In their examination of elementary science classrooms, Amerine and Bilmes (1988) found that following instructions requires students to understand the relationship between the projected outcome and the corresponding course of actions. One of the most important resources for instructions is the lesson plan, which prescribes the sequence of teaching. However, there is often a gap between what is planned and what actually happens in the classroom. This raises the question of how teachers come to terms with contingent variants and unexpected (...) outcomes that real-time interactions occasion and how lesson plans are configured into these processes. This study examines a teacher education program that uses lesson plans as a central resource for teaching mathematics. The results suggest that classroom teachers use lesson plans as communicative resources to identify problems, specify assumptions about their teaching and act on the evolving contingency of classroom interaction. The interactional contingency is the locus of teaching practices, not an obstacle to the application of procedures in lesson plans. (shrink)

Many perception and processing effects of the lexical status of tone have been found in behavioral, psycholinguistic, and neuroscientific research, often pitting varieties of tonal Chinese against non-tonal Germanic languages. While the linguistic and cognitive evidence for lexical tone is therefore beyond dispute, the word prosodic systems of many languages continue to escape the categorizations of typologists. One controversy concerns the existence of a typological class of “pitch accent languages,” another the underlying phonological nature of surface tone contrasts, which in (...) some cases have been claimed to be metrical rather than tonal. We address the question whether the Sequence Recall Task, which has been shown to discriminate between languages with and without word stress, can distinguish languages with and without lexical tone. Using participants from non-tonal Indonesian, semi-tonal Swedish, and two varieties of tonal Mandarin, we ran SRTs with monosyllabic tonal contrasts to test the hypothesis that high performance in a tonal SRT indicates the lexical status of tone. An additional question concerned the extent to which accuracy scores depended on phonological and phonetic properties of a language’s tone system, like its complexity, the existence of an experimental contrast in a language’s phonology, and the phonetic salience of a contrast. The results suggest that a tonal SRT is not likely to discriminate between tonal and non-tonal languages within a typologically varied group, because of the effects of specific properties of their tone systems. Future research should therefore address the first hypothesis with participants from otherwise similar tonal and non-tonal varieties of the same language, where results from a tonal SRT may make a useful contribution to the typological debate on word prosody. (shrink)

Young migrants have been the major migrant labor force in urban China. But they may be more vulnerable in quality of life and mental health than other groups, due to their personal characteristic and some social/community policies or management measures. It highlights the need to focus on psychological wellbeing and probe driving and reinforcing factors that influence their mental health. This study aimed to investigate the influence of subjective/objective status and possible pathways of young migrants’ life satisfaction and psychological distress. (...) Data on 9838 young migrants in the China Migrants Dynamic Survey were analyzed by LISREL 8.8. A total of 94.03% migrated for jobs or business. Subjective status, including subjective socioeconomic status, social adaptation, and psychological integration, had positive effects on life satisfaction, whereas social adaptation and psychological integration negatively affected psychological distress. Objective status, including objective socioeconomic status and health insurance, had adverse effects on life satisfaction, whereas they positively affected psychological distress. Social participation and city belonging had only significant positive mediating roles on life satisfaction. It is essential to increase social adaptation and decrease integration stress according to younger internal migrants’ practical needs. It is also necessary to enhance community/social resources and activities in the context of developing sustainability in the community to assist in mental health promotion. (shrink)

