency by centering the discussion on the double aspect Universal Intelect/Individual Intelect. This discussion turned out to be the fundamental one among the quaestiones analysed at the Medieval University, becoming the main reference of its activity, and even the reason of its existence. It is precisely the incidence on the Individual Intelect that characterizes the Christian humanism. As this theme subsided with modernity, it was the paradigm based on the Universal Intelect that came to influence again the rationality of western culture. This rationality is limited to the domain of citizenship and therefore dominated by politics, which has in the University its instrument aimed at training specialists that make the civic machinery work. The revival of the University pressuposes the return to the deep and wide dimension of human being, whose universal nature is not guaranteed by citizenship. (shrink)

Background Doctors often deal with end-of-life issues other than assisted death, such as incompetent patients and treatment withdrawal, including food and fluids. Methods A link to a questionnaire was sent by email three times, at one-week intervals, to the doctors registered in the Northern Section of the Portuguese Medical Association. Results The questionnaire was returned by 1148 (9%) physicians. This study shows that only a minority of Portuguese doctors were willing to administer drugs in lethal doses to cognitively incompetent patients (...) at the request of a family member or other close person, and even less would do it on their initiative. Most doctors favored the withdrawal of life support measures in advanced and progressive diseases at the patient’s request. Still, much fewer doctors agreed with the suspension of supportive life measures at the request of a family member, another close person, or by their own unilateral decision. However, fewer agreed with that action concerning the rest of the food and fluids. Portuguese doctors favor the administration of drugs for suffering control, even foreseeing they could shorten life. Conclusion Most doctors in this study respect patients’ autonomy but disagree with measures decided by others that have an impact on patients’ survival. They also agree with the administration of drugs for suffering control, even considering the possibility of shortening life. (shrink)

In this article it is defended that the notion known as “The mark of the cognitive” is better characterized as a process that performs the function of generating intelligent behavior, in a flexible and adaptive way, capable of adapting to circumstances, given it is a context sensitive process. For that, some relevant definitions of cognition are examined. In the end, it is pointed out that the definition of the mark of cognition as a context-sensitive process takes into account several factors (...) that were added as constitutive parts of cognitive phenomena over the years, especially the 4E Cognition, which cannot be satisfactorily accommodated alongside the preceding notions of cognition. Accordingly, this essay shouldn’t be mistaken merely as an exercise in intellectual history, but as a brief and accessible attempt to advance the debate. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta três teses fundamentais desenvolvidas por Friedrich Schelling em seu sistema de Filosofia da Natureza : A primeira responde à questão levantada por Kant sobre a possibilidade da construção na filosofia; a segunda baseia-se na interpretação do jovem Schelling sobre a teoria platônica sobre a criação da natureza; a terceira afirma a produtividade da natureza, com inspiração no conceito spinosana de natura naturans.

Miguel de Cervantes, no último capítulo de sua obra O engenhoso fidalgo Dom Quixote de La Mancha, retrata o falecimento de seu protagonista, decorrente de uma profunda tristeza. O cavaleiro, depois de vencido, sente-se obrigado a retornar ao seu povoado e a renunciar à cavalaria andante, o que lhe causa a transformação de sua realidade e de seu estado mental - da loucura à cordura -, além do seu direcionamento à morte. Assim como faz Cervantes no início do século XVII, (...) Espinosa, ao final do mesmo século, também parece estabelecer analogias entre as ideias de transformação e morte, ao apontar, em sua Ética, a relação entre a natureza do ser e sua proporção de movimento e repouso, responsável pelas inconstâncias humanas. A partir de tais considerações, este trabalho pretende aproximar o último capítulo da obra Dom Quixote à proposição 39 da Quarta Parte da Ética espinosana, de forma a ressaltar as devidas semelhanças entre o conceito de morte como transformação, retratado tanto pelo escritor espanhol quanto pelo filósofo holandês, uma vez que a morte, para ambos, demonstra estar vinculada à mesma ideia. (shrink)

Review & Reply. Review of Gonçalves, R.T. (tr.) Lucrécio. Sobre a Natureza das Coisas(2021).

