Autonomous weapons systems (AWS), sometimes referred to as “killer robots”, are receiving evermore attention, both in public discourse as well as by scholars and policymakers. Much of this interest is connected with emerging ethical and legal problems linked to increasing autonomy in weapons systems, but there is a general underappreciation for the ways in which existing law might impact on these new technologies. In this paper, we argue that as AWS become more sophisticated and increasingly more capable than flesh-and-blood soldiers, (...) it will increasingly be the case that such soldiers are “in the power” of those AWS which fight against them. This implies that such soldiers ought to be considered hors de combat, and not targeted. In arguing for this point, we draw out a broader conclusion regarding hors de combat status, namely that it must be viewed contextually, with close reference to the capabilities of combatants on both sides of any discreet engagement. Given this point, and the fact that AWS may come in many shapes and sizes, and can be made for many different missions, we argue that each particular AWS will likely need its own standard for when enemy soldiers are deemed hors de combat. We conclude by examining how these nuanced views of hors de combat status might impact on meaningful human control of AWS. (shrink)

O objetivo do artigo é analisar a condução da política externa estadunidense com a China, entre 1890 e 1909, tomando como referencial a interpretação historiográfica dos autores revisionistas William Appleman Williams e Walter LaFeber. Propõe-se que o “anticolonialismo imperial” engendrado pelos Estados Unidos no processo de disputa pela abertura do mercado chinês está na origem dos conflitos com as tradicionais potências imperialistas. O trabalho explora, portanto, a tese historiográfica revisionista segundo a qual a política externa norte-americana radicada nos princípios da (...) “Open Door Policy” é fundamental para a compreensão de antagonismos que contribuíram para a Guerra Fria.The aim of the article is to analyze the conduct of US foreign policy with China between 1890 and 1909, taking as reference the historiographical interpretation of the revisionist authors William Appleman Williams and Walter LaFeber. It is proposed that the "imperial anticolonialism" engendered by the United States in the process of dispute over the opening of the Chinese market is at the origin of conflicts with the traditional imperialist powers. The paper thus explores the revisionist historiographical thesis that US foreign policy rooted in the principles of the Open Door Policy is fundamental to understanding the antagonisms that contributed to the Cold War. Resumen El objetivo del artículo es analizar la conducción de la política exterior estadounidense con China, entre 1890 y 1909, tomando como referencial la interpretación historiográfica de los autores revisionistas William Appleman Williams y Walter LaFeber. Se propone que el "anticolonialismo imperial" engendrado por Estados Unidos en el proceso de disputa por la apertura del mercado chino es el origen de los conflictos con las tradicionales potencias imperialistas. El trabajo explora, por lo tanto, la tesis historiográfica revisionista según la cual la política exterior norteamericana radicada en los principios de la "Open Door Policy" es fundamental para la comprensión de antagonismos que contribuyeron a la Guerra Fría. (shrink)

The object of the book is to meet and combat false conceptions, to co-ordinate true notions, and so to furnish the reader with some general information on the old and the new scholasticism. The advantage of the book is its two-sided perspective that contains historical investigations about the ancient sources of the scholastic philosophy and the decline from it. But it contains also a systematic perspective by which the doctrines of the scholastic philosophizing are collected systematically. Therefore this book (...) is an scholarly introduction into the scholastic philosophy dedicated for undergraduate’s. (shrink)

A presente pesquisa tem como escopo analisar como as denominadas “razões de segurança” enquanto justificadoras de medidas excepcionais e a existência de uma peste são visualizadas por Giorgio Agamben enquanto paradigmas de governo. O objetivo é demonstrar como esses dois fatores, com a pandemia do coronavírus, se uniram e se transformaram no que o filósofo italiano denomina biossegurança. Para tanto, tratando-se de pesquisa essencialmente bibliográfica, de abordagem qualitativa, serão exploradas obras de Agamben sobre seu método, textos anteriores ao COVID-19 e (...) seus alertas acerca dos dispositivos de controle adotados no combate ao vírus. A partir disso, conclui-se pela importância da tarefa do filósofo em lançar constantemente seu olhar crítico sobre os fenômenos atuais, momentos de seu tempo e história, enquanto esta ainda está em curso. (shrink)

This article explores witchcraft-related violence against elderly women in the AmaZizi chiefdom of kwaZangashe in Eastern Cape, South Africa. The potential causes that have promoted such violence form the central subject of the study. The study includes a research design that combines questionnaires, focus groups and follow-on interviews. The findings have revealed a prevalence of witchcraft beliefs in the region and have pointed to elderly women as the likely victims of witchcraft violence. This has resulted in AmaZizi’s elderly women being (...) socially isolated, verbally abused and at risk of physical violence and even murder. This study concludes with several interventions organised to combat future witchcraft-related violence and to support the elderly women in the chiefdom.Contribution: By giving voice to the lives and stories of a community of people rendered invisible in the wider public sphere, this article introduces accounts on witchcraft and healthcare that might otherwise have gone unarticulated. (shrink)

Appartenir à une discipline - envisagée comme une forme particulière de culture -, c'est adhérer à des valeurs épistémologiques communes, qui unissent les spécialistes dans leur façon de définir la « bonne » connaissance et d'en prescrire les théories et les méthodes. Des chercheurs d'horizons divers racontent ici leur parcours hors frontières.

