In this contribution, an overview of the distinct ways in which the interplay between knowledge, values, and beliefs took shape in the South African context since 1948 is offered. This is framed against the background of the paleontological significance of South Africa and an appreciation of indigenous knowledge systems, but also of the ideological distortion of knowledge and education during the apartheid era through the legacy of neo-Calvinism. The overview includes references to discourse on human rationality, on the use of (...) social sciences in theological reflection, on the teaching of evolution in public schools, on science and religion, and on religion and ecology. The essay concludes with a survey of some of the major voices regarding the interface between religion and science in South Africa. (shrink)

In this contribution, the author engages in a conversation with Christopher Southgate on the relationship between social evil and what is called natural “evil.” Theologically, this centers around an understanding of creation and fall. It is argued that Southgate typically treats soteriology and eschatology as themes pertaining to an evolutionary theodicy, whereas an adequate ecotheology would discuss the problem of natural suffering under the rubric of the narrative of God's economy. The question is then how that story is best told.

This article offers an overview of various theological discourses on the concept of nature. These are illustrated with examples of contributions to reformed theology from within the South African context. It is argued that there is ample room for confusion to reign in the connotations attached to ‘nature’ and the underlying theological problems that emerge. Often such connotations are merely adopted from other disciplines. To juxtapose such discourses would not by itself help to overcome such confusion but is a necessary (...) step in that direction.Contribution: This article analyses the conflicting uses of the term ‘nature’ especially in reformed theological discourse in the South African context. It circumscribes the distinctive theological problems that emerge in each case without seeking to resolve them. (shrink)

This contribution explores the assertion that climate change may be described as a “wicked problem.” It notes that the term was introduced in the context of the management sciences where a managerial ethos prevailed and where moral connotations were excluded. Subsequent references to climate change as a wicked problem maintained both these features. Yet, if climate change not only poses technological, economic, and political problems but also has moral and, indeed, spiritual challenges—as is widely maintained—then such moral connotations cannot be (...) avoided. The description of a problem as wicked then becomes part of the problem. It is argued that the term is best understood as one used in jest, so that if we seek to define a problem’s wickedness in a conceptually precise way, we are missing the joke. The major moral dimensions of the challenges posed by climate changes should be taken seriously, but perhaps there is no need to take the term wicked problems all that seriously. What should not be laughed off is the managerial ethos that presumes that the challenges posed by climate changes can be addressed “exactly” through climate engineering or even social engineering. (shrink)

This article engages with John Haught's views on original sin. It offers a brief orientation to discourse on sin in the context of theological debates on human evolution. This is followed by a thick description of Haught's so-called note on original sin. A series of five observations and questions regarding Haught's position is offered. It is observed that Haught's way of telling the story of sin and salvation follows a classic Roman Catholic plot, namely one based on grace elevating nature. (...) This is contrasted with the more typically reformed plot of restoration. (shrink)

This contribution offers a critical rejoinder with regard to 12 articles submitted for publication in HTS Theological Studies ‘to stimulate a discussion on the Holy Trinity for the 21st century within the South African environment’. It raises the provocative question: what if these 12 articles may be regarded as a barometer for contemporary South African discourse on the Trinity – even if this is evidently (and hopefully!) not the case? It addressed five questions in this regard: (1) who are the (...) authors that contributed articles and where are they situated? (2) Who are their conversation partners or interlocutors? (3) What issues, themes and problems have they focused on? (4) How is the public significance of the doctrine of the Trinity portrayed within the (South) African context? (5) What issues, themes and problems were not discussed? It concludes that there are crucial problems related to the economic Trinity that are, by and large, not addressed in this set of contributions. (shrink)

This article observes that both the similar and the dissimilar are of ethical importance in discourse on human identity. There is a need for a common humanity and to guard against domination in the name of difference – precisely by recognising the otherness of the other. This also applies to reflections on what it means to be human in the age of the human, namely the Anthropocene. A survey is offered of how this tension between the similar and the dissimilar (...) plays itself out in the work of five theorists, namely Dipesh Chakrabarty, Clive Hamilton, Dona Harraway, Michel Serres and Kathryn Yusoff. On this basis, six tentative conclusions are offered: Despite the appropriate ethical emphasis on difference and otherness, the quest for the universal in the particular cannot be readily abandoned. Such a sensitivity for the universal in the particular needs to be extended to a recognition of the way in which an integrated earth system functions. The ethical emphasis on difference and otherness should be extended to non-human animals. Human dignity and the ‘integrity of creation’ are not necessarily inversely proportioned. Relations may well have an ontological priority over individuals. Identity need not be constituted by the distant past or the immediate presence as if continuity over time forms a guarantee for a sense of identity.Contribution: This article explores a core question in discourse on the Anthropocene, namely ‘What does it mean to be human in the age of humans?’ It compares the views on human identity of five theorists, namely Dipesh Chakrabarty, Clive Hamilton, Dona Harraway, Michel Serres and Kathryn Yusoff and on this basis offers six observations to take the debate forward. (shrink)