유한의 시간 속에서 불변의 진리를 논하다! 살아서는 경험할 수 없고 죽어서는 전할 수 없는 삶과 죽음의 근원적 연속성 ◎ 도서 소개 인문학의 세 번째 질문, “나는 어떻게 죽을 것인가?” 최재천, 김상근, 강영안, 황농문… 삶에 던져진 마지막 물음과 인문학에서 찾은 최후의 답! 인생에 관한 대단원의 물음, 나는 어떻게 죽을 것인가. 삶의 황폐화와 사회 가치의 퇴색, 현실 문제에 대한 근원적인 해결책의 부재로 현대인들은 인간과 삶, 죽음에 대한 근원적인 물음을 품기 시작했다. 그 물음 끝에 탄생한 『나는 어떻게 죽을 것인가』는 2015년 봄 플라톤 아카데미가 (...) 주최한 동명의 대중강연을 엮은 것으로, 누적 10만 명 이상 청중들의 열광적인 호응을 불러일으켰다. 1부에서 최재천, 황농문, 김애령, 김종성은 우리 삶의 영역 안에 이미 자리하고 있는 죽음의 본질을 드러내고 2부에서 김상근, 정재현, 강영안, 윤영호는 죽음을 의식하는 삶이 지닌 진정한 의미에 대해 이야기한다. 생태학자, 공학자, 철학자, 건축가, 신학자, 종교학자, 의학자 등 다양한 분야에서 섬세한 시각을 발휘하는 최고 학자 8인은 죽음을 냉철하면서도 따뜻한 시선으로 바라본다. 이를 통해 우리는 삶과 죽음이 그리 멀리 있지 않으며, 죽음에 대한 물음이 도달하는 자리가 결국 삶이라는 점을 깨닫게 된다. 죽음을 삶의 흐름이 가져오는 결과로 보든 고통스러운 삶으로부터의 해방으로 보든 죽음은 우리 삶의 영역 안에 자리하며, 궁극적으로 나를 나일 수 있게 하는 고유한 가치로 발현한다. ◎ 출판사 서평 우리는 어떻게 죽어야 할까? 아름다운 자연의 원리를 향한 8가지 용기 나는 누구인가, 어떻게 살 것인가, 어떻게 죽을 것인가. 현대인들이 잊고 살지만, 인생에서 가장 중요한 질문이다. 개인의 삶이 점점 황폐해지고 사회 가치가 희미해지는 요즘, 이러한 근원적인 물음은 우리 삶에 더욱 중요해졌다. ‘인간’을 탐구하고 ‘인생’을 공부하는 학문인 인문학 열풍이 거세진 것도 이와 같은 이유다. 그 물음 끝에 탄생한 『나는 어떻게 죽을 것인가』는 2015년 봄 플라톤 아카데미가 주최한 동명의 대중강연을 엮은 것으로, 누적 10만 명 이상 청중들의 열광적인 호응을 불러일으켰다. 마치 눈앞에서 듣는 것처럼 최재천, 김상근, 강영안, 황농문 등 이 시대를 대표하는 학자 8인이 전하는 삶의 지혜와 인문학적 통찰이 뜨거운 감동과 함께 생생하게 전해진다. 위대한 고전과 과학적 진실을 통해 삶과 죽음의 연속성을 이야기하며, 우리 일상에 맞닿은 사례들을 중심으로 죽음이 전하는 메시지를 깊이 있고 흥미롭게 해석했다. 독자들은 이 책을 통해 ‘나는 어떻게 죽을 것인가’라는 생의 마지막 물음에 잔잔한 해답을 얻을 수 있을 것이며, 삶과 죽음은 그 자체로 아름다운 자연의 원리임을 깨닫게 된다. 삶의 순간에 마주한 죽음 죽음의 숙고로 완성하는 삶 생태학자, 공학자, 철학자, 건축가, 신학자, 종교학자, 의학자 등 다양한 분야에서 섬세한 시각을 발휘하는 최고 학자 8인은 죽음을 냉철하면서도 따뜻한 시선으로 바라본다. 1부에서는 우리 삶의 영역 안에 이미 자리하고 있는 죽음의 본질이 드러난다. 원래 하나였던 자연과 인간이 공생하는 법을 알고 평안한 마음으로 살아가는 것이야 말로 아름다운 삶과 죽음을 맞이하는 자세임을 전한 최재천, 죽음을 온전히 의식하는 것이야말로 성숙한 삶을 위해 반드시 필요하다고 역설한 황농문, 받아들일 수밖에 없는 죽음을 인정하고 아름답게 사는 것이야말로 아름다운 죽음을 맞이하는 방법임을 이야기한 김애령, 삶을 오롯이 담고 있는 공간인 건축으로부터 죽음에 접근한 김종성을 통해 우리는 살아서는 절대 경험할 수 없는 죽음에 한 발짝 가까워진다. 2부에서는 죽음을 의식하는 삶의 진정한 의미에 대해 이야기한다. 죽음은 벽이 아닌 평화(Shalom)의 세계로 나아가는 문이라는 희망의 이야기를 담아낸 김상근, 죽음을 숙명과 해방의 대립 구도로 보는 것을 떠나 ‘유한한 초월’, 즉 삶 안에서 죽음을 발견해 남은 삶인 자신의 현재를 사랑하라고 말하는 정재현, 철학의 가장 중요한 임무인 멜레테 타나투, 즉 죽음에 대한 수련을 위해 현상학, 해석학, 윤리학의 시선으로 죽음을 분석한 강영안, 죽음을 절망이 아닌 희망의 순간으로 바꾸기 위해서는 의미 있는 삶을 살아야 한다는 윤영호를 통해 우리는 인간에게 허락된 유한의 시간 속에서 죽음이라는 불변의 진리를 맞이하는 법을 배운다. 이를 통해 우리는 삶과 죽음이 그리 멀리 있지 않으며, 죽음에 대한 물음이 도달하는 자리가 결국 삶이라는 점을 깨닫게 된다. ◎ 본문 중에서 오랫동안 생명에 대해 공부하면서 깨달은 점 중 하나는 지구에 존재하는 모든 생명은 하나의 공통적인 속성을 가지고 있다는 것입니다. 