From past research it is well known that social exclusion has detrimental consequences for mental health. To deal with these adverse effects, socially excluded individuals frequently turn to other humans for emotional support. While chatbots can elicit social and emotional responses on the part of the human interlocutor, their effectiveness in the context of social exclusion has not been investigated. In the present study, we examined whether an empathic chatbot can serve as a buffer against the adverse effects of social (...) ostracism. After experiencing exclusion on social media, participants were randomly assigned to either talk with an empathetic chatbot about it (e.g., “I'm sorry that this happened to you”) or a control condition where their responses were merely acknowledged (e.g., “Thank you for your feedback”). Replicating previous research, results revealed that experiences of social exclusion dampened the mood of participants. Interacting with an empathetic chatbot, however, appeared to have a mitigating impact. In particular, participants in the chatbot intervention condition reported higher mood than those in the control condition. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications, as well as directions for future research are discussed. (shrink)

This paper distinguishes the respective aims of Jaspers's and Heidegger's philosophical enterprises with reference to their radically divergent uses of the key terms. It was always been of the essence of Jasper's concept of philosophy that it « appropriate » tradition and validate its own possibilities in « differentiation » from tradition. Accordingly Heidegger is not concerned, as is Jaspers, over the « gold » of the « perennial philosophy » but, against the background of the « question of Being (...) » , over the « destruction » of Western philosophy as such. Jaspers's philosophy attempts to save philosophy in the 20th century in the face of Heideggers's destruction of the ontologicei heritage. Cet article distingue les buts respectifs de Jaspers et de Heidegger en référence à leurs usages divergents des termes clés. Il est de l'essence de la philosophie selon Jaspers de « s'approprier » la tradition et de mettre en évidence ses propres possibilités en se distinguant d'elle. Heidegger n'est pas concerné comine Jaspers par la philosophia perennis mais par la « question de l'être » , par la destruction de la philosophie occidentale. Jaspers tente de sauver la philosophie du XX e siècle face à la destruction par Heidegger de l'héritage ontologique. (shrink)

This paper distinguishes the respective aims of Jaspers's and Heidegger's philosophical enterprises with reference to their radically divergent uses of the key terms. It was always been of the essence of Jasper's concept of philosophy that it « appropriate » tradition and validate its own possibilities in « differentiation » from tradition. Accordingly Heidegger is not concerned, as is Jaspers, over the « gold » of the « perennial philosophy » but, against the background of the « question of Being (...) » , over the « destruction » of Western philosophy as such. Jaspers's philosophy attempts to save philosophy in the 20th century in the face of Heideggers's destruction of the ontologicei heritage. Cet article distingue les buts respectifs de Jaspers et de Heidegger en référence à leurs usages divergents des termes clés. Il est de l'essence de la philosophie selon Jaspers de « s'approprier » la tradition et de mettre en évidence ses propres possibilités en se distinguant d'elle. Heidegger n'est pas concerné comine Jaspers par la philosophia perennis mais par la « question de l'être » , par la destruction de la philosophie occidentale. Jaspers tente de sauver la philosophie du XX e siècle face à la destruction par Heidegger de l'héritage ontologique. (shrink)

Une pierre, trouvée à Malia hors contexte stratigraphique, porte la représentation d'un bateau de type asymétrique, avec une extrémité verticale à projection basse et une extrémité courbe surmontée d'une hampe inclinée vers l'extérieur. La coque, dont la surface est striée de hachures, est surmontée d'une cabine, supportée peut-être par un étai. On y voit encore ce qui semble être une extrémité de la vergue, mais le reste du gréement a disparu. Les parallèles les plus proches viennent presque tous de (...) Grèce continentale et sont datés du Bronze Récent. Ce navire, qui ressemble à un vaisseau marchand à voile, nous fournit ainsi le premier indice d'une activité commerciale maritime de Malia au cours du Bronze Récent, et en particulier à l'époque post-palatiale. (shrink)

O texto traz uma discussão sobre Educação, Artes e Saberes Ancestrais como aportes importantes para o combate ao racismo. Utilizamos teorias estruturadas no Movimento Negro, de Mulheres Negras no viés Cultural, Político, Estético, Religioso e nos pilares dos Saberes Ancestrais africanos em diásporas. Partimos da reflexão das interações socioculturais e escolares mediante uma práxis dialógica entre Educação, Arte e Saberes Ancestrais, discorrendo sobre o corpo do negro como discurso no mundo e a afetividade como uma tecnologia humana no processo de (...) pertencimento e reconhecimento histórico e social para a reconexão da memória do povo africano em diáspora. (shrink)

Through several historical case studies from the last 300 years, Luis de Miranda shows how the phrase 'esprit de corps' acts as a combat concept with a clear societal impact. He also reveals how interconnected, yet distinct, French, English and American modern intellectual and political thought is.

