The aim of this study was to investigate the association between temperament and social support and the level of quantitatively rated PTSD symptoms in a sample of HIV+ and HIV/aids men and women. A total of 310 men and women, including 182 HIV+ and 128 HIV/aids, were studied. Social support was assessed with the Berlin Social Support Scales. Temperament was assessed with the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour - Temperament Inventory. Intensity of PTSD symptoms was assessed with the PTSDF. The best (...) predictors of intensity of PTSD symptoms in HIV+ participants were support seeking and sensory sensitivity. Support seeking was positively associated, and sensory sensitivity was negatively associated with intensity of PTSD symptoms. (shrink)

More than 15 years of human behaviour genetic research at the University of Warsaw Human behaviour genetic research has been conducted at the University of Warsaw for more than 15 years. The main focus of this work have been the origins of individual differences in temperament and other personality traits. Other areas of interest include attitudes, risk factors for human health, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The majority of the research is conducted using quantitative genetic methods although recently work using molecular (...) techniques has also begun to develop. This article reviews the most important directions and findings of this research. (shrink)

This is a study of the relationship between EAS temperament traits, age and gender, and religious fundamentalism in an adult Polish sample. Participants were sampled from among people who tended towards secularisation. A total of 902 participants, including 551 women and 351 men, aged 18 to 58 were studied. Participants were students in a variety of university faculties and adults with higher education representing a variety of professions. They all lived in the Warsaw area. Temperament was assessed with Buss and (...) Plomin’s EAS Temperament Survey. Religious fundamentalism was assessed using Altemeyer and Hunsberger’s Religious Fundamentalism Scale. The level of religious fundamentalism was found to be associated with the temperament traits of sociability and anger. All three variables decrease in intensity with age. Women have higher levels of religious fundamentalism than men. (shrink)

The text is a commentary to the phenomena in Polish modern art in the final years of the 20th century. It constitutes a “first-hand” account by a participant of the events and the host of the location. The location was the author’s private workshop in the attic of a Łódź tenement house in the very centre of the city, in the circles of artists creating situations, meetings, events and objects, which established Kultura Zrzuty [the Whip-round Culture], a phenomenon which described (...) the activities of artists independent of state institutions and officials patrons in the 1980s. The analysis of the events within the area of independent Okolice Sztuki inspired the author to discuss the form of other artists and his own, who created art in Strych [literally: attic] in an unchanging conflict between physical and social existence and freedom in art. (shrink)

BL With a new preface by the authors This is an important work of original scholarship by two of the most distinguished East European economists now working in the West. The authors, both of whom were involved in the Planning Office of the Polish economy in the 1950s and 1960s, present here the results of their efforts to develop theoretically a system of economic management which could in practice avoid the worst excesses of both market capitalism and central planning. The (...) conclusions derived from this analysis are shown to open up a new dimension to the `socialism versus capitalism' controversy which has dominated much of the world throughout the twentieth century and which is especially significant as the countries of East and Central Europe re-structure their economies. (shrink)

The question of the relation between the economic reforms introduced in or contemplated by the East European communist countries (including now a days the Soviet Union as well) and China, and the pattern of income distribution is obviously of great interest: how will the increased use of market mechanisms affect the degree of inequality? Strong views on the matter are frequently voiced both by proponents and opponents of market-oriented reforms, but there is surprisingly litde empirical evidence based on systematic research. (...) To my knowledge the work under review is the first book with such an explicit objective. (shrink)

"Traum des Seins, Todt des Seiendes" sketches centuries-old history, transformations, and consequences of the baroque identification of dream and reality. The first part of the essay demonstrates that, despite commonly accepted opinion this identification originates with Descartes. In the second part of the essay, the main theme – the claim that ontological positions are dependent on the grammar of ethic languages – is introduced within the context of Schopenhauer's remarks on life and dreams. The third part of the essay further (...) develops the main theme in the course of an analysis of Descartes' "Meditation II". From a linguistic point of view, there are two following consequences for ego and cogito: either the subject (ego) does not exist, or its existence is temporarily non-continuous; either it does not exist as consciousness; or it is an unconscious being. Obviously, Descartes would accept neither. In the last analysis, ego exists merely grammatically, while (conscious) being differs from being in that it happens but is not. Since conscious being, only occurs in speech directed to somebody, death touches merely being, while being either dreams or remains silent. (shrink)

Due to the Internet, the traditional media monopoly has been irretrievably broken. Available technologies have created unavailable earlier conditions for personalization and manipulation of information that is generating to the Internet users. It is sharply noticeable with reference to the computer games, media and the potential of Web 2.0, social networking. The freedom of information concerning the social networking seem to be a temporary phenomenon—effectively dominated by the commercialization.

Refining big data is a new multipurpose way to find, collect, and analyze information obtained from the web and off-line information sources about any research subject. It gives the opportunity to investigate (with an assumed level of statistical significance) the past and current status of information on a subject, and it can even predict the future. The refining of big data makes it possible to quantitatively investigate a wide spectrum of raw information on significant human issues—social, scientific, political, business, and (...) others. Refining creates a space for new, rich sources of information and opens innovative ways for research. The article describes a procedure for refining big data and gives examples of its use. (shrink)

