N6‐methyladenine (6mA) is one of the most abundant types of DNA methylation, and plays an important role in bacteria; however, its roles in higher eukaryotes, such as plants, insects, and mammals, have been considered less important. Recent studies highlight that 6mA does indeed occur, and that it plays an important role in eukaryotes, such as worm, fly, and green algae, and thus the regulation of 6mA has emerged as a novel epigenetic mechanism in higher eukaryotes. Despite this intriguing development, a (...) number of important issues regarding its biological roles are yet to be addressed. In this review, we focus on the 5mC and 6mA modifications in terms of their production, distribution, and the erasure of 6mA in higher eukaryotes including mammals. We perform an analysis of the potential functions of 6mA, hence widening understanding of this new epigenetic mark in higher eukaryotes, and suggesting future studies in this field. (shrink)

Deep brain stimulation is a clinical intervention for the treatment of movement disorders. It has also been applied to the treatment of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anorexia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia. Psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression can lead to psychosis, which can cause patients to lose touch with reality. The ventral tegmental area, located near the midline of the midbrain, is an important region involved in psychosis. However, the clinical application of electrical stimulation of (...) the VTA to treat psychotic diseases has been limited, and related mechanisms have not been thoroughly studied. In the present study, hyperlocomotion and stereotyped behaviors of the mice were employed to mimic and evaluate the positive-psychotic-like behaviors. We attempted to treat positive psychotic-like behaviors by electrically stimulating the VTA in mice and exploring the neural mechanisms behind behavioral effects. Local field potential recording and in vivo fiber photometry to observe the behavioral effects and changes in neural activities caused by DBS in the VTA of mice. Optogenetic techniques were used to verify the neural mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects induced by DBS. Our results showed that electrical stimulation of the VTA activates local gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons, and dopamine neurons, reduces hyperlocomotion, and relieves stereotyped behaviors induced by MK-801 injection. The results of optogenetic manipulation showed that the activation of the VTA GABA neurons, but not DA neurons, is involved in the alleviation of hyperlocomotion and stereotyped behaviors. We visualized changes in the activity of specific types in specific brain areas induced by DBS, and explored the neural mechanism of DBS in alleviating positive psychotic-like behaviors. This preclinical study not only proposes new technical means of exploring the mechanism of DBS, but also provides experimental justification for the clinical treatment of psychotic diseases by electrical stimulation of the VTA. (shrink)

A short-lived but important movement in seventeenth-century English natural philosophy—which scholars call “magnetical philosophy” or “magnetical cosmology”—sought to understand gravity (both terrestrial and celestial) by analogy with magnetism. The movement was clearly inspired by William Gilbert’s De magnete (1600) and culminated with Robert Hooke’s prefiguring of the universal principle of gravitation, which he personally communicated to Isaac Newton in 1679. But the magnetical cosmology, as professed by those in the movement, differed from Gilbert’s philosophy in highly significant ways. Proponents never (...) accepted Gilbert’s animistic account of magnets and seem tacitly to have accepted a belief in action at a distance that Gilbert himself rejected. This essay argues that Francis Bacon (1561–1626) had already provided just the adaptations to Gilbert’s philosophy that the later thinkers adopted, including an important endorsement of action at a distance, and that he should be recognized as playing an important role in the movement. (shrink)

Jean Fernel and William Harvey were leading medical practitioners of their respective generations, but they also worked in natural philosophy, and, in particular, were well known for their works on...

