What are the effects of word-by-word predictability on sentence processing times during the natural reading of a text? Although information complexity metrics such as surprisal and entropy reduction have been useful in addressing this question, these metrics tend to be estimated using computational language models, which require some degree of commitment to a particular theory of language processing. Taking a different approach, this study implemented a large-scale cumulative cloze task to collect word-by-word predictability data for 40 passages and compute surprisal (...) and entropy reduction values in a theory-neutral manner. A separate group of participants read the same texts while their eye movements were recorded. Results showed that increases in surprisal and entropy reduction were both associated with increases in reading times. Furthermore, these effects did not depend on the global difficulty of the text. The findings suggest that surprisal and entropy reduction independently contribute to variation in reading times, as these metrics seem to capture different aspects of lexical predictability. (shrink)

Service providers working for a service organization are asked to express such positive emotions as joy, pleasure, and politeness required at the organizational level rather than their natural emotions they are experiencing at the moment. They cannot express their emotion they are actually going through and accordingly, their level of emotional labor and emotional dissonance influence on their job commitment and trust toward their organization. This study thus set out to investigate the effects of leading variables of emotional labor on (...) the level of emotional labor and the impact of emotional labor on organizational trust and organizational commitment with a subject group of college administrative staffs. Three underlying factors such as job stress, intimacy, and professionalism were identified as the determinants of emotional labor. Conceptual background about job stress, intimacy, emotional labor, and organizational effectiveness as the core variables of the study was investigated. Based on the conceptual background and our research questions, 5 research hypotheses and the proposed research model regarding the effects of emotional labor on organizational commitment and trust were developed. We also tried to include the moderating effects of work environment and gender of service providers on the research model. Unlike many different studies on emotional labor from the traditional perspective of service, this study also offers a practical implication by expanding and applying it to the field of college administrative service, which is an area where service providers are in the different working environment from the traditional company work environment. Finally, the managerial implications and the limitations of the study were also discussed. (shrink)

Despite its long history of refugee crises, Asia lacks effective refugee protection mechanisms. Most Asian states resist ratification of the international refugee laws, and many international organizations are ineffective and lack concrete legal and political approaches to protecting refugees. Asian civil society, particularly Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network, collaborates to protect refugees by employing alternative frameworks. This paper argues that Asian civil society aims to challenge the nature of refugee protection in Asia. Instead of encouraging states to ratify the 1951 (...) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, APRRN stimulates national-level implementation of refugee protection principles and practices from below. It engages its members in global decision-making by mobilizing and sharing resources with them. APRRN frames refugee protection as international human rights issue instead of as a national security concern. (shrink)

들뢰즈와 아감벤은 철학의 영역에서 법을 사유하는 중요한 현대적 이론들을 제공하는 철학자들이다. 들뢰즈의 법에 대한 연구는 그 자신의 시간론과 밀접한 관계를 맺고 있다는 점에 그 특징이 있으며, 아감벤의 법에 대한 연구는 자신의 철학의 핵심 개념인 배제-포함 구조를 통해서 사유한다는 점에 그 특징이 있다. 그런데 두 사람은 모두 카프카를 경유하여 두 사람의 핵심적인 문제의식으로 나아간다. 먼저 들뢰즈는 카프카의 「법 앞에서」에서 우리에게 인식될 수 있도록 그 내용이 주어져 있지 않은 법이 우리에게 처벌을 내림으로써만 언표된다는 것을 읽어낸다. 더 나아가 『소송』에서 K에게 완전한 무죄판결이란 없으며 (...) 오직 판결을 ‘지연’시키는 방법만이 있을 수 있다고 말하는 화가 티토렐리에 주목하면서, 법과 시간의 문제를 탐구한다. 아감벤은 데리다의 「법 앞에서」에 대한 해석을 경유하여 카프카에 접근한다. 데리다는 열린 문 앞에서 들어가는 것이 ‘가능하지만 지금은 안 되는’ 바로 이 상황이 우리를 둘러 싼 법과 우리의 관계라는 점에 주목한 바 있다. 법에 대한 접근 가능성은 ‘지금은 안 된다’는 방식으로 무한히 지연된다는 것이다. 아감벤 역시 이러한 들어갈 수 있는 자유가 있음에도 불구하고 들어갈 수 없는, 그래서 자유롭지도 자유롭지 않지도 않은 법과 우리의 관계를 배제-포함 구조로 설명한다. 그렇기 때문에 아감벤의 카프카 읽기는 법이 그 내용이 주어져 있지 않음에도 우리를 강제하고 있음을 의미한다는 들뢰즈의 사유와 만나게 된다. 이 연구는 들뢰즈와 아감벤의 법 해석을 함께 탐구함으로써, 두 사람이 말하는 법의 강제로부터 우리를 해방시키는 방법과 그 의의를 밝혀본다. (shrink)

The aporia of violence is probably the single most important issue that defines the failure of the leftist revolutionary politics as was experienced in modern history. It is what prevented it from ultimately achieving its goal by entrapping it in the perverse effect of the sovereign violence. As is well known, Slavoj Žižek in his book, Violence, proposes us to return to the practice of messianic or divine violence that Walter Benjamin conceptualized in contrast to that of mythical violence. But, (...) such an idea of messianic violence was not just Benjamin’s, but in fact, a predominant one in the long tradition of Marxism including Marx himself. It is then hard to see how a simple return to the practice of messianic violence will assist us better than it used to in discovering alternative ways to think about violence. In this paper, I would like to engage myself in a close reading of Jacques Lacan and Louis Althusser’s discussions of violence, hoping to find such alternatives. On the issue of violence Lacan and Althusser both converge and diverge. While examining such a crossroad of sive— in both senses of the term: identity and difference—I will in the end emphasize the need to reconsider the notion of representation, which one may no longer easily put aside as opportunistic. (shrink)