A intenção do artigo é examinar a reflexão de Algernon Sidney no que se refere ao direito de resistência do povo contra governos tirânicos. Amplamente discutido por autores das mais diversas vertentes políticas, o direito de resistência ocupou um lugar de destaque no debate jurídico, teológico e político no decorrer dos séculos XVI e XVII. Além dos tradicionais argumentos apresentados por huguenotes franceses, monarcômacos escoceses e defensores da causa parlamentar durante as guerras civis inglesas, a defesa de Sidney do direito (...) do povo de julgar, combater e depor tiranos é feita também com base em princípios republicanos, como o império da lei, o bem comum e, principalmente, a liberdade. (shrink)

Vite oubliée au lendemain du concile Vatican II, la contribution du P. Garrigou-Lagrange (1877-1964) au débat de l’entre-deux-guerres sur l’ascétique et la mystique a pourtant été essentielle, et Perfection chrétienne et contemplation, le grand livre qu’il publie en 1923 et qui rassemble des articles déjà parus dans La Vie spirituelle, mérite sans contredit d’être tenu pour un classique de la théologie française du xx e siècle. L’ouvrage se place à un carrefour polémique crucial en même temps qu’il conserve d’importantes traces (...) du dialogue théorique entre le P. Garrigou-Lagrange et le philosophe Jacques Maritain. Au terme de quatre années de combat polémique acharné, depuis la parution du premier numéro de La Vie spirituelle jusqu’à la publication de Perfection chrétienne et contemplation, le P. Garrigou-Lagrange est parvenu à asseoir sur la scène théologique une école de spiritualité dominicaine aisément identifiable. (shrink)

Climate change threatens humanity more than anything else. If we talk of nationalism, we ought therefore consider its pros and cons in light of the climate emergency. Anatol Lieven believes that civic nationalism along the lines of Chaim Gans, David Miller, and Yuli Tamir helps combat global warming. He thinks that when nationalists recognize that climate change is just as threatening to the survival of their nation-state as wars, they will make the sacrifices necessary to avert the threat. In (...) this view, the military has an important role, and migration will have to be restricted. In this paper, I show that this solution is at best highly risky, and more probably unsound. However difficult it will be to realize, addressing climate change must be based on international cooperation, normatively grounded in human rights. I show how international law rather than civic nationalism gives us examples of how to go forward. (shrink)

Teacher strikes have taken place in the United States since the end of the 19th century, became much more common in the 1960s, and have enjoyed a resurgence over the past five years (2018-2023). In this paper, we analyze teacher strikes with two main objectives. First, we examine how sexism and misogyny impact discourse around teacher strikes, as well as the justifications that teachers themselves give for striking. We find that teachers are at risk of being deemed ‘immoral’ unless they (...) justify their decision to strike by appealing to their being in the service of others. Pressure to adopt this framing not only negatively impacts teachers’ dignity as human beings deserving of adequate compensation and working conditions, but it also inadvertently upholds unjust patriarchal norms regarding teaching as care work. In the second part of this paper, we put forward alternative framings teachers can adopt in justifying their decisions to strike. The framings are rooted in philosophical literature that allows for self-regarding actions to be recognized as properly moral in certain circumstances. We argue that by extending this recognition to teachers who strike, we combat covert sexist expectations and uphold the dignity of teachers as persons. (shrink)

In 1920 Bignone published an Italian translation of the writings and fragments of Epicurus in Laterza's library of Ancient and Mediaeval Philosophers which in many respects added to and improved upon Usener's classic collection, of Epicurea. He has since then zealously prosecuted these studies, and arrived at some very interesting conclusions which he has given out in two volumes published lately.1 His starting-point is the observation that the writings of Epicurus often have a polemical tone, and not only rebut the (...) accusations of adversaries who misinterpret the new doctrine, but are often directed also against those preceding philosophers who denied to pleasure a stable and certain nature on which a system of ethics could be based. Bignone has set himself the task of particularizing these anonymous predecessors, and thereby bringing the Epicurean polemic into more striking relief. I t was easy and safe to start from the standpoint that Epicurus in his rehabilitation of pleasure had to oppose Plato and the Platonists, but at what Platonists in particular did he take aim? In answering this question Bignone has been able to make use of recent Aristotelian studies, especially those of Jaeger, which have thrown much light on the first phase of the Stagirite's philosophy, of a purely Platonic inspiration. As is well known, some exoteric dialogues belong to this phase, such as the Eudemos, the Protrepticon, and On Philosophy, which have to a large extent disappeared, though it has been found possible to reconstruct a few scattered fragments of them. The great scholastic works which reveal the full independence and maturity of Aristotle's genius have eclipsed them in the memory of posterity. But originally there were only these dialogues, the only ones published, to make Aristotle's thought known to the public outside the peripatetic school. The scholastic writings on the other hand remained unknown until the time of Sulla. What wonder, then, if Epicurus, in combating Platonism, had in mind these dialogues, which give out the fundamental conceptions of Platonism in a more decisive and dogmatic form than that of the Platonic dialogues? (shrink)

