Phonology is the study of abstract sound patterns in human language, as opposed to phonetics, which studies all aspects of speech, including articulation and acoustics. The phonology of each language consists of various computations. In Sound Pattern of English (SPE) the computations are called rules, and the phonology of a language is a complex function resulting from composing the rules in a particular order. Aside from internalism, naturalism and nativism are the most important notions of Chomsky's legacy in linguistics. SPE (...) phonology explicitly adopts strict and consistent naturalism, internalism and nativism. The rightful legacy of SPE includes the naturalism, internalism and nativism found also in Chomsky's syntactic work. The SPE arguments given against building markedness into the formal theory are consistent with the idea of phonology as naturalistic inquiry, and these convincing arguments are only reinforced by the inconsistencies in markedness‐based approaches. (shrink)

Nedostatak ljudskog kretanja u suvremenim uvjetima življenja je današnja stvarnost i nepobitna činjenica. Budući da je tjelesna aktivnost biotička potreba čovjeka, potreban je veći angažman društva u cjelini isto kao i svakog pojedinca koji je dužan voditi brigu o svom tjelesno zdravstvenom statusu. Tjelesna aktivnost ima nezamjenjivu instrumentalnu vrijednost jer predstavlja najbolje sredstvo za postizanje i održanje zdravlja. Pored toga, tjelesna aktivnost ima i intrinzičnu vrijednost zato što omogućava realiziranje i usavršavanje čovjekovih motoričkih znanja i dostignuća. Smatramo da zapostavljanje tjelesno-zdravstvenog (...) aspekta narušava cjelovitost ličnosti, te da stoga svatko ima razloga za redovito tjelesno vježbanje.It is an undeniable fact that nowadays people are insufficient physically active. Since physical activity is human biotic need, society as a whole, just as each individual should take care about his/her physical condition. Physical activity has indispensable instrumental value because it is the best means for achieving and maintaining health. Besides, physical activity has intrinsic value because it enables people to exercise and develop their motoric skills and achievements. We believe that physically inactive life is incomplete life and that therefore everybody has a reason for regular physical activity. (shrink)

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides continuous circulation and/or oxygenation to adults with cardiac failure, pulmonary dysfunction, or both. The technology is similar to the traditional heart-lung bypass machines used during surgical procedures, however ECMO may be used outside the confines of the operating room and for extended periods of time. This paper explores the complexities, both clinical and ethical, of a donot-resuscitate (DNR) order for patients with cardiopulmonary failure on veno-arterial (VA-ECMO), a type of ECMO that provides resuscitation superior (...) to the chest compressions that DNR is intended to prevent. Clinically, a DNR order has limited utility for patients on VA-ECMO and its presence can serve to create confusion. Symbolically, however, the designation may serve as a stepping-stone for surrogates facing difficult end-of-life decisions. The paper concludes by suggesting that it is prudent to avoid DNR discussions in the context of VA-ECMO. (shrink)