The debates about ethics in the context of artificial intelligence have been recently focusing primarily on various types of utilitarianisms. This article suggests a categorization of the various presented utilitarianisms into static utilitarianisms and dynamic utilitarianisms. It explains the main features of both. Then, it presents the challenges the utilitarianisms in each group need to be able to deal with. Since it appears that those cannot be overcome in the context of each group alone, the article suggests a possibility of (...) using a combination of the two categories of utilitarianisms to resolve most of the challenges without the need to abandon the concept of utilitarianisms as such. Even this possibility comes with its own issues that might not be resolved within the boundaries of utilitarianisms, however. Therefore, another potential alternative based on a combination of various ethical systems is suggested and briefly explored. (shrink)

ABSTRACT:Should companies’ human rights responsibilities arise, in part, from their “leverage”—their ability to influence others’ actions through their relationships? Special Representative John Ruggie rejected this proposition in the United Nations Framework for business and human rights. I argue that leverage is a source of responsibility where there is a morally significant connection between the company and a rights-holder or rights-violator, the company is able to make a contribution to ameliorating the situation, it can do so at modest cost, and the (...) threat to human rights is substantial. In such circumstances companies have a responsibility to exercise leverage even though they did nothing to contribute to the situation. Such responsibility is qualified, not categorical; graduated, not binary; context-specific; practicable; consistent with the social role of business; and not merely a negative responsibility to avoid harm but a positive responsibility to do good. (shrink)

This critical edition of Nikola Vitov Gučetić’s (1549–1610) _Commentary on the First Book of Aristotle’s ‘Rhetoric’_, with an introduction and supplementary material, shows how Aristotle’s _Rhetoric_ influenced lesser-known thinkers who depended on the art of persuasion in their careers.

L.L. Maksimova and L. Esakia, V. Meskhi showed that the modal logic \ has exactly 5 pretabular extensions PM1–PM5. In this paper, we study the problem of unification for all given logics. We showed that PM2 and PM3 have finitary, and PM1, PM4, PM5 have unitary types of unification. Complete sets of unifiers in logics are described.

A review of Peter Goldie and Elisabeth Schellekens‘s Who’s Afraid of Conceptual Art? (London, New York: Routledge, 2010, viii + 152 pp. ISBN 978-0-415-42282-6).

A monograph about natural law and supernatural law, with emphasis on the philosophy of natural law.

The question of why Ukraine became Christianized from Byzantium and what kind of faith she accepted - in general, Christian, Orthodox, or Catholic - is not new. We have the views that stand for any of these three assumptions. They are formed depending on the data of religious beliefs, political orientations, etc.

This paper proposes a semantic description of the linear step-like temporal multi-agent logic with the universal modality \(\mathcal{LTK}.sl_U\) based on the idea of non-reflexive non-transitive nature of time. We proved a finite model property and projective unification for this logic.

У статті висвітлені процеси й події, які привели до створення "Біографічного словника діячів України". Охарактеризовано історичні умови, у яких відновила діяльність Академія наук України. Подано детальний аналіз матеріалу, який входив до видання. Висвітлено авторський колектив видання, а також описано умови, при яких змінювалися керівники та автори "біографічного видання". Розкрито об'єктивні й суб'єктивні умови припинення роботи над виданням. Виявлені основні наслідки цього "словника" для енциклопедичної науки загалом.

From the earliest photographic attempts to represent tropical hybrid races to depictions of disease in new tropical medicines, Picturing Tropical Nature offers ...