Propõe-se neste ensaio uma análise filosófica dos dilemas morais e políticos a que fomos submetidos pela situação de pandemia da Covid-19. As dificuldades de muitas sociedades ocidentais no enfrentamento à pandemia têm posto em questão o paradigma liberal da preservação da vida, da privacidade e da liberdade a partir da adoção de políticas de austeridade estatal que se tornaram a orientação principal no combate ao coronavírus, e que não raro esbarram nos chamados _direitos individuais_ a que os orientais não parecem (...) familiarizados. Nossa reflexão pretende oferecer, pelo recurso à filosofia da Vontade de Schopenhauer, um diálogo entre as posturas oriental e ocidental em vista daquilo que nos é fundamental enquanto seres humanos: uma compreensão da condição de fragilidade da vida e dos limites inerentes à liberdade individual, orientados por uma noção de justiça inevitavelmente determinada pelas dores e sofrimentos imanentes ao mundo. (shrink)

Bits and pieces of a fragile, fragmented discourse. Messages that traveled from cell to cell, cellblock to cellblock, even from one prison to another. Scrupulously and copiously analyzed, discussed and, on occasion, transformed during recreation periods and family visits, they were capable of inspiring both hope and fear, depending on the circumstances. But most importantly they were vehicles - spontaneous, improvised vehicles - for combating misinformation and uncertainty. Political prisoners had a name for them: bembas. Often the sole topic of (...) conversation and argument among political prisoners, bembas always elicited a broad array of opinions and reactions: skepticism, blind faith, humor, meticulous examination, scorn and, most often, expectant, painstaking analysis. (shrink)

Conhecido pela sua defesa da sociedade aberta, Karl Popper inseriu no seu pensamento uma atitude de combate ao historicismo, identificado como a raiz dos totalitarismos ao longo da história do Ocidente. Propôs também uma forma de intervenção na sociedade que estaria atrelada a essa conduta, a engenharia social parcelar. Essas noções podem ser contextualizadas a partir de um dos debates da filosofia contemporânea, a dicotomia moralismo político x realismo político. Considerando as premissas que dão origem ao debate, percebe-se que os (...) conceitos popperianos dialogam com a corrente realista. (shrink)

This paper focuses on segmenting digital movie and TV series pirates and on investigating the effectiveness of piracy-combatting measures i.e., legal and educational strategies, in light of these segments. To address these research objectives, two online studies were conducted. First, 1277 valid responses were gathered with an online survey. Four pirate segments were found based on differing combinations of attitude toward piracy, ethical evaluation of piracy and feelings of guilt. The anti-pirate, conflicted pirate, cavalier pirate, and die-hard pirate can be (...) placed on a continuum of increasing pirating frequency, subjective norm, pirating self-efficacy, habit, and decreasing in perceived harm, respectively. The segments also differ in deontological and teleological orientations. Second, in an experimental mixed design, we find that the educational strategy is more effective than the legal strategy in lowering pirating intentions for the conflicted and cavalier pirate. However, both strategies fail at lowering intentions of the die-hard pirate, although perceived harm and perceived impunity were significantly influenced. These findings offer a more profound understanding of pirate segments and how they react differently to piracy-combatting measures. As a result, better strategies can be developed to control digital piracy. (shrink)

The word solidarity is a borrowing from the French solidarité, which until the nineteenth century had the restricted legal meaning of a contractual obligation. I argue that in the pre-revolutionary decades, a newly born French lexeme was much closer to what solidarity would mean for modern societies, at least if we accept the agonistic context of most phenomena of solidarity: ‘esprit de corps’, taken from the military language and changed into a combat concept by the Philosophes. A ‘corps’ in (...) French, among other definitions, is an organised group with its own cohesion, its own interests, and its instinct of preservation. In this article, I argue that the study of the birth of ‘esprit de corps’, and the French Revolution attempt to universalise the concept, can shed some light on later debates on democratic forms of solidarity. If solidarity is a form of esprit de corps, and because of the military origin of the latter, solidarity should be considered as a ‘war machine’, an agonistic union rather than an all-encompassing and vague ideal of global fraternity. (shrink)