Neste artigo, usamos a Análise de Discurso Crítica como abordagem teórico-metodológica para analisar argumentos de ministros e ministras do Superior Tribunal de Justiça em um acórdão que afetou o entendimento jurisprudencial brasileiro sobre a Lei Maria da Penha. O principal objetivo neste trabalho é analisar como a Justiça constrói argumentos relativos à violência contra as mulheres em um órgão público notório, como o STJ, que é popularmente conhecido como "Tribunal da Cidadania" por, supostamente, garantir o exercício de vários direitos para (...) a população brasileira. Também buscamos trazer a público diálogos conflitantes, ideologias e jogos de poder inerentes à decisão em análise.This study employs Critical Discourse Analysis as thetheoretical framework to analyze the arguments used by the Superior Court of Justice in decisions related to the Maria da Penha Act, which had significant impact on Brazilian case law. The author's main objective is to discuss how Brazilian Justices construct legal arguments about violence against women in such an important public institution as the Superior Court, popularly known as the "Citizenship Court." The paper also aims to expose conflicting dialogues, ideologies, and power games that are inherent in these decisions. (shrink)

The world of work has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the high instability observed in the labor market, bringing several new challenges for leaders and employees. The present study aims to analyze the role of organizational and job resources in predicting employees’ job insecurity during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak, through the mediating role of work engagement. A sample of 207 Portuguese employees participated, of which 64.7% were women. Data was collected using an online (...) survey, including self-report measures of organizational resources, job resources, job insecurity, and work engagement. Data showed that job and organizational resources negatively influenced job insecurity. Moreover, work engagement was a significant mediator of the relation between performance feedback and job insecurity. Findings suggest that investing in job and organizational resources can act as protective factors to minimize feelings of job insecurity. Likewise, leaders should foster work engagement among employees to help them balance the relation between these resources and job insecurity, especially in crisis situations. Overall, this study takes a new, underexplored perspective, theoretically bridging organizational and job resources with job insecurity and work engagement during a time of great uncertainty, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. (shrink)

Schizophrenia is usually described as a fragmentation of subjective experience and the impossibility to engage in meaningful cultural and intersubjective practices. Although the term schizophrenia is less than 100 years old, madness is generally believed to have accompanied mankind through its historical and cultural ontogeny. What does it mean to be “mad”? The failure to adopt social practices or to internalize cultural values of common sense? Despite the vast amount of literature and research, it seems that the study of schizophrenia (...) and of the psychoses is suffering from a generic disintegration. In this introduction, we offer an historical overview of the variety of theories and approaches to schizophrenia. We also provide an overview of how the authors in this volume attempt an integrative account where training, practice, theory and research are considered as parts of a larger whole. This is a varied and pluralistic volume, and it is up to the readers to make use of different chapters according to their own needs. (shrink)

Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is one of the most widely used tools to assess economic decision-making. However, the research tradition on aging and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has been mainly focused on the overall performance of older adults in relation to younger or clinical groups, remaining unclear whether older adults are capable of learning along the task. We conducted a meta-analysis to examine older adults’ decision-making on the IGT, to test the effects of aging on reversal learning (45 studies) (...) and to provide normative data on total and block net scores (55 studies). From the accumulated empirical evidence, we found an average total net score of 7.55 (± 25.9). We also observed a significant reversal learning effect along the blocks of the IGT, indicating that older adults inhibit the prepotent response towards immediately attractive options associated with high losses, in favor of initially less attractive options associated with long-run profit. During block 1, decisions of older adults led to a negative gambling net score, reflecting the expected initial pattern of risk-taking. However, the shift towards more safe options occurred between block 2 (small-to-medium effect size) and blocks 3, 4, 5 (medium-to-large effect size). These main findings highlight that older adults are able to move from the initial uncertainty, when the possible outcomes are unknown, to decisions based on risk, when the outcomes are learned and may be used to guide future adaptive decision-making. (shrink)