This contribution is aimed at some provocation by questioning the basic assumptions of current development discourse. It asks for conceptual clarification and differentiation on the meaning of various process terms. It needs to be recognised that the word development remains a metaphor than can indeed be extended but can also become over-extended and ossified. The concept of development is then contrasted with the process of maturation. It is argued that the concept of maturation is, better able to indicate the final (...) goal of the process than most other process terms, recognises inherent limitations and follows natural cycles better than exponential growth, sustained development or endless progress. (shrink)

This article offers a description of transdisciplinary facilitation that is suitable for theologians and ministers. The reflective aspect of transdisciplinary facilitation is illustrated through an engagement with transdisciplinary research on environmentalism and ecotheology. This article also suggests that Ernst Conradie could be appreciated, drawn on and critiqued as a transdisciplinary theologian and not a contextual theologian.

Participatory action research (PAR) is a form of community-driven qualitative research which aims to collaboratively take action to improve participants’ lives. This is generally achieved through cognitive, reflexive learning cycles, whereby people ultimately enhance their wellbeing. This approach builds on two assumptions: (1) participants are able to reflect on and prioritize difficulties they face; (2) collective impetus and action are progressively achieved, ultimately leading to increased wellbeing. This article complicates these assumptions by analyzing a two-year PAR project with mothers of (...) disabled children from a South African urban settlement. Participant observation notes, interviews, and a group discussion served as primary data. We found that mothers’ severe psychological stress and the strong intersectionality of their daily challenges hampered participation. Consequently, mothers considered the project ‘inactionable’. Yet, many women quickly started expressing important individual and collective wellbeing transformations. To understand these ‘unlikely’ transformations, a feminist relational account, in particular, that of relational wellbeing, proves essential. We reflect on the consequences of these findings for the dominant PAR methodology and operationalization, and propose to sensitize future PAR with marginalized women by employing relational wellbeing as an overarching ontological awareness. (shrink)

Chapter 1 Introduction: Three moral questions In this chapter ... You will be introduced to a number of basic ethical concepts and distinctions; ...

Objective: The establishment of patient-centered measures capable of empirically determining meaningful cognitive change after surgery can significantly improve the medical care of epilepsy patients. Thus, this study aimed to develop reliable change indices (RCIs) and standardized regression-based (SRB) change norms for a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery in the German language. Methods: Forty-seven consecutive patients with temporal lobe epilepsy underwent neuropsychological assessments, both before and 12 months after surgery. Practice-effect-adjusted RCIs and SRB change norms for each test score were computed. To (...) assess their usefulness, the presented methods were applied to a clinical sample, and binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to model the odds of achieving improvement in quality of life (QOL) after surgery. Results: The determined RCIs at 90% confidence intervals, and the SRB equations for each test score included in the test battery are provided. Cohen’s kappa analyses revealed a moderate mean agreement between the two measures, varying from slight to almost perfect agreement across test scores. Using these measures, a negative association between improvement in QOL and decline in verbal memory functions after surgery was detected. Significance: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to provide RCIs and SRB change norms necessary for the objective determination of neuropsychological change in a comprehensive test battery in the German language, facilitating the individual monitoring of improvement and decline in each patients’ cognitive functioning and psychosocial situations after epilepsy surgery. The application of the described measures revealed a strong negative association between improvement in QOL and decline in verbal memory functions after surgery. (shrink)

Corporate reputation is decisive for stakeholders’ supporting or repelling behavior and, therefore, one of firms’ most valuable intangible resources. Drawing on signaling theory, this paper focuses on the usefulness of voluntarily provided corporate reputation disclosures (CRDs) and examines their impact on stakeholders’ attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. Our experimental vignette studies reveal that CRDs reduce stakeholders’ information asymmetries, which positively affects perceived organizational performance and corporate reputation as well as stakeholders’ purchase, investment, and employment intentions. The relationships between CRDs and stakeholders’ (...) behavioral intentions are sequentially mediated by changes in the perceived organizational performance and corporate reputation. This implies that stakeholders use the signals transmitted by CRDs to adjust their perceptions of a firm’s organizational performance and corporate reputation, which ultimately induces their behavioral outcomes. Overall, our empirical results show the usefulness of CRDs for firms in effectively developing stakeholder relationships and, thereby, contributing to assure their going concern. For stakeholders, CRDs improve efficiency in evaluating a firm’s future development. (shrink)