Este artigo aborda o combate que empreendeu Gustavo Corção à juventude católica brasileira nas páginas do Diário de Notícias e d’ O Globo entre as décadas de 1950 e de 1960. No caso em tela, interessa-nos entender as reações de Gustavo Corção às mudanças na sociedade e na Igreja Católica entre 1957 e 1964. A hipótese é que as críticas de Corção explicitam o conflito entre duas gerações de católicos: uma conservadora; a dele; e outra progressista, a das organizações de (...) jovens católicos, mais especificamente, a da Juventude Universitária Católica (JUC). Apresentaremos a disputa a partir do exame da seguinte questão: o papel que a juventude brasileira deveria desempenhar naqueles anos. O objetivo é mostrar que suas críticas à opção de ação temporal assumida pelas organizações de juventude católica devem ser lidas pela chave do conflito geracional que marcou o campo católico brasileiro. Palavras-chave : Catolicismo. Gerações. Gustavo Corção. Juventude católica.: This paper discusses the fight of Brazilian Catholic Youth Gustavo Corção in the newspapers Diário de Notícias and O Globo in the 1950s and 1960s. In case we are interested in understanding the reactions of Gustavo Corção to changes in society and the Catholic Church between 1957 and 1964. The hypothesis is that the criticism of Corção explains the conflict between two generations of Catholics: a conservative and other progressive, represented by the Catholic youth organizations, more specifically, the Youth Catholic University. We are going to examine the question: the role that Brazilian youth should play in those years. Therefore, the aim is to show that his criticism of the political action undertaken by the young catholic organizations should be read by the key of generation conflict which has marked the Brazilian Catholic field. Key words: Catholicism. Generations. Gustavo Corção. Catholic youth organizations. (shrink)

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a reflexão de Hans Jonas acerca do estatuto ontológico do animal que está inserida, neste contexto, em uma análise mais geral sobre o fenômeno da vida e se apresenta como um momento importante na ontologia que pretende combater o dualismo e a ruptura entre animais humanos e não humanos. Ao reconhecer graus diferenciados de atividade espiritual entre os seres vivos, o autor, contudo, não partilha a ideia de uma igualdade plena entre os animais, embora (...) sua perspectiva parta de traços comuns que acentuam a transanimalidade do homem, ou seja, o seu pertencimento e, ao mesmo tempo, a sua diferença em relação às alimárias. Por isso, sua filosofia não se limita ao discurso sobre os direitos animais, mas, antes, pretende pensar uma nova ontologia animal e uma nova animalidade humana a partir da integridade psicofísica e da relação constitutiva dos animais humanos e não humanos no âmbito da natureza. (shrink)

L'auteur a rassemble dans ce volume un certain nombre d'article parus - sauf un, encore inedit - dans diverses revues hors de France et portant sur quelques points importants d'ethique et d' axiologie. L'etre et le caractere irreducible de la subjectivite et de la personnalite, la notion de nature humaine dans son rapport a la valeur morale, la question tant debattue de la loi naturelle, la sensibilite aux valeurs sont les principaux themes traites.

Pretende-se nesse artigo demonstrar como o chamado experimentalismo se apresenta, nas obras do segundo período da produçáo nietzscheana (1878-1882), enquanto estratégia de combate aos "idealismos" (cujo resultado foi um distanciamento daquilo que Nietzsche compreende como vida) presentes na filosofia metafísica. Além disso, intenta-se esclarecer de que forma o uso desse estratagema contribui para a decifraçáo do fenômeno da vida a partir de uma abordagem histórico-fisio-psicológica que aproxima a ciência do fazer artístico. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE (...) MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} Palavras - chave: Ciência; Experimentalismo; Fisio-psicologia; Procedimento experimental. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem por escopo tecer considerações a respeito de acontecimentos e fatos que ocorrem na denominada ‘Guerra Homérica’. Tendo por base a Ilíada, nota-se que, no campo de batalha, há o enfrentamento entre gregos e troianos em duelos singulares, em combates em massa ou à distância. Não obstante, paralelamente a esses tipos de pugnas, há também a presença de intervenções divinas, de súplicas, do medo, da ousadia, da alegria, da tristeza, do despojar das armas, de cortesias, de trocas (...) de presentes, da morte gloriosa, da morte vergonhosa dentre outras coisas. (shrink)

O Transpassando é um coletivo de combate à transfobia e demais preconceitos que atua na Universidade Estadual do Ceará – UECE como um programa de extensão horizontal e autogerido. Sua forma e seu conteúdo é diferenciado, pois o Programa existe enquanto uma ação direta de combate às opressões e violências realizadas contra vários grupos sociais marginalizados. Este texto que se apresenta como relato de experiência tem por objetivo apresentar o Transpassando em sua história de surgimento, seu caráter político, estético, teórico (...) e prático de subversão e de confronto com a lógica colonial. Para tanto, a exposição seguirá um percurso de registro narrativo de fatos e impressões vivenciados no contexto de criação e ampliação do Transpassando enquanto Programa de Extensão e Projeto Pré-Vestibular, onde a disciplina de Filosofia é ofertada junto com as demais. Mas, vale destacar que o Ensino de Filosofia no Transpassando, pela sua metodologia transdisciplinar/encruzilhada de atuação, atravessa os outros projetos que compõem o Programa de Extensão junto com o Pré-Vestibular: o projeto Surdez e Gênero, o projeto Gestão Administrativa e Produção Cultural e o Projeto Cinetrans. (shrink)