Schizophrenia is usually described as a fragmentation of subjective experience and the impossibility to engage in meaningful cultural and intersubjective practices. Although the term schizophrenia is less than 100 years old, madness is generally believed to have accompanied mankind through its historical and cultural ontogeny. What does it mean to be “mad”? The failure to adopt social practices or to internalize cultural values of common sense? Despite the vast amount of literature and research, it seems that the study of schizophrenia (...) and of the psychoses is suffering from a generic disintegration. In this introduction, we offer an historical overview of the variety of theories and approaches to schizophrenia. We also provide an overview of how the authors in this volume attempt an integrative account where training, practice, theory and research are considered as parts of a larger whole. This is a varied and pluralistic volume, and it is up to the readers to make use of different chapters according to their own needs. (shrink)

Resenha da obra Seinfeld e a Filosofia: um livro sobre tudo e nada de William Irwin, na qual pretende demonstrar que uma série de comédia americana dos anos 1990 possui recursos e potencial para servir como ferramenta de discussão e aprendizado em Filosofia.

Este artigo busca encontrar na teoria crítica da racionalidade moderna de Jürgen Habermas (1929-) elementos de uma paideia. O primeiro tópico lança o substrato epistemológico sobre a existência das racionalidades estratégica e comunicativa. O segundo, afirma que o desengate entre o sistema e o mundo da vida, e a colonização deste por aquele, causam as patologias modernas e colaboram para a formulação de pedagogias coordenadas pela ação estratégica. O terceiro, propõe que o reacoplamento do sistema ao mundo vivido proporciona que (...) todas as dimensões da existência humana sejam orientadas pela ação comunicativa, na qual se encontram os traços de uma paideia emancipadora e revolucionária. (shrink)

This book explores the relationship between schizophrenia and common sense. It approaches this theme from a multidisciplinary perspective. Coverage features contributions from phenomenology, cognitive neuroscience, philosophy of mind, psychology, and social cognition. -/- The contributors address the following questions: How relevant is the loss of common sense in schizophrenia? How can the study of schizophrenia contribute to the study of common sense? How to understand and explain this loss of common sense? -/- They also consider: What is the relationship of (...) practical reasoning and logical formal reasoning with schizophrenia? What is the relationship between the person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and social values? -/- Chapters examine such issues as rationality, emotions, self, and delusion. In addition, one looks at brain structure and neurotransmission. Others explore phenomenological and Wittgensteinian theories. The book features papers from the Schizophrenia and Common Sense International Workshop, held at New University of Lisbon, November 2015. It offers new insights into this topic and will appeal to researchers, students, as well as interested general readers. (shrink)

This article offers a libertarian re-examination of Brazilian political history focusing mainly on the first few decades of the 19th century. The article finds two main tendencies lurking behind the various political parties and labels of the time: one, associated mainly with the Conservative Party, leaned dangerously away from the individual liberties advocated by classical liberalism and instead more toward authoritarian forms of government. The other, associated mainly with the Liberal Party, was more libertarian in nature. This article also concludes (...) that other examinations of these budding political parties fall short by overlooking a potentially authoritarian state underlying the Conservative project that dominated politics in Brazil at the time. (shrink)