아이러니컬하게도 그것은 죽음입니다. ‘생명’의 가장 보편적인 속성이 바로 ‘죽음’이라는 것입니다. (21쪽) 죽음에 직면하면 온갖 자부심과 자만심, 수치스러움과 실패에 대한 두려움, 외부의 기대들이 모두 떨어져나갑니다. 그리고 진실로 중요한 것들만이 남습니다. (…) 살아 있음이 얼마나 소중한지를 알고 있기 때문입니다. (73쪽) 시간은 많은 것을 피어나게 하고 성장하게 하고 탄생하게 하고 변화하게 합니다. 또 많은 것을 파괴하고 해체하고 늙게 하고 낡게 하고 저물게 하고 죽게 합니다. (…) 인간의 시간은 존재론적인 결함이기도 하고, 유한한 자가 가지고 있는 무한한 슬픔이기도 합니다. (81쪽) 아름다운 삶은 고통이나 슬픔을 경험하지 않는 삶이 아니라 그 고통이나 슬픔을 어떻게 받아들이고 해석하고 이해하느냐를 통해 만들어가는 것입니다. 아름다운 삶은 결코 확신이나 확실성으로 가득 찬 삶이 아닙니다. 오히려 삶이 가지고 있는 그늘, 고통, 눈물, 불확실성, 연약함을 끌어안고 나아가는 것, 그것이 진정 아름다운 삶이라고 이야기할 수 있습니다. (106~107쪽) 이런 요소들이 갖춰질 때 건축물로서의 아름다움이 완성되어 제대로 빛을 발하게 됩니다. 우리의 삶 또한 이와 다르지 않다고 생각합니다. 그런 면에서 죽음 또한 우리 삶의 일부라고 말하고 싶습니다. 아름다운 삶이 있어야 아름다운 죽음이 있고, 그때 비로소 하나의 인생이 완성되는 것일 테니까요. (144쪽) 우연의 연속에 불과한 사다리 같은 인생을 살아가야 하는 우리. 그리고 그 운명이 다하면 우리는 죽음이라는 미지의 세계로 뛰어들어야 합니다. 죽음을 맞이한 우리는 그 미지의 세계를 향해 몸을 날려야 합니다. 그것이 우리 인간의 운명입니다. (163~164쪽) 예수는 분노하거나 화를 내는 것이 아니라 오히려 그들에게 평화를 기원합니다. 그것도 두 번씩이나 “샬롬”이라 고 외칩니다. 예수에게 죽음은 벽도 문도 아니었습니다. 후회와 분노를 넘어서는 평화의 길이었습니다. (187쪽) 우리의 본능은 죽음에 저항하며 삶과 죽음의 관계를 가능한 한 멀리 떼어놓으려 합니다. (…) 그런데 여기서 가장 심각한 것은 무엇보다도 삶의 바깥으로 내몰린 죽음이 오히려 삶을 일그러뜨린다는 점입니다. 그 문제를 극복하려는 노력은 곧 우리의 몫입니다. 그래서 바깥으로 내몰렸던 죽음을 삶 속으로 끌고 들어오는 새로운 시도가 필요합니다. (191쪽) 욕망으로 죽음을 덮어버리면 삶이 일그러지고 맙니다. (…) 이렇게 볼 때 죽음에 대한 생각은 삶을 더 풍요롭고 가치 있게 엮어내려는 노력입니다. 그래서 건강한 삶을 위해서는 삶에서 죽음을 보아야 합니다. 그리고 어떻게 하면 밀어냈던 죽음을 삶과 함께 엮어낼 수 있을지에 대해 지혜를 모아야 합니다. (196쪽) 우리의 몸을 이루고 있는 모든 세포들은 생성과 소멸의 과정을 거칩니다. (…) 말하자면 몸은 죽음을 받아들이면서 죽음을 살아가고 있는 것이지요. 몸을 이루고 있는 모든 세포들이 끊임없이 죽음으로써 몸 전체가 살아가는 생명의 역설을 우리 몸은 이미 실천해오고 있습니다. (209쪽) 죽지 않을 것처럼, 아직 죽지 않은 것처럼 살지 말고 이미 죽은 사람으로 살라는 것입니다. “죽음을 기억하라(Memento mori)!”는 말씀이 바로 이를 가리킵니다. 그렇게 되면 지금 사는 삶은 덤으로 사는 것입니다. 덤의 시간들, 순간들, 그것이 바로 지금입니다. 그래서 한마디로 추립니다: “자신의 현재를 사랑하라! Carpe diem!” (219쪽) 하이데거는 그 끝이 있기 때문에 오히려 내가 나 자신이 될 수 있다고 말합니다. 끝이 있으므로 해서 너와 나 구별도 없이 군중 속에 무리지어 사는 그런 삶이 아니라 비로소 누구와도 혼돈되지 않는 나 자신, 존재의 가능성을 발견하게 된다는 것입니다. 왜냐하면 그 죽음은 누구의 죽음도 아닌 나의 죽음이기 때문입니다. (246쪽) 우리가 진심으로 우리의 삶 자체를 내게 주어진 값진 선물이라 생각하고 감사한 마음으로 살아간다면, 죽음은 결코 두려움의 대상이 될 수 없을 뿐 아니라 삶이 정말로 살 만한 것이 되지 않을까 생각합니다. (253쪽) 만약에 우리가 우주라는 하나의 몸에 존재하는 세포라고 가정한다면 어떻게 될까요. 우리는 각자의 이기를 위해 존재하는 것이 아니라 우주라는 몸을 위해 서로 조화를 이루며 봉사하는 존재가 될 것입니다. (…) 서로 믿고 조화를 이루며 봉사하는 삶, 바로 이것이 의미 있는 삶이라고 생각합니다. (275~276쪽) 우리는 죽지 않기 위해 사는 것도 아니고, 죽지 못해 사는 것도 아닙니다. 죽기 위해 열심히 살아가는 것입니다. 의미 있는 삶을 살다가 아름답게 죽음을 마무리하는 것까지가 인생의 완성입니다. 나무는 죽어 새로운 생명으로 태어납니다. 다시 대지로 돌아간 우리 역시 어디선가 다른 생명으로 이어집니다. 죽음은 자연으로의 회귀이며 또 다른 시작입니다. (279쪽). (shrink)