Resumo: O setor de vestuário trouxe novas chances de desenvolvimento ao mercado, como resultado do avanço da sociedade e da expansão da cultura e da arte. Além de ter alto valor decorativo, como sua extensão e ampliação, o desempenho do vestuário também pode existir, independentemente, como uma arte. No entanto, ao moldar a imagem artística do desempenho do vestuário, o foco principal concentra-se na apresentação de imagens externas, sem a expressão das características rítmicas e conotativas dos movimentos corporais, o que (...) não apenas enfraquece o efeito visual do desempenho, mas também afeta sua integridade e continuidade. Portanto, compreender a relação entre o desempenho do vestuário e o corpo e promover sua integração e penetração mútuas são de grande valor e importância, para o desenvolvimento atual da arte visual. A filosofia do corpo é uma disciplina filosófica que explora o corpo e as experiências corporais. Ela preocupa-se com a maneira como o corpo percebe e existe. Isso pode encorajar atores e figurinistas a considerarem como as roupas moldam e comunicam a identidade social e pessoal, além de observarem como a performance do figurino pode explorar a diversidade e a mudança de identidade. O presente artigo explica a relação entre o corpo e a estética, com base na história do desenvolvimento, na função e no valor do desempenho das roupas, combinados com a teoria da filosofia do corpo, a fim de estudar mais profundamente a relação entre o desempenho do vestuário e o corpo, de sorte a aumentar a eficácia do desempenho do vestuário. Do ponto de vista da filosofia do corpo, trata-se de um fator indispensável no desempenho do figurino. Este, por sua vez, pode alcançar a expressão artística do corpo, sendo que ambos interagem e se promovem. A íntima relação entre os dois tem importância significativa para o alcance de níveis mais elevados de representação visual, no desenvolvimento das atividades estéticas. (shrink)

The research on Tibetan speech synthesis technology has been mainly focusing on single dialect, and thus there is a lack of research on Tibetan multidialect speech synthesis technology. This paper presents an end-to-end Tibetan multidialect speech synthesis model to realize a speech synthesis system which can be used to synthesize different Tibetan dialects. Firstly, Wylie transliteration scheme is used to convert the Tibetan text into the corresponding Latin letters, which effectively reduces the size of training corpus and the workload of (...) front-end text processing. Secondly, a shared feature prediction network with a cyclic sequence-to-sequence structure is built, which maps the Latin transliteration vector of Tibetan character to Mel spectrograms and learns the relevant features of multidialect speech data. Thirdly, two dialect-specific WaveNet vocoders are combined with the feature prediction network, which synthesizes the Mel spectrum of Lhasa-Ü-Tsang and Amdo pastoral dialect into time-domain waveform, respectively. The model avoids using a large number of Tibetan dialect expertise for processing some time-consuming tasks, such as phonetic analysis and phonological annotation. Additionally, it can directly synthesize Lhasa-Ü-Tsang and Amdo pastoral speech on the existing text annotation. The experimental results show that the synthesized speech of Lhasa-Ü-Tsang and Amdo pastoral dialect based on our proposed method has better clarity and naturalness than the Tibetan monolingual model. (shrink)