Neste artigo, investigamos práticas de citação de literatura científica na escrita reflexiva do gênero relatório de estágio supervisionado, produzido por professores em formação, em disciplinas de estágio obrigatório em Ensino de Língua Inglesa numa Licenciatura em Letras. Analisaremos, especificamente, como esses professores se representam a partir de citações de literatura científica, e caracterizaremos algumas funções exercidas pelas citações na escrita reflexiva emergente na esfera acadêmica. Utilizamos a abordagem dialógica da linguagem dos estudos bakhtinianos como referencial teórico de base, além de (...) aportes teórico-metodológicos acerca de tipos de sequência e de discurso propostos por Adam e Bronckart. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que a prática de citação da literatura científica é uma invocação de autoridade com função de erudição, amplificação e ornamentação do discurso produzido, podendo orientar a ação pedagógica desenvolvida pelo professor em formação no estágio supervisionado.In this paper we investigate citation practices of scientific literature in reflexive writing from the genre of supervised pre-service training report produced by pre-service teachers enrolled in the mandatory pre-service training subject of English Language Teaching, at an undergraduate language teaching course. The aim of this research is to analyze how these pre-services teacher represent themselves based on citation practices of scientific literature, and characterize some of the functions deployed by the citations in the reflexive writing emerging in the academic sphere. We use the dialogic approach to language from Bakhtinian studies as a theoretical base, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions regarding types of sequences and of discourse proposed by Adam and Bronckart. The results of this research show that the practice of citation of scientific literature is an invocation of authority as a form of erudition, amplification and ornamentation of the discourse produced. This practice can also guide pedagogical action developed by pre-service teachers in their supervised training. (shrink)

O sentido ontológico do trabalho e o desenvolvimento das funções psicológicas superiores: considerações preliminares Resumo: O presente estudo tem por objetivo demonstrar de que forma o trabalho auxilia no processo de hominização do homem. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza teórica, realizado mediante pesquisa bibliográfica, sendo dividido em três momentos principais. No primeiro, apresenta-se como o trabalho é concebido por Marx e apropriado por Lukács e os representantes da Escola de Vigotski. No segundo, trata-se das tensões entre a importância conferida (...) aos aspectos biológicos e aos aspectos sociais para o processo de desenvolvimento do gênero humano, demonstrando de que maneira a produção de instrumentos gesta o progressivo afastamento da barreira natural, ao passo que propicia o desenvolvimento cada vez mais social do homem. Tal reflexão servirá de base para sinalizar como a teoria de Vigotski destaca em seu edifício categorial a relação entre os instrumentos e as funções psicológicas superiores no processo de humanização do homem. Palavras Chave: Trabalho. Instrumento. Funções psicológicas superiores. The ontological meaning of work and the development of higher mental functions: preliminary considerations: This study we aim to demonstrate how the work supports in the humanization process of the individuals. This is a theoretical study conducted by bibliographic research and divided into three main sessions. In the first moment, we present how the work is conceived by Marx and appropriated by Lukács and the representatives from Vygotsky’s school. In the second, we bring the tensions between the importance attached to the biological aspects and social aspects in the humankind’s development process, demonstrating how the tools’ production manage the progressive separation from the natural barrier, whereas it provides the increasingly social development of individuals. Further consideration will serve as a basis to indicate how Vygotsky’s theory underscore in its categorical building the relationship between the tools and the higher mental functions in the humanizing process of the individuals. Keywords: Work. Tools. Higher.mental functions. El sentido ontológico del trabajo y el desarrollo de las funciones psicológicas superiores: consideraciones preliminares Resumen: El presente estudio tiene por objetivo demostrar de qué forma el trabajo auxilia en el proceso de hominización del hombre. Se trata de un estudio de naturaleza teórica, realizado mediante investigación bibliográfica, siendo dividido en tres momentos principales. En el primero, presentamos cómo el trabajo es concebido por Marx y apropiado por Lukács y los representantes de la escuela de Vigotski. En el segundo, traemos las tensiones entre la importancia conferida a los aspectos biológicos ya los aspectos sociales para el proceso de desarrollo del género humano, demostrando de qué manera la producción de instrumentos gesta el progresivo alejamiento de la barrera natural, mientras que propicia el desarrollo cada vez más social del hombre. Tal reflexión servirá de base para señalar cómo la teoría de Vigotski destaca en su edificio categorial la relación entre los instrumentos y las funciones psicológicas superiores en el proceso de humanización del hombre. Financiamento: CNPq Palabras clave: Trabajo. Instrumento. Funciones psicológicas superiores. Data de registro: 09/01/2019 Data de aceite: 25/10/2019. (shrink)