On Advaita school in Hindu philosophy; verse work.

Profoundly important ethical and political controversies turn on the question of whether biological life is an essential aspect of a human person, or only an extrinsic instrument. Lee and George argue that human beings are physical, animal organisms - albeit essentially rational and free - and examine the implications of this understanding of human beings for some of the most controversial issues in contemporary ethics and politics. The authors argue that human beings are animal organisms and that their personal identity (...) across time consists in the persistence of the animal organisms they are; they also argue that human beings are essentially rational and free and that there is a radical difference between human beings and other animals; criticize hedonism and hedonistic drug-taking; present detailed defenses of the prolife positions on abortion and euthanasia; and defend the traditional moral position on marriage and sexual acts. (shrink)

This paper examines the idea of objective phenomenology, or a way of understanding the phenomenal character of conscious experiences that doesn’t require one to have had the kinds of experiences under consideration. My central thesis is that structural facts about experience—facts that characterize purely how conscious experiences are structured—are objective phenomenal facts. I begin by precisifying the idea of objective phenomenology and diagnosing what makes any given phenomenal fact subjective. Then I defend the view that structural facts about experience are (...) objective. I also argue that structural facts about experience, despite being objective, nevertheless still give rise to an explanatory gap. (shrink)

The normativity of so-called “coherence” or “structural” requirements of rationality has been hotly debated in recent years. However, relatively little has been said about the nature of structural rationality, or what makes a set of attitudes structurally irrational, if structural rationality is not ultimately a matter of responding correctly to reasons. This paper develops a novel account of incoherence (or structural irrationality), critically examining Alex Worsnip’s recent account. It first argues that Worsnip’s account both over-generates and under-generates incoherent patterns of (...) attitudes, and then proposes an alternative that both avoids these problems and captures a crucial insight behind Worsnip’s account. According to this account, a set of attitudes is incoherent just in case having all of the attitudes in that set is incompatible with reacting to a question in a way that one is, in virtue of having the attitudes, committed to. (shrink)

An argument that what makes science distinctive is its emphasis on evidence and scientists' willingness to change theories on the basis of new evidence. Attacks on science have become commonplace. Claims that climate change isn't settled science, that evolution is “only a theory,” and that scientists are conspiring to keep the truth about vaccines from the public are staples of some politicians' rhetorical repertoire. Defenders of science often point to its discoveries (penicillin! relativity!) without explaining exactly why scientific claims are (...) superior. In this book, Lee McIntyre argues that what distinguishes science from its rivals is what he calls “the scientific attitude”—caring about evidence and being willing to change theories on the basis of new evidence. The history of science is littered with theories that were scientific but turned out to be wrong; the scientific attitude reveals why even a failed theory can help us to understand what is special about science. McIntyre offers examples that illustrate both scientific success (a reduction in childbed fever in the nineteenth century) and failure (the flawed “discovery” of cold fusion in the twentieth century). He describes the transformation of medicine from a practice based largely on hunches into a science based on evidence; considers scientific fraud; examines the positions of ideology-driven denialists, pseudoscientists, and “skeptics” who reject scientific findings; and argues that social science, no less than natural science, should embrace the scientific attitude. McIntyre argues that the scientific attitude—the grounding of science in evidence—offers a uniquely powerful tool in the defense of science. (shrink)