The Counter-Enlightenment and its corollary, the Counter-Revolution, must not be systematically reduced to some sterile philosophical denial and combat, hoping to return to the former established society, political power and thought, which would be nothing more than a mere reactionary endeavor. Counter-revolutionary authors such as Maistre and Bonald, who, at first, did favour the Enlightenment, intend to explain what seems inexplicable, notably the Terror, and, by giving a sense to it, to go beyond the dread created by the outburst (...) of revolutionary violence. Indeed, their purpose is to understand the course of the Revolution, its causes and effects, and its infernal logic. To proceed, they develop new intellectual strategies, induced by the radical novelty of the revolutionary process itself. In order to reassign to this event such a place in History as defined by a divine purpose, they start by proving that the Revolution is evil, then, further explaining this evil from a theological point of view. Favouring internal criticism, this paper purports to analyze and compare Maistre’s and Bonald’s methodical examination of the Revolution in some of their more relevant works. (shrink)

Au paragraphe 59 de la Critique de la faculté de juger, juste avant de se lancer dans la Critique du jugement téléologique, Kant écrit une phase que rien dans la Critique du jugement esthétique, qu’il s’apprête à conclure, n’annonçait : “Je dis maintenant que le beau est le symbole du bien moral”. Il fait toutefois précéder cette ligne d’une explication de ce qu’il entend par “symbole”, qu’il illustre par un exemple qui semble aussi abrupt et hors contexte que la (...) phrase sur le symbolisme moral du beau lui-même : “Ainsi représente-t-on un état monarchique apr un corps animé s’il est gouverné selon des lois internes du peuple, mais par une simple machine (comme, par exemple, un moulin à bras) s’il est gouverné par une volonté singulière absolue.” Le présent article prend son départ dans la précipitation quasi-freudienne de Kant, qui concerne tant la phrase sur le symbolisme que l’exemple étrangement politique illustrant ce qu’il entend par “symbole”, afin de mettre à jour la validité de son affirmation sur le symbolisme moral du beau pour notre époque. (shrink)

Our goal was to explore self‐care practices among men who have sex with men in the context of Mpox in Brazil. This study used qualitative research methods, including interviews and thematic analysis, to collect and analyze data from male participants across the Brazilian territory. The narratives unveil men's perspectives on self‐care, risk reduction, and health beliefs during the Mpox pandemic. Our findings highlight a multifaceted approach to self‐care among men, encompassing hygiene, physical contact management, mask usage, skin lesion vigilance, and (...) adherence to official guidelines. Men's attitudes toward sexual behaviors emphasize the importance of reducing sexual partners, practicing safe sex, and combating misinformation through accurate information dissemination. The development of these behaviors and self‐care practices can be facilitated by nurses guided by Dorothea Orem's Self‐Care Theory, supported by patient‐centered care, with strategies to address and confront the stigma associated with the disease and provide emotional support. Thus, the study underscores the pivotal role of self‐care in mitigating infection risks, especially in the context of emerging infectious diseases. It acknowledges the impact of socio‐cultural factors and healthcare policies on men's preventive measures. However, it also recognizes limitations, such as potential bias due to stigma concerns and a nonrepresentative sample. Ultimately, the research advocates for tailored education, promotion of gender equity, and healthcare empowerment to effectively manage health risks in such contexts. (shrink)

Pretende-se nesse artigo demonstrar como o chamado experimentalismo se apresenta, nas obras do segundo período da produçáo nietzscheana (1878-1882), enquanto estratégia de combate aos "idealismos" (cujo resultado foi um distanciamento daquilo que Nietzsche compreende como vida) presentes na filosofia metafísica. Além disso, intenta-se esclarecer de que forma o uso desse estratagema contribui para a decifraçáo do fenômeno da vida a partir de uma abordagem histórico-fisio-psicológica que aproxima a ciência do fazer artístico. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE (...) MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} Palavras - chave: Ciência; Experimentalismo; Fisio-psicologia; Procedimento experimental. (shrink)