In this article, we use a low-power iBeacon network to conduct an in-depth analysis and research on the principle of indoor positioning and adopt an efficient and fast positioning algorithm. Secondly, based on the obtained analysis, an iBeacon-based indoor positioning system is proposed to analyze how to use iBeacon for accurate positioning and whether it can effectively compensate for the current mainstream positioning system. We analyze the requirements of the iBeacon-based indoor positioning system and propose the design of this positioning (...) system. We analyze the platform and environment for software development, design the general framework of the positioning system, and analyze the logical structure of the whole system, the structure of data flow, and the communication protocols between each module of the positioning system. Then, we analyze the functions of the server module and the client module of the system, implement the functions of each module separately, and debug the functions of each module separately after each module is implemented. The feasibility of the algorithm and the performance improvement are confirmed by the experimental data. Our results show that the communication distance is improved by approximately 20.25% and the accuracy is improved by 5.62% compared to other existing results. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Journal of the History of Ideas 63.1 (2002) 1-17 [Access article in PDF] What if the Father Commits a Crime? Rui Zhu Apparently, Socrates and Confucius respond similarly to the question if a son should turn in his father in the case of the father's misdemeanor. When Euthyphro, flaring his pride of his moral impartiality, tells Socrates that he is on his way to report his father because he (...) has thrown one of the household slaves into a ditch and left him bound there until he was dead, Socrates says, "Good Heaven! Certainly, Euthyphro, most men would not know how they could do this and be right. It is not the part of anyone to do this, but of one who is far advanced in wisdom." 1According to Socrates, only a man of high wisdom knows how to prosecute his father righteously, but Euthyphro does not appear to have this wisdom. When his interlocutor observes that an upright man in his state would bear witness against his father if he misappropriates a sheep, Confucius contradicts the interlocutor's understanding of uprightness by speaking in a matter-of-fact tone: "In my country the upright men are of quite another sort. A father will cover up for his son, and a son his father—which incidentally does involve a sort of up—rightness." 2Confucius stands on the same line with Socrates but seems the more radical of the two. Socrates does not directly refute Euthyphro and only suggests that he make sure he understands what he is doing before going any further. Socrates is not only typically Socratic—indirect and suggestive—but also sounds so reasonable that Euthyphro appears in contrast to be a reckless youth who harbors [End Page 1] only a faint understanding of morality. Confucius's response is more rigid, for he categorically dismisses an act of the Euthyphroian kind. He demands that father and son cover up for each other in the case of either one's guilt. Compared to Socrates, Confucius advocates the position that seems a little too strong and leaves no room for justice, while Socrates does not have that problem with justice. This is how we feel about Socrates and Confucius on our first impression. The prima facie observations that we make from the remarks of Socrates and Confucius seem both plain and unproblematic.By embedding these remarks into their respective social or philosophical cultures, this paper will show that our previous observations are not quite accurate. The apparent affinity of the Socratic and Confucian stances belies different underlying moral philosophies. We want to use their comments as bridges to explore the early Greek and Confucian ethics and show how different a picture we see after things are examined within their traditions.The issue of a possible father-son conflict may be treated as a case study of the early Greek (the Heroic era until the age of Socrates) and early Confucian (Confucius and Mencius) morals. There is a strong theme in the early Greek morals that allows, or sometimes demands, a son such as Euthyphro to prosecute his father for the sake of justice, because justice, instead of love (philein) or filial piety, is the governing principle in the early Greek ethics. Confucian ethics is founded on love (human-heartedness), which in turn is extended from the love between father and son. All moral principles including justice are derived from this extension of love. The mutual love of father and son then becomes the governing principle in the case of Confucianism. A Guilty Father: The Greek Motif The question, "What if the father commits a crime?" has a certain realistic aroma to a boy coming of age in the Hesiodic Greek world. That father has to be overcome by son before some relief from strife becomes possible is a familiar theme in Greek literature. In Hesiod's Theogony, Uranus (the sky) incurs hatred from all his newborn children since he hides them in their mother Gaia's womb and does not let them return to the light, for no reason... (shrink)

Technology has a pervasive and profound effect on the contemporary world, and engineers play a central role in all aspects of technological development. In order to hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public, engineers must be morally committed and equipped to grapple with ethical dilemmas they confront.

本书通过比较研究揭示出,在生存主义哲学和道家思想对人之生存结构的理解方面,存在着深层的共识,这是二者之间展开深度对话的"客观基础".本书分为两大部分,第一部分,包括本研究的第一章和第二章,分别对海德格 尔存在与时间和萨特存在与虚无中的生存主义思想加以呈现,诠释,以期读者能够对生存主义哲学的"标本式"理论有所了解,并为后文的比较研究提供一定的理论铺垫.第三到八章,对道家思想与生存主义思想展开多维比较. 主要围绕"无"在生存结构中的地位和作用来展开,并努力揭示出,生存主义哲学和道家思想在人的"带无生存"这一点上,有着极为醒目的相通之处.然而,在此基础上产生的价值导向,却表现出同样醒目的分梳.通过分析道 家与生存主义哲学思想上重叠性与互补性,可能为融合东西方智慧,尤其是吸收中国传统道家智慧的现代生存哲学理论体系的建立提供一定的思想素材和理论参考.

