Článek se věnuje genezi a vývoji hlavních myšlenkových teorií zaměřených na ochranu životního prostředí. Přináší zamyšlení se nad základními principy a hlubším smyslem neoklasické environmentální ekonomie, ekologické ekonomie a tržních přístupů k ochraně životního prostředí, které reprezentují hlavní paradigmata ekonomie životního prostředí. Článek se dále soustředí na metody výzkumu jednotlivých teoretických přístupů z hlediska metodologických odlišností. Závěrečná část článku je věnována dvěma hlavním principům ochrany životního prostředí. Je zde zhodnocena aplikace principu udržitelného rozvoje a principu předběžné opatrnosti v environmentálních politikách.

Psychofyzick problm je centrlnm problmem ve filozofii mysli. Filozofie pedkld adu een psychofyzickho problmu v podob koncept a teori ve snaze odpovdt na otzky, zda fyzick a mentln fenomny maj njak vztah a pokud ano, jakm zpsobem se tento vztah uskuteuje. Otzky ohledn vztahu fyzickho a mentlnho aspektu a ohledn jejich podstaty nejsou povaovny psychiatri za zsadn, pestoe se psychiatrie ve vzkumu i klinick praxi zamuje na dl aspekty tohoto problmu. Tento lnek zkoum, kter filozofick koncepce psychofyzickho problmu se uplatuj (...) v teoretickch konstruktech psychiatrie. (shrink)

A review of Stephen Snyder’s End-of-Art Philosophy in Hegel, Nietzsche and Danto.

In the first part of the article, we show that if $\omega \le \kappa < \lambda$ are cardinals, ${\kappa ^{ < \kappa }} = \kappa$, and λ is weakly compact, then in $V\left[M {\left} \right]$ the tree property at $$\lambda = \left^{V\left[ {\left} \right]} $$ is indestructible under all ${\kappa ^ + }$-cc forcing notions which live in $V\left[ {{\rm{Add}}\left} \right]$, where ${\rm{Add}}\left$ is the Cohen forcing for adding λ-many subsets of κ and $\left$ is the standard Mitchell forcing for (...) obtaining the tree property at $\lambda = \left^{V\left[ {\left} \right]} $. This result has direct applications to Prikry-type forcing notions and generalized cardinal invariants. In the second part, we assume that λ is supercompact and generalize the construction and obtain a model ${V^{\rm{*}}}$, a generic extension of V, in which the tree property at ${\left^{{V^{\rm{*}}}}}$ is indestructible under all ${\kappa ^ + }$-cc forcing notions living in $V\left[ {{\rm{Add}}\left} \right]$, and in addition under all forcing notions living in ${V^{\rm{*}}}$ which are ${\kappa ^ + }$-closed and “liftable” in a prescribed sense. (shrink)

We show that the tree property, stationary reflection and the failure of approachability at \ are consistent with \= \kappa ^+ < 2^\kappa \), where \ is a singular strong limit cardinal with the countable or uncountable cofinality. As a by-product, we show that if \ is a regular cardinal, then stationary reflection at \ is indestructible under all \-cc forcings.

We say that a regular cardinal κ,, has the tree property if there are no κ‐Aronszajn trees; we say that κ has the weak tree property if there are no special κ‐Aronszajn trees. Starting with infinitely many weakly compact cardinals, we show that the tree property at every even cardinal,, is consistent with an arbitrary continuum function below which satisfies,. Next, starting with infinitely many Mahlo cardinals, we show that the weak tree property at every cardinal,, is consistent with an (...) arbitrary continuum function below which satisfies,. Thus the tree property has no provable effect on the continuum function below except for the trivial requirement that the tree property at implies for every infinite κ. (shrink)

We obtain an array of consistency results concerning trees and stationary reflection at double successors of regular cardinals $\kappa $, updating some classical constructions in the process. This includes models of $\mathsf {CSR}(\kappa ^{++})\wedge {\sf TP}(\kappa ^{++})$ (both with and without ${\sf AP}(\kappa ^{++})$ ) and models of the conjunctions ${\sf SR}(\kappa ^{++}) \wedge \mathsf {wTP}(\kappa ^{++}) \wedge {\sf AP}(\kappa ^{++})$ and $\neg {\sf AP}(\kappa ^{++}) \wedge {\sf SR}(\kappa ^{++})$ (the latter was originally obtained in joint work by Krueger and (...) the first author [9], and is here given using different methods). Analogs of these results with the failure of $\sf {SH}(\kappa ^{++})$ are given as well. Finally, we obtain all of our results with an arbitrarily large $2^\kappa $, applying recent joint work by Honzik and the third author. (shrink)

This article offers a philosophic understanding of dissidence. We present a conceptual analysis of dissidence as connected to a net of other philosophic concepts such as ‘virtue’ and ‘truth’. ‘Dissidence’, like ‘right’ and ‘liberty’, is used both in precise philosophic discourse and with greater variations of meaning in ordinary language. Our discussion springs from a philosophic discourse of dissidence that flourished in Czechoslovakia in the seventies and eighties, during the ‘normalization’ period between the Soviet invasion of 1968 and the Velvet (...) Revolution of 1989. During that period, a small section of Czechoslovak society found itself in a situation that was commonly referred to by the word ‘dissidence’. Since some dissidents were philosophers by inclination, education, or approach, they understood their situation by drawing on their philosophic background. The towering figure of dissident philosophy was Jan Patocka, one of the first spokespersons of Charter 77 on human rights and a student of Husserl. Of his students, Václav Havel and Petr Rezek made significant contributions to the philosophical discourse of the meaning of dissidence. Though emerging out of a particular historical context, post-Stalinist Communism, the discourse itself attempted to understand dissidence in universal philosophical terms. (shrink)

After World War II, infant mortality rates started dropping steeply. We show how this was accomplished in socialist countries in East-Central Europe. Focusing on the two postwar decades, we explore comparatively how medical experts in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany saved fragile newborns. Based on an analysis of medical journals, we argue that the Soviet Union and its medical practices had only a marginal influence; the four countries followed the recommendations of the World Health Organization instead, despite not being (...) members. Importantly, we analyze the expert clashes over definitions of livebirth, which impact infant mortality statistics. We analyze the divergent practices and negotiations between countries: since the infant mortality rate came to represent the level of socioeconomic advancement, its political significance was paramount. Analyzing the struggle to reduce infant mortality thus helps us understand how socialist countries positioned themselves within the transnational framework while being members of the “socialist bloc.”. (shrink)

On the ethics and character of Prophet Muḥammad d. 632.

Danto, Arthur Coleman, 2021. Po konci umění: Současné umění a oblast mimo dějiny. Prel. Šárka Lojdová. Praha: Academia.

Danto, Arthur Coleman, 2021. Po konci umění: Současné umění a oblast mimo dějiny. Prel. Šárka Lojdová. Praha: Academia.