Diagnostics of a mental disorder completely bases on an estimation of patient’s behaviour, verbal behaviour being the most important. The behaviour, in turn, is ruled by a situation expressed as a system of signs. Perception of a situation could be seen as a function, which depends on the context resulting from the previous situations, structuring personal world. So the world is not given — it is being formed while the person is in action. We argue that distinctive features of behaviour, (...) including its abnormal variants, can be explained not in categories of characters and diseases but in terms of situations taking place in individual worlds. The situation in which a person perceives himself is not simply a site in a three-dimensional space at a certain moment, but a part of the world and an episode of his life. Like a text composed of words, individual world is composed of situations. Each of them needs certain context to cope with ambiguity. This context is induced by the world as a whole. And the world, in turn, is presented as a chain of situations. If the context cannot help to interpret a situation adequately, uncertainty can be eliminated by actions clarifying a situation, which is changed in a predictable way. Thus, purposeful activity, skills to make predictions and corrections of one’s own actions are crucial. Weakness of any of them inevitably leads to the distortion of the presentation of the world, to wrongevaluation of situations and, as a result, to inadequate actions that finally reduce the activity as being ineffective. Thus, the lack of activity becomes the key factor in the development of disorder, being simultaneously its cause and effect. In periods of insufficient activity conditions for violated (and violating) sign processing arise. Possible variants of sign malfunction are: oligosemia (reduction of the number of perceivable signs), hyposemia (decrease of significance of signs), hypersemia (increase of significance of some signs at the expense of others), ambisemia (uncertainty of sign, when situation remains unclear), cryptosemia (recognition of signs not obvious for other observers), and parasemia (perverted interpretation of signs influenced by a false context). (shrink)

Diagnostics of a mental disorder completely bases on an estimation of patient’s behaviour, verbal behaviour being the most important. The behaviour, in turn, is ruled by a situation expressed as a system of signs. Perception of a situation could be seen as a function, which depends on the context resulting from the previous situations, structuring personal world. So the world is not given — it is being formed while the person is in action. We argue that distinctive features of behaviour, (...) including its abnormal variants, can be explained not in categories of characters and diseases but in terms of situations taking place in individual worlds. The situation in which a person perceives himself is not simply a site in a three-dimensional space at a certain moment, but a part of the world and an episode of his life. Like a text composed of words, individual world is composed of situations. Each of them needs certain context to cope with ambiguity. This context is induced by the world as a whole. And the world, in turn, is presented as a chain of situations. If the context cannot help to interpret a situation adequately, uncertainty can be eliminated by actions clarifying a situation, which is changed in a predictable way. Thus, purposeful activity, skills to make predictions and corrections of one’s own actions are crucial. Weakness of any of them inevitably leads to the distortion of the presentation of the world, to wrongevaluation of situations and, as a result, to inadequate actions that finally reduce the activity as being ineffective. Thus, the lack of activity becomes the key factor in the development of disorder, being simultaneously its cause and effect. In periods of insufficient activity conditions for violated (and violating) sign processing arise. Possible variants of sign malfunction are: oligosemia (reduction of the number of perceivable signs), hyposemia (decrease of significance of signs), hypersemia (increase of significance of some signs at the expense of others), ambisemia (uncertainty of sign, when situation remains unclear), cryptosemia (recognition of signs not obvious for other observers), and parasemia (perverted interpretation of signs influenced by a false context). (shrink)

Study of Hans-Georg Gadamer's and Julius Stenzel's interpretations of Plato.

Inferencialismus idealizuje proces získání významu v komunikaci. K tomu snadno najdeme protipříklady. Zcela zde chybí nějaká, zejména pojmová analýza a také nějaké rozhodovací (meta)pravidlo pro získání významu.

The main assumption of analytical philosophy is very straightforward: the analysis of language in philosophy and in science is the only starting point which guarantees the solution to all the problems. In the so-called post-analytical philosophy this assumption becomes even more radical: substantial problems do not exist and even if they existed, their essence would vanish if one attempted to formulate them in language. The author tries to justify the view that these simple and attractive theses are not only demagogic (...) and decadent, but also destructive. (shrink)

In this volume, contributors suggest we also think beyond toleration to mutual respect, practiced before the creation of modern multiculturalism in the West.