To be conscious—according to a common metaphor—is for the “lights to be on inside.” Is this a good metaphor? I argue that the metaphor elicits useful intuitions while staying neutral on controversial philosophical questions. But I also argue that there are two ways of interpreting the metaphor. Is consciousness the inner light itself? Or is consciousness the illuminated room? Call the first sense subjectivity (where ‘consciousness’ =def what makes an entity feel some way at all), and the second sense phenomenal (...) character (where ‘consciousness’ =def what it feels like to be an entity). I use this distinction—as well as the metaphor of the inner light—to clarify some philosophical questions about whether consciousness comes in degrees, whether consciousness is multidimensional, and whether there are borderline cases of consciousness. (shrink)

Let a smooth experience be an experience with perfectly gradual changes in phenomenal character. Consider, as examples, your visual experience of a blue sky or your auditory experience of a rising pitch. Do the phenomenal characters of smooth experiences have continuous or discrete structures? If we appeal merely to introspection, then it may seem that we should think that smooth experiences are continuous. This paper (1) uses formal tools to clarify what it means to say that an experience is continuous (...) or discrete, and (2) develops a discrete model of the phenomenal characters of smooth experiences. As a result, I'll argue that introspection leaves open whether smooth experiences are continuous or discrete. Yet I’ll also argue—perhaps surprisingly—that the discrete theory may better fit our introspective evidence. (shrink)

To contribute to the debate on the role of social media in responsible business, this article explores blogger buzz in reaction to food companies’ press releases on health and obesity issues, considering the content and the level of fit between the CSR initiatives and the company. Findings show that companies issued more product-related initiatives than promotion-related ones. Among these, less than half generated a substantial number of responses from bloggers, which could not be identified as a specific group. While new (...) product introductions led to positive buzz, modifications of current products resulted in more negative responses, even if there was a high fit with core business. While promotion-related press releases were received negatively in general, particularly periphery promotion generated most reactions. Our exploratory study suggests that companies can increase the likelihood of a positive reaction if they carefully consider the fit between initiatives and their core business, while taking the notion of ‘controversial fit’, relating to the unhealthy nature of original products, into account. Further research avenues and implications, as well as limitations, are discussed. (shrink)

An Introduction to Lexical Semantics provides a comprehensive theoretical overview of lexical semantics, analysing the major lexical categories in English: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions. The book illustrates step-by-step how to use formal semantic tools.

This paper examines to what extent Davidsonian truth-theoretic semantics can give an adequate account for empty names in natural languages. It argues that the prospect is dim because of a tension between metaphysical austerity, non-vacuousness of theorems and empirical adequacy. Sainsbury (2005) proposed a Davidsonian account of empty names called ‘Reference Without Referents’ (RWR), which explicates reference in terms of reference-condition rather than referent, thus avoiding the issue of existence. This is an inspiring account. However, it meets several difficulties. First, (...) there is no non-vacuous, interpretive truth-condition available for any T-sentence containing an empty name, because by stipulation there is no way to compose a true atomic sentence using an empty name in RWR. The absence of an interpretive truth-condition implies the absence of an interpretive reference-condition. It also entails empirical inadequacy to support an interpretation because the related propositional attitude can never be truly satisfied. These considerations cast doubt on whether truth is the proper vehicle to articulate meaning. This paper suggests that we can alleviating the problem by employing truth-conditions varying across contexts of utterance, rather than just contexts of evaluation. The result is a two-dimensional model-theoretic approach to empty names. It involves a new function coined counterfactual reference and the account is compatible with both descriptivism and Millianism. (shrink)

An in-depth and up-close look at the ONE energy principle you need to know to take care of your health simply and naturally. What is the one thing you should know to have a lifetime of abundant health? Just as the sun rises in the east and sets in the west due to Earth's rotation, there are natural laws your body follows. One law, discerned by traditional Asian medicine, can decide the health of your body, mind, and spirit. Water Up (...) Fire Down by New York Times bestselling author Ilchi Lee reveals this golden rule of health. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: The Dangerous Sport of Social Climbing Not a Doe but a Roe The Belly of the Beast Notes.