Our senses are constantly stimulated in our daily lives but we have only a limited understanding of how they affect our cognitive processes and, especially, our autobiographical memory. Capitalizing on a public science event, we conducted the first empirical study that aimed to compare the relative influence of the five senses on the access, temporal distribution, and phenomenological characteristics of autobiographical memories in a sample of about 400 participants. We found that the access and the phenomenological features of memories varied (...) as a function of the type of sensory cues, but not their temporal distribution. With regard to their influence on autobiographical memory, an overlap between some senses was found, with on one hand, olfaction and taste and, on the other, vision, audition, and touch. We discuss these findings in the light of theories of perception, memory, and the self, and consider methodological implications of the sensory cuing technique in memory research, as well as clinical implications for research in psychopathological and neuropsychological populations. (shrink)

This book provides a significant contribution to scholarship on the psychology of science and the psychology of technology by showcasing a range of theory and research distinguished as psychological studies of science and technology. Science and technology are central to almost all domains of human activity, for which reason they are the focus of subdisciplines such as philosophy of science, philosophy of technology, sociology of knowledge, and history of science and technology. To date, psychology has been marginal in this space (...) and limited to relatively narrow epistemological orientations. By explicitly embracing pluralism and an international approach, this book offers new perspectives and directions for psychological contributions. The book brings together leading theorists and researchers from around the world and spans scholarship across a variety of traditions that include theoretical psychology, critical psychology, feminist psychology and social constructionist approaches. Following a historical and conceptual introduction, the collection is divided into three sections: Scoping a New Psychology of Science and Technology, Applying Psychological Concepts to the Study of Science and Technology and Critical Perspectives on Psychology as a Science. The book will interest interdisciplinary scholars who work in the space of Science and Technology Studies and psychologists interested in the diverse human aspects of science and technology. (shrink)

The examination of the complex cell biology of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum usually relies on the time‐consuming generation of transgenic parasites. Here, metabolic labeling and click chemistry are employed as a fast transfection‐independent method for the microscopic examination of protein S‐palmitoylation, an important post‐translational modification during the asexual intraerythrocytic replication of P. falciparum. Applying various microscopy approaches such as confocal, single‐molecule switching, and electron microscopy, differences in the extent of labeling within the different asexual developmental stages of P. (...) falciparum and the host erythrocytes over time are observed. (shrink)

More involvement of sub-Saharan African countries in biomedical studies, specifically in genetic research, is needed to advance individualized medicine that will benefit non-European populations. Missing infrastructure, cultural and religious beliefs as well as lack of understanding of research benefits can pose a challenge to recruitment. Here we describe recruitment efforts for a large genetic study requiring three-generation pedigrees within the Yoruba homelands of Nigeria. The aim of the study was to identify genes responsible for keloids, a wound healing disorder. We (...) also discuss ethical and logistical considerations that we encountered in preparation for this research endeavor. (shrink)