Zhu Xi is the most important of the twelfth-century neo-Confucianists. Some consider him second only to Confucius himself in his importance to Chinese philosophy as a whole, since it is his interpretation of Confucius that has been canonical since his lifetime. This short book, modeled after the Burton Watson "Basic Writings" volumes for Zhuangzi, Xunzi, and Han Feizi, is an accessible, one-volume introduction to Zhu Xi's influential philosophical system designed especially for course use. In "classifying" Zhu Xi's conversations in the (...) Classified Conversations of Master Zhu, Li Jingde dedicated the first thirteen chapters to conversations explaining his general philosophical system. Readers are introduced to his metaphysics of principle (li), psychophysical stuff (qi), spiritual beings (guishen), human nature (xing), mind-heart (xin), and emotions (qing); and to his program of self-cultivation-that is, the curriculum that Confucians should follow to attain moral perfection. Gardner argues that these chapters constitute the best overview of Zhu Xi's basic philosophical teachings, and selections from them form the basis of his volume. Occasionally, they are supplemented with passages from the Collected Literary Writings of Master Zhu and from Zhu's commentaries on the Classics. (shrink)

In nontheistic moral traditions, there is a typical ethical conundrum concerning the relation between cosmic order and human agency. Within those traditions, it is generally recognized that the universe has its own order and history that are independent of human will. A moral discourse has to find space to accommodate human agency in the midst of the iron grid of cosmic law. Both Confucius and Aurelius use the concept of timeliness (kairos) to resolve the difficult issue. But their philosophies take (...) on divergent paths. By studying their resolutions of the issue, we will be able to appreciate the distinctive nature of their nontheistic moral narratives. (shrink)

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As one of the three systems of China's traditional culture, Daoism has an important place in the history of Chinese philosophy. Based on the ideas of inaction performing all, the Way modeling spontaneity, and the dialectic of you [having, being] and wu [lacking, nonbeing], this article is a systematic exploration of Laozi's philosophy of denial, spontaneity, and atheism, as well as of the deep and lasting influence of his metaphysical principles on all schools of traditional Chinese philosophy.

In recent years, many online communities have launched opinion-gathering activities to promote user participation in innovation and improve the quality of new products. The current methods for online innovation activities can be divided into two categories: cognitive guidance and affective guidance. However, the studies on online communities have mainly focused on user engagement motivations, and little attention has been paid to investigating the impact and underlying mechanism of innovation guidance on user participation at the linguistic level. This study first collected (...) secondary data from NetEase.com and conducted an econometric model to explore the impact of cognitive guidance and affective guidance on users’ participation in online innovation activities. Subsequently, we investigated the impact mechanism of different innovation guidance methods on user participation through two experiments, here by drawing on mental simulation theory. The experimental results showed that outcome simulation and process simulation imposed a dual mediating effect of innovation guidance on user participation. In addition, we also found that product types moderate the dual mediating effect of outcome simulation and process simulation. The findings can deepen and expand the research on user participation while providing practical implications for companies and platforms as they attempt to promote user participation in innovation activities. (shrink)

Abstract In ?On Making an Effort? E. J. Coffman develops what he takes to be a fairly serious problem for Robert Kane's positive theory of free choice, where the concept of efforts of will is pivotal.1 Coffman argues that the plausibility of Kane's libertarian account of free choice ?is inversely proportional to the plausibility of a certain principle of agency? (p. 12). And since the latter is quite plausible, the former is therefore ?at best fairly implausible? (p. 12). In what (...) follows I will show that Coffman's objection is in fact misplaced. Kanean libertarianism not only is in accordance with the essence of the principles of personal responsibility that Coffman advocates, it also affords a more plausible and intelligible account of the sources of personal responsibility superior to the proposed principles. (shrink)

本书第一章介绍王船山的生平及其著述。第二章概述王船山研究情况。第三章至第八章依次介绍清代、民国与中华人民共和国成立后的王船山研究论文与著作情况。第九章介绍香港、台湾地区的王船山研究著作。.

"先秦诸子思想研究"汇聚了二十九篇论文, 二十三篇是已发表过的, 六篇为新作.一生中的粗文可能会扩张读者视野, 如"论孔子逻辑思想在先秦逻辑史上的地位"等.

本书共分为"异峰突起,细数儒学大师""儒家万千滋味,且待一一品尝""比肩而立,儒与众家何处异"上中下三篇,包括"天不生仲尼,万古长如夜""孟子取义,浩然为生""儒学之流贯千年""人之为人在于'仁'"等 14章内容.