This clear and engaging introduction is the first book to assess the ideas of Kwame Anthony Appiah, the Ghanaian-British philosopher who is a leading public intellectual today. The book focuses on the theme of 'identity' and is structured around five main topics, corresponding to the subjects of his major works: race, culture, liberalism, cosmopolitanism, and moral revolutions. This handy guide: teaches students about the sources, opportunities, and dilemmas of personal and social identity - whether on the basis of race, gender, (...) sexuality, or class, among others - in the purview of Appiah. locates Appiah within a broader tradition of intellectual engagement with these issues - involving such thinkers as W. E. B. Du Bois, John Stuart Mill, and Martha Nussbaum - and thus how Appiah is both an inheritor and innovator of preceding ideas. seeks to inspire students on how to approach and negotiate identity politics in the present. This book ultimately imparts a more diverse and wider-reaching geographic sense of philosophy through the lens of Appiah and his intellectual contributions, as well as emphasize the continuing social relevance of philosophy and critical theory more generally to everyday life today. (shrink)

The aim of the study was to develop a new comprehensive reading assessment battery for multi-ethnic and multilingual learners in Malaysia. Using this assessment battery, we examined the reliability, validity, and dimensionality of the factors associated with reading difficulties/disabilities in the Malay language, a highly transparent alphabetic orthography. In order to further evaluate the reading assessment battery, we compared results from the assessment battery with those obtained from the Malaysian national screening instrument. In the study, 866 Grade 1 children from (...) multi-ethnic and multilingual backgrounds from 11 government primary schools participated. The reading assessment battery comprised 13 assessments, namely, reading comprehension, spelling, listening comprehension, letter name knowledge, letter name fluency, rapid automatized naming, word reading accuracy, word reading efficiency, oral reading fluency, expressive vocabulary, receptive vocabulary, elision, and phonological memory. High reliability and validity were found for the assessments. An exploratory factor analysis yielded three main constructs: phonological-decoding, sublexical-fluency, and vocabulary-memory. Phonological-decoding was found to be the most reliable construct that distinguished between at-risk and non-at-risk children. Identifying these underlying factors will be useful for detecting children at-risk for developing reading difficulties in the Malay language. In addition, these results highlight the importance of including a range of reading and reading-related measures for the early diagnosis of reading difficulties in this highly transparent orthography. (shrink)

This book deploys an innovative narrative device to mount an exercise in (popular) political philosophy. It presents Plato as "the Reith Lecturer" bringing up to date his critique of democracy which he began more than two thousand years ago in The Republic.

Cool Characters tells the story of American political irony from World War II to the present: how irony came to seem politically subversive for American countercultural rebels; how mainstream culture allegedly co-opted countercultural irony; how irony became part of major critical theories of postmodernism; and how -- starting in the late 1980s -- innovative writers developed an idea of "postirony" with the hope of overcoming the political limitations of postmodern irony. To chart the shift from irony to postirony, and show (...) what relationship culture has to politics, the book offers intensive analyses of important American countercultural figures: the hipster, the punk, a figure the author calls "the believer," the coolhunter, and the occupier; and new interpretations of important works by Ralph Ellison, Thomas Pynchon, William S. Burroughs, Kathy Acker, Michael Muhammad Knight, David Foster Wallace, Dave Eggers, Alex Shakar, William Gibson, Jennifer Egan, Jonathan Lethem, and Rachel Kushner."--Provided by publisher. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Feminist Studies 42, no. 3. © 2016 by Karen An-hwei Lee 741 Karen An-hwei Lee On New-Wave Asian Feminist Mermaids On a new wave, the old white shark fixates on everything with a slit— jade cheomsang or qipau slit on the left side, a mailbox in Hong Kong, a can opener about to spill sardines from the South China Sea, split female consciousness of folklore mermaids sashaying on knives, (...) all-or-nothing vice or virtue lost to a bedrock of lost razor blades of dialogical aqua hearts of a bronze-scaled woman folding her new legs— crossing a split— spit without the l- slit without a pThe Final Words of Madame Mao Mao, the man whom I despaired of meeting, exploded out of the revolution in a nailed crate delivered to my door. I rose to stardom, not elite by birth— call me Jiang Qing or Lan Ping. Chairman’s hands: a bouquet of mudan-hua, odorous peonies. I am, after all, Madame Mao. 742 Karen An-hwei Lee A mail carrier shakes her head. Mail-order groom? I must report you to Zhou Enlai. This is counterrevolutionary. I never ordered a husband in a Mao outfit. Is Mao a four-stroke ideogram brushed in my room while my mother wept as my father beat her with a garden spade? My real name is Mao as in Maoism. This man breathed fire in a thousand miles of revolution, one man to one woman. Please do not say my last words were propaganda— Chairman! I love you! Your comrade and your student is coming to see you!... (shrink)