Die Kritik der Rabbinen an Gott erweist sich keineswegs als eine Schwächung der Glaubenskraft oder gar als verhüllter Atheismus; sie weist zwar dadurch, daß sie nur bei Einzelnen auftritt und nicht eigentlich die Stimme der Gemeinde, d. h. einen sensus communis, darstellt, auf die Tatsache hin, daß es Richtungen, Spaltungen, Häresien im Rabbinismus gegeben hat - eine Tatsache, die uns auch ohnedies schon bekannt ist. Das Bemerkenswerte jedoch daran ist, daß die kritischen Elemente ertragen worden sind und das Judentum der (...) Kritik in seiner eignen Mitte standgehalten hat: die jüdische Gemeinde ist daran nicht zugrunde gegangen, ihr Glaube war stark genug, auch damit fertig zu werden. Ferner darf man diese Kritik an der Gottheit, sogar als einen Erweis lebendigen Umgangs mit ihr betrachten: Gott ist gleichsam auch der Gefährte des Menschen, nicht nur der Herr, und diese Einstellung des Rabbinismus mag als ein fast notwendiges Supplement - oder wenn man will, ein Korrelat - zur Vorstellung von der Überweltlichkeit Gottes und von seinem Getrenntsein von der Welt, wie sie sonst das Judentum bestimmt, angesehen werden. Gott als der Gefährte des Menschen begegnet uns ja auch gelegentlich im Neuen Testament: er bedarf, obschon der "Herr der Ernte", der Erntearbeiter Mt. 9,38, d. h. aber der Gehilfen; noch deutlicher bringt dies der paulinische Terminus Mitarbeiter Gottes, I. Cor. 3,9 u. ö., zum Ausdruck. Die Kritik an Gott ist gleichzeitig eine Krit i k a m Menschen. Sie betrifft ja den Schöpfer, dessen Werk in der Erschaffung des Menschen gipfele32). Jüdische Kreise, die die Schöpfung abwerten, nehmen am Geist der Zeit teil. Auch bewirken gnostische Ideen durch die Aufstellung von Mittlerwesen eine Entfernung der Gottheit von der Welt: er nimmt nicht mehr unmittelbar an ihr teil. Gottes Macht wird beschränkt durch die Hypostasierung seiner Eigenschaften. Der Anthropomorphismus, von einem Teil der Schriftgelehrten zu beheben oder zu mildern versucht, wird bei anderen umso stärker, und sie drücken darin ihren Hader mit Gott aus: er ist trotzig gegen die Bitten der Gemeinde, er verwechselt Namen und ist vergeßlich, ja er entzieht sich seinem eignen Gesetz oder den ethischen Verpflichtungen, die er selbst geboten hat. Aber wiederum, von der anderen Seite gesehen: Gott leidet mit seinem Volk, er ist ohnmächtig, demütig, weint und klagt, trauert um Stadt und Tempel, ist erlösungsbedürftig und ringt mit sich selbst um sein Erbarmen. Man könnte dies die positive Seite der rabbinischen Kritik an Gott nennen. Auf zwei große Motive läßt sich diese Kritik zurückführen : auf eine Fortführung des alttestamentlichen Dispute zwischen Gott und Menschen, wobei gleichzeitig eine Veränderung der biblischen Gottesvorstellung nach der spekulativen Seite hin erfolgt - und auf das Interesse a n der Entlastung der bedrängten Gemeinde. Es sind Motive, die in der Weiterentwicklung des Judentums unvermeidlich waren. Auch andere große Religionen haben unter dem Druck solcher Anfechtungen gestanden. Auch dem Islam und dem Christentum ist solche Kritik nicht fremd geblieben. Was den Islam betrifft, so ist Verfasser durch einen Vortrag von Hellmut Ritter im Orient-Institut Frankfurt/Main über "die Kritik an Gott bei den persischen Mystikem"33) zu vorliegender Untersuchung angeregt wor den. Wenn auch die Erscheinungswelt der islamischen, zumal der persischen Mystik von derjenigen der Rabbinen so verschieden ist wie nur möglich, da es sich dort meist um Extravaganzen des Typus des "närrischen Heiligen" handelt, der die Freiheit hat, auch die radikalsten Gedanken über die Gottheit zu äußern, ohne daß er sein praktisches Verhalten der Ergebung in Gott ändert, so haben doch b e i d e Welten das eine gemeinsam, daß es die Not ist, die hier ein entscheidendes Wort mitspricht. Im Christentum ist die Kritik an Gott lediglich verhüllter dank der Idee der Menschwerdung Gottes und der ins Dogma eingebauten Theorie vom Mittler; aber sie ist nichtsdestoweniger vorhanden und bricht in Zeiten der Krisis hervor. Schon die Theodizee, die positive Seite der Kritik an Gott, setzt voraus, daß der Mensch nicht um eine Recht-fertigung Gottes herumkommt; das aber hat wieder zur Voraussetzung, daß der Mensch Gott Vorwürfe macht. So tut es z. B. LUTHER, der "in seinen seelischen Kämpfen Gott besonders Härte und Ungerechtigkeit vorgeworfen hat"34). Diese Kritik ist zuletzt notwendige Begleiterscheinung jedes ernsthaften, sich um sich selber mühenden, nicht scholastisch erstickten Glaubens. Auch über die Kritik der Rabbinen an Gott kann schließlich kein anderes Urteil gefällt werden, als daß sie die dialektische Überwindung der Negation mittels ihrer ehrlichen Durchschreitung darstellt. (shrink)

Als Schiiler Ernst Mallys hatte ich das Gluck, mitzuerleben, wie sich urn 1930 die Philosophie Mallys von der reichen Vielfalt der Meinongschen Lehre zu eigenen geschlosseneren Konturen wandelte. Es folgten Jahre intensiven Weiterbaus bis zum Todesjahr 1944. Durch widrige Um­ sHinde, Krankheit und Krieg, kamen Mallys Erkenntnisse nicht zu brei­ terer Wirkung. Urn so erfreulicher ist es, daB im Jahre des 25. Todestages und 90. Geburtstages ein Kreis Interessierter zusammenfand, urn ein Opus postumum MalIys, ein groBes logisches Fragment, von (...) Mally einmal Schwanberger Logik genannt, herauszugeben, das in den letzten Lebens­ jahren des Philosophen entstand. Auf Anregung von Professor Dr. Roderick M. Chisholm (Brown University, Rhode Island) wird gleich­ zeitig auch ein 'basic work' der Deontik, Mallys Grundgesetze des Sol/ens aus dem Jahr 1926, im Neudruck publiziert. Damit ist auch Gelegenheit gegeben, eine erste zusammenfassende Darstellung uber die Philosophie Mallys mit Schriftenverzeichnis etc. zu veroffentlichen, so daB diese Edition auch als Gedenkschrift fUr Mally gelten kann. (shrink)