I present and consider critically O'Regan and Noë's sensorimotor contingency theory, proposed as an alternative to solve the explanatory gap problem. I start with the criticism that these authors address the current conception of representation, according to which conscious experiences are representations of the external world produced by the brain. Afterward, I summarize the way the sensorimotor contingency theory addresses the problem of the explanatory gap, explaining the existence, form, and content of visual consciousness in terms of an "exploratory activity" (...) mediated by sensorimotor contingency laws. Finally, in agreement with criticisms addressed to O'Regan and Noë's solution, I propose a way to face the problem of the explanatory gap, which, recognizing the relevance of the body and the external environment to the existence, form and content of visual consciousness, but privileging the role of the brain as an organ of visual consciousness, and as an agent who uses visual consciousness as a guide to initiate and maintain embodied and situated adaptive actions in the world. (shrink)

Climate change exposes ecological and socio-economic systems to risks. The identified disparities in knowledge about the social climate system are at the root of the difficulties in perceiving and understanding the diversity of risks related to climate change. The still huge gap between what science and technological innovation can contribute to mitigation and what is unmanageable by humans inevitably requires a continuous process of adaptation. This work is part of the research associated with the European project (under the ERA4CS) 'Citizen (...) Sensing - Urban climate resilience through participatory risk management systems', which proposes to develop a Participatory Climate Risk Management System, a two-way communication system where is part of a participatory risk management system, contributing to adaptive governance. These objectives will be achieved through the creation of a platform that will incorporate information gathered from four pilot studies: Norrköping (Sweden), Porto (Portugal), Rotterdam (The Netherlands) and Trondheim (Norway). Ultimately, the aim is to draw conclusions on how this application can contribute to improving citizens' literacy to cope with climate change adaptation and to raise awareness of this problem, as the involvement of citizens and stakeholders will only be improved if the perception of the risk of climate change is substantially increased. Awareness campaigns about the potential risks associated with extreme events are of great importance. Citizens tend to view climate change as a global phenomenon, ignoring and avoiding taking action until it is directly and seriously affected. (shrink)

This paper explores the role of a media art gallery within a university setting. Specifically, it examines how mahaus.gallery can contribute to the intellectual and cultural life of the university community. The paper discusses the ways in which a media art gallery can promote interdisciplinary learning and research, foster creative collaborations, and engage with the wider community beyond the university campus. Therefore, through a quantitative approach, we analyzed the role of a media arts gallery in a higher education institution in (...) stimulating entrepreneurship among communication students. The results highlight the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and institutional support in the development of entrepreneurial skills and indicate that mahaus.gallery is an essential component of the university as it provides a space for innovation, experimentation and critical reflection on the intersection of art and technology. (shrink)

O ensaio dialoga sobre imagens curriculares utópicas que, expressas na escola, representam os feitos ideais de condutas, comportamentos almejados para exaustão da vida nos curriculos que insistem no enquadramento. Logo, o objetivo é questionar a lógica quase imperial de veiculação de imagens das práticas curriculares. Para tanto são fabuladas cenas de escola que brincam com a lógica das estabilidades curriculares. Se a escola e a professora se veem, nesse contexto, obrigadas a registrar os currículos em imagens quase midiáticas, interessa-nos produzir (...) imagens no limite do aceitável. Afinal, o que se entende por currículos? Quais sentidos são produzidos a partir dessas invasões imagéticas? Uma escola que prolifera as imagens-perfeitas de sala de aula, de aluno, de professora etc. mais enlutam a vida que realmente a produzem. Na contramão, como produzir imagens para além do governo da vida? É possível afirmar a escola como uma potência do infinito? (shrink)

