A l'epoque ou le pragmatisme se presente comme la seule theorie de la verite existante, Emile Durkheim propose, dans ce cours inedit prononce a la Sorbonne en 1913-1914, de s'interroger sur les rapports que cette pensee entretient avec la sociologie et la philosophie. Se demarquant d'emblee des theses majeures du pragmatisme, Durkheim n'en reconnait pas moins la puissance critique a l'egard du rationalisme, et insiste sur les enjeux qui naissent d'une telle confrontation. Si l'ensemble de la tradition philosophique et de (...) la culture francaise est rationaliste, alors l'etude detaillee du pragmatisme en tant que forme possible de l'irrationalisme (de ses origines comme de ses formes recentes, notamment dans la pensee de William James) se justifie aussi bien d'un point de vue national que d'un point de vue strictement philosophique. (shrink)

Despite a growing body of evidence to the contrary, the running slave , and particularly the often lengthy entrance monologue of the running slave, is generally considered a distinctly Roman phenomenon, an exuberant growth of the Latin soil, albeit from Greek seed.1 There are two reasons for this. One reason is the frequency with which the motif appears in the comedies of Plautus and Terence, in sharp contrast with the absence of any single undisputable New Comic example. The second reason (...) is Eduard Fraenkel's Plautinisches im Plautus which, sixty-five years after its publication, remains the most authoritative scholarly work in the field of Roman comedy. In this book Fraenkel argues that Plautus' running-slave scenes, particularly the monologues of the Curculio and the Captivi , are a veritable nexus of original Plautine traits. (shrink)

The Spiral Discovery Method was originally proposed as a cognitive artifact for dealing with black-box models that are dependent on multiple inputs with nonlinear and/or multiplicative interaction effects. Besides directly helping to identify functional patterns in such systems, SDM also simplifies their control through its characteristic spiral structure. In this paper, a neural network-based formulation of SDM is proposed together with a set of automatic update rules that makes it suitable for both semiautomated and automated forms of optimization. The behavior (...) of the generalized SDM model, referred to as the Spiral Discovery Network, and its applicability to nondifferentiable nonconvex optimization problems are elucidated through simulation. Based on the simulation, the case is made that its applicability would be worth investigating in all areas where the default approach of gradient-based backpropagation is used today. (shrink)

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Der Mensch ist das sprechende Lebewesen. So lautet eine der altesten Definitionen des Menschen, die heute - auch mit Blick auf neuere Forschungen zur Tiersprache und zur Computersprache - zu prazisieren und zu begrunden ist: Wie bildet sich die Sprache im menschlichen Leben heraus? Was beinhaltet das Sprachvermogen und welches ist seine existentielle Bedeutung fur den Menschen? Dass der Mensch sich aussern und anderen mitteilen kann, dass er mit Worten die Welt erkunden und erfassen kann, dass er sich uber sich (...) verstandigen kann - all dies gehort zum Wunder der Sprache, das sein Leben im Ganzen durchdringt. Sprache, das zeigt dieser Band, ermoglicht es dem Menschen, ein wahrhaft menschliches Leben zu fuhren. (shrink)

Das Buch erkundet Wege und Umwege des Gedachtnisses in Philosophie und erzahlender Literatur. Es fragt nach der existentiellen Bedeutung der Erinnerung: Wieso verlangt der Mensch nach Erinnerung? Wonach strebt die Suche nach der verlorenen Zeit? Lebenserinnerung verfolgt ein zweifaches Ziel: die zerrinnende Zeit anzuhalten und sich in seinem Leben gegenwartig zu werden. Sie wehrt sich gegen das Vergehen und Vergessen, in ihr sucht der Mensch sich zu finden und sich uber sein Leben zu verstandigen. Erinnerung vollzieht sich in mannigfachen Formen. (...) Das Vergangene kann in spontanen Bildern wiederkehren oder verschlossen sein und sich nur der beharrlichen Arbeit des Gedachtnisses offnen; Erinnerungen konnen in Leidenserfahrungen und in Glucksversprechen wurzeln. Sich erinnern entspricht einem ursprunglichen Bedurfnis der Menschen und geht ein in den Vollzug eines gelingenden Lebens. (shrink)

Excerpt from Schelling Cette ardente propagande en faveur de Fichte, tout au tant que l'appréciation de Fichte lui - mème, ont amené à désigner sous le nom de période fichtéenne l'époque de Tü bingen et de Leipzig Où Schelling écrit ses premiers trai tés de philosophie générale un accord complet avec Fichte aurait donc précédé la période suivante qui est celle de la philosophie de lanature. Pourtant de ces traités les uns, écrits a Tübingen, sont antérieurs aux études physiques de (...) Leipzig, tandis que les autres, écrits à Leipzig, sont de la mème époque que les deux premiers grands traités de philosophie de la Nature. Or Metzger a démontré récem ment par une analyse très serrée des traités de l'époque de Tübingen que l'influence de Fichte fut, dès le début, beau coup moins considérable qu'on ne le croit en général. La doctrine de Fichte reposait sur le criticisme kantien, qui est une doctrine de la connaissance etschelling, peu au courant des idées de Kant, ne se place pas au point de vue de la théorie de la connaissance pour la comprendre et la juger. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Il a existé un paradigme de la démarche dialectique en philosophie, illustré par une succession continue d'auteurs, entre Platon et Lacan. Ce paradigme concerne un noyau rationnel de la contradiction formé de trois temps : une double composante statique (structure) et dynamique (mouvement), ainsi que l'articulation de ces deux versants en un produit. C'est de ce paradigme de la contradiction dialectique que la philosophie en France ne semble plus avoir su faire usage dans la période consécutive à 1968. L'usure de (...) ce paradigme d'origine judaïque, grecque, française et germanique aurait alors cédé la place à l'invasion des variantes d'un hyper-empirisme anglo-américain, scientiste, opportuniste et niveleur. Ce mouvement aurait été servi en France par l'expansion de l'idéologie structuraliste postérieure aux années 60. Lacan semble à peu près le seul parmi ses contemporains à avoir maintenu et enrichi les traits de ce paradigme dialectique par sa démarche de pensée, sous forme d'un hypermodèle transdialectique 2/3/4. Le désenchantement à l'égard de ce paradigme se perçoit de façon significative dans le remarquable panorama qui a été produit de la philosophie française entre 1960 et 2000 par Alain Badiou (2008, 2013). Le déclin de ce paradigme comporte le corollaire d'un effacement de l'humanisme européen traditionnel, dont relèvent à la fois la mise en question de la psychanalyse, l'intrusion d'un mode de pensée convenant à l'homme cybermachine, et la nouvelle nosologie biologisante en psychiatrie. Ce livre est écrit en jumelage avec un second, intitulé Althusser et quelques autres, Notes de cours 1958-1959 : Hyppolite, Badiou, Lacan, Hegel, Marx, Alain, Wallon. (shrink)