O par Fortuna-Virtù é discutido nas diversas análises críticas do pensamento de Machiavelli e, embora tais termos possuam origens e tradições bem determinadas ao longo do pensamento latino, principalmente específicas considerações antigas e medievais em algumas recepções durante o humanismo cívico, suas características elusivas ao longo das argumentações de Machiavelli são mantidas, possibilitando inúmeros debates acadêmicos. Diante da ambivalência e da ambiguidade da ideia de Virtù perante relevantes e variadas tradições, contínuas buscas por clarificação são feitas ao longo do corpus (...) do secretário florentino, associando o termo a outras importantes e centrais reflexões, e.g., desiderio, stato, forza. A instabilidade política, as forças além do controle humano, a imponderabilidade das ações civis são temas recorrentes nas concepções sobre a Fortuna em variadas argumentações desse autor. Em aberto diálogo com os humanistas cívicos que enfatizam maior participação política e social, mesclando embasamento racional, consideração moral e as discussões sobre as formas dos regimes políticos, esse escritor apresenta uma concepção historiográfica, a revigorar tradições do mundo antigo, na criação de uma ordem civil mediante a Virtù, a qual demanda comprometimento pessoal e público na exaltação das potencialidades e dos limites humanos. Reinserir a relevância da paridade entre Fortuna e Virtù em Machiavelli é um passo relevante no combate a leituras anacrônicas. Assim, analisar-se-ão os exemplos mais significativos dos fundadores e dos sustentadores da ordem civil destacados nos textos discursivos do florentino, e.g., Romulo, Numa, Moisés, Cesare Bórgia, Castruccio Castracani. Ao estudar as imagens da Fortuna, em face das concepções políticas e antropológicas do autor, discutir-se-á a centralidade da díade Virtù-Fortuna no desenvolvimento argumentativo de algumas ideias principais desse famoso pensador político. (shrink)

Thought under Threat reveals and combats the forces diminishing the power and role of critical thinking, whether in our individual lives or collectively. Thought under Threat is an attempt to understand the tendencies that threaten thinking from within. These tendencies have always existed. But today they are on the rise and frequently encouraged, even in our democracies. People “disagree” with science and distrust experts. Political leaders appeal to the hearts and guts of “the people,” rather than their critical faculties. Stupidity (...) has become a right, if not a badge of honor; superstition is on the rise; and spite is a major political force. Thinking is considered “elitist.” To see those obstacles as vices of thought, Miguel de Beistegui argues, we need to understand stupidity not as a lack of intelligence or judgment, but as the tendency to raise false problems and trivial questions. Similarly, we need to see spite not as a moral vice, but as a poison that blurs and distorts our critical faculties. Finally, superstition is best described not as a set of false beliefs, but as a system that neutralizes one’s ability to think for oneself. For de Beistegui, thinking is intrinsically democratic and a necessary condition for the exercise of freedom. Thought under Threat shows how a training of thought itself can be used to ward off those vices, lead to productive deliberation, and, ultimately, create a thinking community. (shrink)

Em sua obra principal, o bispo franciscano Álvaro Pais elenca as principais heresias contra a fé cristã. Reserva uma parte significativa a combater três “erros” de Marsílio de Pádua: as afirnações de que o papa pode ser julgado pelo imperador, que o poder do papa não é superior ao de qualquer presbitero e que, morto o papa, o poder retorna ao imperador. Estuda-se a maneira como tais afirmações são refutadas e conclui-se que Álvaro não dispunha do texto marsiliano, e sim (...) de reportação do mesmo e que repete nessa obra o que já escrevera em outra. (shrink)

Les Républicains français poursuivent la mise en œuvre du projet de société des Lumières, dans la ligne, volontiers anticléricale, de la sécularisation de la société. Rejetant l'idée de l’utilité sociale de la religion, ils lui opposent l'idéal d'un humanisme laic, censé capable de satisfaire les aspirations les plus hautes des hommes. Ils entendent aussi fonder l'État sur la souveraineté populaire, les droits de l'hornme et les libertés civiques.Léon XIII combat inlassablement ces conceptions de la société et de l'autorité qui (...) ne font pas référence à Dieu, ni ne respectent le Statut auquel l'Église a droit, et ne peuvent que causer la ruine des États et des Peuples. L'effort du Pape de « rallier » les catholiques monarchistes à la République n'empêcha pas la dégradation des relations entre l'Église et l'État. Capable de s'adapter aux situations qu'elle réprouvait , la pensée politique de Léon XIII et des théologiens romains a toujours revendiqué avec intransigeance la place centrale de l’Église dans la société.French Républicans continued to pursue the Enlightenment’s project towards the secularization of society, wbich often was consciously anti-clerical. Rejecting the idea of the social value of religion, they opposed it with the idea of a lay humanism, whicb they tbougbt capable of satisfying mans highest aspirations. They also wanted to found the State on popular sovereignty, the rights of man, and civil liberties.Leo XIII untiringly fought those conceptions of a society and authority, that made no reference to God : they did not respect the statute to wbicb the Churcb had a rigbt and they would bring about the ruin of States and its peoples. The effort of the Pope to “rally” Catbolic monarchists to the Republic did not impede the degradation of relations between the Cburch and the State. Capable of adapting himself to the situations of wbicb he disapproved, Leo XIII’s political tbought and that of Roman theologians had always claimed witb insistence the central place of the Cburcb in society. (shrink)