We consider the Lambek calculus, or noncommutative multiplicative intuitionistic linear logic, extended with iteration, or Kleene star, axiomatised by means of an$\omega $-rule, and prove that the derivability problem in this calculus is$\Pi _1^0$-hard. This solves a problem left open by Buszkowski (2007), who obtained the same complexity bound for infinitary action logic, which additionally includes additive conjunction and disjunction. As a by-product, we prove that any context-free language without the empty word can be generated by a Lambek grammar with (...) unique type assignment, without Lambek’s nonemptiness restriction imposed (cf. Safiullin, 2007). (shrink)

Infinitary action logic can be naturally expanded by adding exponential and subexponential modalities from linear logic. In this article we shall develop infinitary action logic with a subexponential that allows multiplexing (instead of contraction). Both non-commutative and commutative versions of this logic will be considered, presented as infinitary sequent calculi. We shall prove cut admissibility for these calculi, and estimate the complexity of the corresponding derivability problems: in both cases it will turn out to be between complete first-order arithmetic and (...) the \(\omega ^\omega \) level of the hyperarithmetical hierarchy. Here the complexity upper bound is much lower than that for the system with a subexponential that allows contraction. The complexity lower bound in turn is much higher than that for infinitary action logic. (shrink)

The article examines discussion wich took place in 1911 between Polish philosophers Henryk Struve and Kazimierz Twardowski about the state of Polish philosophy and plans for its future development. The results of the discussion were extrapolated to the current situation of Ukrainian philosophy and its challenges. The conclusion is that the path of Polish philosophy of the last century can serve to modern Ukrainian philosophy as reliable guide to the future. Polish philosophy’s recipe of success transferred to modern Ukrainian philosophy (...) consists in, firstly, elimination of external domination of Russian influence due to its balancing by other foreign influences, and, secondly, purposeful development of analytical direction. (shrink)

Book review on Jan Bierhanzl, Estetika ambiguity. Praha (Karolinum) 2021, 123 str.

The paper is aimed to prove that the work of the Ukrainian philosopher Hilary Święcicki The origins of philosophy in Ruthenian literature of XI–XVI century (Lviv, 1901) was written under the influence of the founder of the Lvov-Warsaw School of philosophy Kazimierz Twardowski. Results of the analysis indicate that this influence was of the methodological nature and it manifested itself in the use by Święcicki aposteriori constructive method, developed by master of Twardowdki – Franz Brentano.

The publication presents the historical and theoretical background of work of the Ukrainian philosopher Stefan Ołeksiuk under the title “On object of so-called perceptual judgment”. In particular, the points of contact and the importance of Ołeksiuk’s ideas for philosophical traditions of the Lvov-Warsaw School and Husserlian phenomenology were shown.

Tematyka niniejszego referatu wpisuje się w badania nad jedną z najważniejszych formacji filozoficznych w XX wieku – Szkołą Lwowsko-Warszawską. W pracy dokonano analizy fenomenu Szkoły Twardowskiego z perspektywy dotychczas przez badaczy tego zagadnienia nie branej pod uwagę – a mianowicie uwzględniającej wielokulturowy charakter Lwowa, jako kolebki Szkoły. Uzasadnienie głównej hipotezy komunikatu, polegającej na stwierdzeniu przynależności szeregu czołowych przedstawicieli ukraińskiej myśli filozoficznej w przedwojennej Galicji do tradycji tzw. filozoficznej Szkoły Lwowskiej, wypełnia istotną lukę w badaniach nad Szkołą Lwowsko-Warszawską i rozszerza perspektywę (...) jej pojmowania jako wielokulturowej formacji intelektualnej. (shrink)

Стаття містить результати аналізу рецепції конструктивізму у вітчизняній філософії та з'ясування праксеологічного спрямування виявлених інтерпретацій у теоретично-аксіологічному полі міждисциплінарних підходів у соціальній філософії, філософській антропології та філософії культури. Автор доходить висновку, що актуалізація теоретично-аксіологічної позиції конструктивізму сприяє осмисленню джерел соціальної спільності. Значення філософського дискурсу в розбудові соціальних конструктів засвідчує процес перетворення уявного в його формі символічного обміну на природне.