Bio-heteronormative conceptions of the family have long reinforced a nuclear ideal of the family as a heterosexual marriage, with children who are the genetic progeny of that union. This ideal, however, has also long been resisted in light of recent social developments, exhibited through the increased incidence and acceptance of step-families, donor-conceived families, and so forth. Although to this end some might claim that the bio-heteronormative ideal is not necessary for a social unit to count as a family, a more (...) systematic conceptualization of the family—the kind of family that matters morally—is relatively underexplored in the philosophical literature. This paper makes a start at developing and defending an account of the family that is normatively attractive and in line with the growing prevalence of non-conventional families and methods of family-formation. Our account, which we call a constitutive-affirmative model of the family, takes the family to be constituted by an ongoing process of relevant affective and affirmative relations between the putative family members. (shrink)

Is a human more conscious than an octopus? In the science of consciousness, it’s oftentimes assumed that some creatures (or mental states) are more conscious than others. But in recent years, a number of philosophers have argued that the notion of degrees of consciousness is conceptually confused. This paper (1) argues that the most prominent objections to degrees of consciousness are unsustainable, (2) examines the semantics of ‘more conscious than’ expressions, (3) develops an analysis of what it is for a (...) degreed property to count as degrees of consciousness, and (4) applies the analysis to various theories of consciousness. I argue that whether consciousness comes in degrees ultimately depends on which theory of consciousness turns out to be correct. But I also argue that most theories of consciousness entail that consciousness comes in degrees. (shrink)

This paper examines the idea of objective phenomenology, or a way of understanding the phenomenal character of conscious experiences that doesn’t require one to have had the kinds of experiences under consideration. My central thesis is that structural facts about experience—facts that characterize purely how conscious experiences are structured—are objective phenomenal facts. I begin by precisifying the idea of objective phenomenology and diagnosing what makes any given phenomenal fact subjective. Then I defend the view that structural facts about experience are (...) objective. I also argue that structural facts about experience, despite being objective, nevertheless still give rise to an explanatory gap. (shrink)

'A wonderfully assured and utterly riveting biography that captures not only the much-maligned Machiavelli, but also the spirit of his time and place. A monumental achievement.' - Jessie Childs, author of God's Traitors. 'A notorious fiend', 'generally odious', 'he seems hideous, and so he is.' Thanks to the invidious reputation of his most famous work, The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli exerts a unique hold over the popular imagination. But was Machiavelli as sinister as he is often thought to be? Might he (...) not have been an infinitely more sympathetic figure, prone to political missteps, professional failures and personal dramas? Alexander Lee reveals the man behind the myth, following him from cradle to grave, from his father's penury and the abuse he suffered at a teacher's hands, to his marriage and his many affairs (with both men and women), to his political triumphs and, ultimately, his fall from grace and exile. In doing so, Lee uncovers hitherto unobserved connections between Machiavelli's life and thought. He also reveals the world through which Machiavelli moved: from the great halls of Renaissance Florence to the court of the Borgia pope, Alexander VI, from the dungeons of the Stinche prison to the Rucellai gardens, where he would begin work on some of his last great works. As much a portrait of an age as of a uniquely engaging man, Lee's gripping and definitive biography takes the reader into Machiavelli's world - and his work - more completely than ever before. (shrink)

Recent work in the philosophy of emotion focuses on challenging dualistic conceptualizations. Three of the most obvious dualisms are the following: 1. emotion opposes reason; 2. emotion is subjective, while reason is objective; 3. emotion lies internal to the subject, while reason is external. With challenges to these dualisms, one of the more interesting questions that has surfaced is the idea of emotional appropriateness in a particular context. Here, consider a widely held belief in the United States associates racialized groups (...) with specific emotions—most notably African American women with anger. Clearly these emotional attributions are essentialistic--and hence racist. But this response is too easy. The acknowledgement that emotion lies both internally in the subject and externally in the world opens the possibility of attributing an emotional temperament to a population group. Yet if an identity group has an emotional temperament, can they be accountable for emotionally appropriate behavior? (shrink)

This paper examines the link between the regulation of marriage migration and national boundary-making processes in South Korea through the analysis of “fraudulent marriage” discourses. Corresponding to the goals of the Korean government based on the gendered and racialized construction of the Korean nation, populations of marriage migrants are hierarchized according to various intersecting axes of gender, age, class, and “race.” Based on a critical race and intersectional feminist framework and critical security studies, I examine multiple intersections of the social (...) relations, which hierarchize marriage migrants. While certain marriage migrants are constructed as desirable because they embody particular sets of characteristics, other marriage migrants outside these parameters are actively constructed as undesirable and suspected of fraudulent marriage. The discriminatory distinctions drawn among differentially racialized and gendered marriage migrants raise significant social justice concerns. The article concludes with a brief discussion of strategies pursued by marriage migrants and their Korean spouses to undermine discourses of fraudulent marriages. (shrink)