Alguns filósofos materialistas pensam, contra o dualismo de substância, que uma mente incorporada é apenas uma mente que depende de um corpo para existir, isto é, que a mente náo existe independentemente de um corpo. Tomarei como representativas deste ponto de vista muito limitado sobre incorporaçáo as idéias de Lynne Baker e sua Teoria da Constituiçáo de Propriedades. Baker diz que prefere enfrentar o problema da relaçáo pessoa e corpo em vez da relaçáo mente e corpo porque esta última formulaçáo (...) implica a idéia de uma mente distinta e separada do corpo enquanto que a primeira está mais de acordo com sua concepçáo de uma mente incorporada e situada. O problema é que Baker esquece isso quando define pessoa em termos de perspectiva de primeira pessoa ou autoconsciência. Embora Baker diga que a autoconsciência depende de condições estruturais – um corpo – e ambientais – a situaçáo -, o que torna a pessoa humana autoconsciente uma entidade ontologicamente distinta do corpo que a constitui e de outros animais sáo suas realizações tais como arte, filosofia, ciência, moral, etc. Parece que, para Baker, a autoconsciência é náo apenas uma condiçáo necessária mas também uma condiçáo suficiente para aquelas realizações humanas, enquanto que o corpo desempenha apenas um papel indireto. Contra tais idéias nós podemos perguntar: as grandes realizações que distinguem pessoas humanas de outros animais seriam possíveis independentemente da constituiçáo biológica de nosso corpo e de suas necessidades? (shrink)

Este artigo discute a concepção de crítica da ideologia articulada nos estudos críticos da linguagem, mais especialmente na Análise de Discurso Crítica. O objetivo é problematizar a apreensão da categoria, a fim de repensar a natureza da ideologia e a prática de análise discursiva, a partir de uma perspectiva radical de crítica da linguagem. Em vista dessa pauta, organiza-se a investigação em quatro momentos. Inicialmente, reconstitui-se o percurso histórico de constituição da concepção negativa de ideologia na filosofia, em virtude do (...) qual a ADC dispôs seu quadro de pressupostos para a apropriação do conceito. Adiante, examinam-se as propriedades da categoria mobilizada no quadro teórico e metodológico da disciplina: definição, localização nos fatos da linguagem, natureza semiótica e tratamento analítico. Depois, discute-se o contorno da investidura do conceito, seus limites e contradições, com foco sobre três questões: a manifestação da ideologia em formas simbólicas, a relação entre processos ideológicos e lutas de poder e a prática de análise de discurso como crítica da ideologia. Ao fim, delineia-se uma leitura possível de crítica radical da linguagem, à luz das discussões de S. Žižek, para compreender a performance ideológica do signo linguístico na realidade social. (shrink)

Neste artigo pretendemos demonstrar como o argumento central da República de Platão que institui o filósofo como o indivíduo virtuoso por excelência e chefe político da cidade justa pode ser lido de modo a evitar a crítica de recentes estudiosos da obra que pretendem que a caracterização geral da educação filosófica descrita no plano pedagógico da República é incapaz de fornecer ao filósofo o elemento indispensável ao seu alto posto moral e político: a sabedoria prática para dirigir sua vida moral (...) íntima e governar a cidade justa. Tal questão será resolvida dentro da problemática em que se insere através de uma correta interpretação sobre o que significa o conhecimento da Forma do Bem à filosofia platônica bem como de uma correta compreensão da concepção de educação que norteia Platão em sua obra.: In this paper we try to show how to read the main argument of Plato’s Republic, that proclaims the philosopher as the truly virtuous person and political chief of the just city, in order to avoid the criticism of recent scholars who declare that the general characterization of the philosophical education described in the pedagogical scheme of the Republic is unable to provide the philosopher with the essential element of his high moral and political status: the practical wisdom to guide his own moral life and govern the just city. This question will be clarified along with all the issues involved in the correct interpretation of the meaning of the knowledge of the Form of Good in the platonic philosophy and a correct understanding of Plato’s general conception of education. Keywords: Plato. Republic. Education. Form of the Good. Philosopher-King. (shrink)