ldquo;Archaeology has revolutionized the study of history. It has broadened the horizons almost as much as the telescope did for the vision of astronomy in space; just as the microscope revealed to biology that under the form of large organisms is hidden the life of infinitesimal cells. Finally it has modified historic study in the same manner that radioactivity altered chemistry.”V. Gordon Childe,Progress and Archaeology,London, 1945, p. 2.Fifteen years ago, at the XII International Congress of Historic Sciences (Vienna, 1965), when (...) historians finally decided to address the problem of “acculturation” (a concept and term first formulated and defined by sociologists), their reaction, with few exceptions, proved to be rather hesitant. (shrink)

Die Frage nach dem Ursprung hat die Menschen in allen Kulturen und Epochen beschäftigt. In besonderer Weise bestimmt sie das Denken der Philosophie, das nach klassischem Verständnis der Erforschung der ersten Ursachen und Prinzipien gilt. Es schließt darin an die Fragerichtung des Mythos an, der seinerseits von ersten Anfängen und Gründen berichtet. Auch außerhalb der Philosophie, in Wissenschaften, Weltbildern und Religionen, in Theorien der Natur und der Geschichte, bilden Vorstellungen vom Ursprung in vielfachen Abwandlungen Leitideen des Fragens und der Orientierung. (...) Die Frage nach dem Ursprung ist nicht auf eine Frage zu reduzieren und nicht durch eine Auskunft zu beantworten. Sie gehört in den Kreis jener offenen Fragen, die das Denken nach Kant nicht beantworten, aber ebenso wenig abweisen kann. Die vorliegenden Aufsätze bieten Diskussionsmaterial zur Heterogenität der Fragestellungen und reflektieren das Spannungsverhältnis, das dem Ursprungsbezug insgesamt innewohnt. (shrink)

INTRODUCTION In ita original form the present paper was presented to the American Mathematical Society, April 2k,, as a companion piece to the writer's ...

Excerpt from Science Et Religion dans la Philosophie Contemporaine Avant d'aborder l'etude des rapports de la science et de la religion, tels qu'ils se presentent dans la societe actuelle, il y a interet a faire une revue rapide de l'histoire de ces rapports dans les civilisations dont la notre est l'heritiere. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books (...) uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Technology-based assessment offers unique possibilities for collecting data about students’ cognitive development and using this data to provide students and teachers with feedback to improve learning. The aim of this study was to show how the psychological dimension of learning can be assessed in everyday educational practice through technology-based assessment in reading, mathematics and science. We analyzed three related aspects of the assessments: cognitive development, gender differences and vertical scaling. The sample for the study was drawn from primary school students (...) in Grades 1–8 (aged 7 to 14) in Hungary. There were 1500 to 2000 students in each grade cohort. Online tests were constructed from 1638 items from the reading, mathematics and science domains in the eDia system. The results confirmed empirically that the disciplinary, application and psychological dimensions of learning can be empirically distinguished. Students’ cognitive development was the most steady (and effective) in mathematics where the greatest development happened in the first years of schooling. Path models suggested that the psychological dimension of learning can be predicted at a moderate level based on students’ level of school knowledge consisting of the disciplinary and application dimensions of learning as latent constructs. The predictive power was almost the same in both of the dimensions. Generally, girls developed faster in the psychological dimension of reading, mathematics and science learning; however, the size of gender differences varied by age and domain. This study (1) provides evidence that the psychological dimension of learning can be made visible even in an educational context and (2) highlights the importance of the explicit development of the psychological dimension of learning during school lessons, and (3) shows that there are gender differences in the developmental level of the psychological dimension of learning in favour of girls, but it varies by grade and domain. (shrink)

What is death: a process or a specific declaration? Is it a biological continuum of events or a decision based on medical, ethical, and legal criteria? In our view, it is both, and there are philos...

_Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings in Social Theory_ includes reissues of three seminal works by eminent French thinker Emile Durkheim, one of the founding father s of Sociology. This collection brings together the following import sociological works: _Sociology and Philosophy_, which first appeared in English in 1953; the hugely influential _Socialism and Saint-Simon_, first published in English in 1959; and Durkheim’s book with Marcel Mauss on sociological classification, entitled _Primitive Classification_, whose first English publication was in 1969.