For a variety of policy reasons, governments throughout the world are now adopting different legislative and administrative strategies that support the development of FLOSS. Some governments have actually begun to procure FLOSS, whereas others have channeled public funds to large-scale FLOSS projects. This study demonstrates both the benefits and the risks of government policy favoring FLOSS from the perspective of economics, technology, and politics, and to further analyze whether these same policy goals can be achieved through government support of FLOSS. (...) The most fundamental argument of the study is that, in lending its support to FLOSS, the difference between a government user and a business user is that the government should take into account society’s long-term interests, not merely its own interests as a consumer. (shrink)

The appearance of so many works in the last decade that fall under the banner of “public philosophy” has done much to enhance the idea that one can engage in public philosophy and still be a first‐class scholar, and even to broaden our understanding of scholarship to include public engagement. Philosophy abandoned its concern with the “meaning of life” and focused most of its attention on the “meaning of words.” Public philosophy has been the subject of a great deal of (...) criticism. There are questions about the institutional and societal challenges that face public philosophy. Recognizing that most of the people – at least so far – who do public philosophy, are academics, it is an important question how much public philosophy should count toward getting a job, tenure, or promotion within the profession of philosophy. (shrink)

Evidentials and Modals offers an in-depth account of the meaning of grammatical elements representing evidentiality in connection to modality, focusing on theoretical/formal perspectives by eminent pioneers in the field and on recently discovered phenomena in Korean evidential markers by native scholars in particular. Evidentiality became a hot topic in semantics and pragmatics, trying to see what kind of evidential justification is provided by evidentials to support or be related to the 'at-issue' prejacent propositions. This book aims to provide a deeper (...) understanding of such evidentiality in discourse contexts in a broad range of languages such as American Indian, Korean and Japanese, Turkish and African languages over the world. In addition, an introduction to the concept of evidentiality and theoretical perspectives and recent issues is also provided. Contributors are Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Robert Botne, Kyung-Sook Chung, Martina Faller, Ezra Keshet, Iksoo Kwon, Chungmin Lee, Ji-Young Lee, Jungmee Lee, Dongsik Lim, Lisa Matthewson, William McClure, Elin McCready, Sarah E. Murray, Marisa Nagano, Jinho Park, Mary Shin Kim, Jaemog Song, Thomas Willett, and Kei Yoshimoto. (shrink)

Lucius Outlaw and Shannon Sullivan have argued for the preservation of racial distinctiveness and the necessity of racial separatism. This paper articulates and challenges this push for racial separatism and the particular conception of race evoked therein. The author points out that the multiplicity, the multiculturalism, the intersectionality within these communities of resistance is typically belittled, fragmented, or erased. Recognizing the practical use of racial coalitions to combat racism, the author articulates an alternative conception of coalitional agency, one that allows (...) for multiplicitous identities, opening avenues to intercultural communication and impure coalitions of resistance. (shrink)

Are counterfactuals with true antecedents and consequents automatically true? That is, is Conjunction Conditionalization: if (X & Y), then (X > Y) valid? Stalnaker and Lewis think so, but many others disagree. We note here that the extant arguments for Conjunction Conditionalization are unpersuasive, before presenting a family of more compelling arguments. These arguments rely on some standard theorems of the logic of counterfactuals as well as a plausible and popular semantic claim about certain semifactuals. Denying Conjunction Conditionalization, then, requires (...) rejecting other aspects of the standard logic of counterfactuals, or else our intuitive picture of semifactuals. (shrink)

"In an era of economic devastation, ongoing legacies of colonization and imperialism, climate change and habitat loss, there is a call for a new understanding of the meaning and relevance of ethics. These essays on otherness, responsibility, and hospitality raise urgent questions about the state of ethics in tumultuous times. Contributors range from prominent theorists-including Levinas, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and Giorgio Agamben-to more recent theorists including Judith Butler, Enrique Dussell, and Rosi Braidotti. Perhaps most crucially, this reader emphasizes the (...) always vulnerable status of a radically different Other, even as it questions what responsibility to that Other might mean."-Provided by publisher. (shrink)

In "Connect: how to find clarity and expand your consciousness with pineal gland meditation", Lee shows how to connect to your authentic self through the pineal gland in your brain. Activate your pineal gland through the meditations rooted in an ancient Korean tradition that Iichi Lee describes in this book. You'll experience clarity instead of emotion, compassion rather than judgment, and wholeness in place of separation. This book will help you find the solutions you seek by opening the inner eye (...) that leads to greater clarity regarding the health of your body, the dreams of your soul, and the wisdom of your spirit. (shrink)