«Without a theory of corruption there cannot be a remedy for corruption unless by happy accident». There are empirical theories, such as the functional approach of the political process, but how useful they may be, they essentially fall short. One needs a normative, i.e. an ethical theory of political action.After having evaluated the idea, that politicians and rulers have the right to make use of violence, lies and ruses in order to combat violence and ruse within the community, the (...) article draws some important conclusions from the general democratic principle «no power without control and possibility of sanction by those being subject to that power».Applied to the problem of corruption, this principle can be used as a guideline for a systematic exploration of the structural sources of corruption, defined in a general way as abuse of power. The main thesis reads as follows. The sources of corruption are to be found in those «deficiencies of the system» that create chances for a particular pressure of power to exert an overweight - without possibilities of control and sanction - in the processes of actual definition of the «public interest» or the «common good».An elaboration of the thesis is made by means of an analysis of this kind of «deficiencies» in the Belgian political-administrative system, most of them however not specific for the Belgian situation in particular.Finally, some suggestions for «remedies » against corruption are made, especially in the field of legislative measures. (shrink)

In matters of the mind, the opposition between what is mind-made or inside and natural or outside the mind is bound to misfire. Lindquist et al. build their analysis on a strong contrast between naturalism, which they reject, and psychologism, which they endorse. We challenge this opposition and indicate how adopting psychologism to combat a naturalistic view of emotional mind/brain areas is self-defeating. We briefly develop the alternative view of emotions as mental organs.

O objetivo deste artigo é examinar a noção de ‘existência’ na crítica de Gassendi à prova ontológica cartesiana da Quinta Meditação, a fim de tentar avaliar que pressupostos lógicos e metafísicos estão implicados tanto na afirmação de Gassendi segundo a qual a existência não é uma perfeição, como em sua outra objeção adicional, na qual ele utiliza a lógica dos predicáveis para combater a tese cartesiana de que a existência é uma propriedade.

This paper presents and defends a reappraisal of J.L. Austin’s infamous analogy between saying ‘I know’ and ‘I promise’ in ‘Other Minds.’ The paper has four sections. In §1, I contend that the standard reading of Austin’s analogy is a strawman that distorts the terms of the analogy and superimposes philosophical commitments that Austin was precisely trying to combat. In §§2 and 3, I argue that to understand the point of the analogy we must contextualize ‘Other Minds’ as a (...) response to logical positivism. I recap A.J. Ayer’s influential account of positivism, before arguing that ‘Other Minds’ and its centrepiece analogy should be read as an attack on Austin’s colleague’s organizing positivist assumptions – specifically, descriptivism and the fact/value dichotomy that it props up. My main thesis is that Austin sought to show that epistemic discourse is imbricated with ethical commitments. This reading is anticipated by Cavell, to whom I turn in §4. I bring together insights from across Cavell’s oeuvre to develop this reading of Austin’s analogy and finally to critique certain aspects of it. This paper adds to the recent resurgence in Austin scholarship and aims to get clear the philosophical and historical stakes of his historically maligned analogy. (shrink)

Rádios comunitárias podem ser um dos caminhos para o debate acerca de uma democratização da comunicação no Brasil. Elas discutem sobre os direitos e deveres da população e são ferramentas na luta para conquistá-los. Isso justifica a espera de nove anos de uma emissora de rádio comunitária maranhense, a Arca FM, de Açailândia, para conseguir ir ao ar legalizada, processo que se estendeu de abril de 1998 a junho de 2007. Abordam-se o longo processo de resistência e a espera pela (...) outorga através das memórias e depoimentos de quem participou da trajetória da Rádio Arca, uma emissora que nasceu para denunciar e combater o aliciamento ao tráfico humano e o trabalho escravo no Maranhão. A entrevista em profundidade foi a principal estratégia metodológica seguida para buscar respostas na experiência subjetiva dos sujeitos envolvidos. (shrink)

Esse artigo tem como objetivo refletir, primeiramente, sobre algumas das principais “dificuldades” que o sobrevivente de um evento traumático enfrenta em sua tentativa de representar o passado através do testemunho. Num segundo momento, a literatura e o cinema com teor testemunhal surgem como valiosos documentos históricos na luta contra o esquecimento - a partir do momento que conseguem dar voz aos “sem-nome”, aos “esquecidos” pela história oficial e pelas grandes narrativas do século XX. Livros como É isto um homem? e (...) Os afogados e os sobreviventes de Primo Levi e filmes como Shoah de Claude Lanzmann se caracterizam como obras de resistência frente as formas tradicionais de transmissão da palavra. Daí a relevância ética e política dessas obras, cuja força testemunhal fazem da fala, da escrita e do gesto armas para combater o esquecimento, o descrédito e o descaso. Tanto o conceito de “testemunho”, como outros conceitos aqui trabalhados, são abordados à luz das discussões de teóricos como como Márcio Seligmann-Silva, Jeanne Marie Gagnebin, Walter Benjamin, Giorgio Agamben entre outros. (shrink)