Wskażmy na początku trzy zasadnicze powody, które zainspirowały toruńskie środowisko filozoficzne do organizacji na Uniwersytecie Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu spotkania znawców i badaczy spuścizny twórczej Henryka Elzenberga. Pierwszy to wzgląd o charakterze rocznicowym. Mijająca w tym roku 120 rocznica urodzin i 40 rocznica śmierci Elzenberga jest właściwą chwilą stwarzającą najlepszą sposobność uczczenia pamięci wybitnego polskiego filozofa i humanisty, przywołania i podkreślenia jego dokonań w zakresie filozofii, aksjologii, etyki, estetyki, filozofii kultury i literatury. Drugi - jeśli tak rzec można - ma (...) charakter lokalny. Wiele lat dojrzałego życia i znaczna część biografii twórczej Elzenberga przypada na toruński okres jego działalności. Obok Tadeusza Czeżowskiego tworzył w Uniwersytecie Mikołaja Kopernika środowisko filozoficzne, w wydatnym stopniu kształtując jego oblicze duchowe i intelektualną kulturę. Wykłady i seminaria prowadzone w murach uczelni oraz tzw. privatissima odbywające się w domu Profesora cieszyły się niesłabnącym powodzeniem nie tylko u adeptów filozofii, ale także osób różnych zainteresowań i profesji naukowych. Mogli oni podziwiać rozległość wykształcenia i zainteresowań Profesora, jego niezwykle bogatą osobowość i finezyjną kulturę intelektualną. Szacunek budziła dociekliwość badawcza filozofa głęboko penetrująca podejmowane tematy, a szczególnie umiejętność pobudzania do twórczego myślenia i wspólnego dochodzenia do prawdy. Toruński okres w życiu Elzenberga był także - jak można to chyba bez przesady powiedzieć - zwieńczeniem drogi jego intelektualnego rozwoju i aktywności twórczej. Wszystko to stawia przed kolejnym pokoleniem filozofów związanych z toruńską uczelnią zaszczytne zobowiązania i powinności wobec osoby i dorobku Profesora. Trzeci powód jest bardziej ogólnej natury.Dzieło filozofa niewątpliwie należy do najznakomitszych osiągnięć polskiej humanistyki i powinno, naszym zdaniem, znaleźć bardziej poczesne miejsce w świadomości ludzi wykształconych, wyraźniej zaistnieć w rodzimym życiu intelektualnym. Mimo wzrastającego zainteresowania twórczością Elzenberga, istnieje w dalszym ciągu dysproporcja pomiędzy znaczeniem jego dokonań na polu aksjologii,etyki filozofii kultury, krytyki literackiej i literatury a miejscem,jakie zajmuje ona w pamięci i świadomości zbiorowej. Dlatego należy podejmować takie inicjatywy, aby najbardziej wartościowe tradycje rodzimej kultury intelektualnej nie stawały się jedynie pomnikami przeszłości, ale stanowiły przede wszystkim żywy składnik współczesnej kultury Dotychczasowe spotkania konferencyjne charakteryzowała wieloaspektowość podejścia do spuścizny filozofa. Jej badacze, dzieląc się wynikami swoich dociekań,przedstawili dowolnie wybrane tematy, koncentrując się na ich opisywaniu, wyjaśnianiu czy interpretowaniu. Wybór tematyki uzależniony był od kierunku zainteresowań i predylekcji badacza.Zaprezentowano mniej lub bardziej bogaty zestaw problemów odnoszących się do różnych aspektów myśli twórczej filozofa.Otrzymywaliśmy w efekcie analizy wybranych zagadnień z bardzo bogatego obszaru zainteresowań filozofa, począwszy od teorii wartości poprzez tematy etyczne, estetyczne, historyczno filozoficzne, aż po te z zakresu filozofii kultury, literatury, krytyki literackiej, religii i mistyki. Podejmowano także wiele innych bardziej szczegółowych i drobniejszych kwestii odnajdywanych w pismach filozofa, a zwłaszcza tych inspirowanych, imponującą bogactwem tematycznym, refleksją zobiektywizowaną na kartach Kłopotu z istnieniem.Przykładem takie wieloaspektowego odniesienia się do myśli twórczej autora Kłopotu z istnieniem była konferencja zorganizowana przez toruńskie środowisko filozoficzne w 1997 roku pod tytułem Henryk Elzenberg. Dziedzictwo idei. Filozofia - aksjologia - kultura.Tytuł bez wątpienia sugeruje, że intencją organizatorów było zakreślenie w miarę pełnej panoramy zagadnień podejmowanych przez filozofa wraz z ich analizą. (shrink)

An option available to an agent is stable if it maximizes expected utility on the hypothetical assumption that the agent is going to choose it. As is well known, some decision problems lack a stable solution. Paul Weirich (1986 and 1988) has recently proposed a decision principle which prescribes that the option chosen should be at least weakly stable--or "weakly ratifiable", to use his terminology. According to him, full stability is an excessively strong demand. I shall argue that Weirich's proposal (...) conflicts with the familiar condition of dominance. But I shall also prove that this difficulty can be avoided if we replace weak stability by "moderate" stability--where the latter property is somewhat stronger than the former. It will be seen, however, that this modification does not help against other ailments connected with stability. In particular, to heed the demand of stability (of any kind) is to engage in a form of "wishful acting". Also, the different stability demands all conflict with a close relative of the dominance condition: the condition of "indifference". According to this condition, two actions are equally choiceworthy if they would always lead to the same outcomes--whatever state the world is in. On the other hand, the conditions of dominance and indifference would both be satisfied if we replaced a demand for stability (of some kind) by a related but distinct principle of "retrievability". Retrievability and (full) stability are mutually independent properties of options, but each of them entails moderate stability. The paper ends with a discussion of the relevance of retrievability to theories of choiceworthiness and practical reason. (shrink)

In his Tractatus and Notebooks 1914-1916, Wittgenstein develops some themes concerning the nature of the subject, transcendentalism, solipsism and mysticism. Though Wittgenstein rejects a naive, psychological understanding of the subject, he preserves the idea of the metaphysical subject, so-called “philosophical I”. The present investigations exhibit two ways of grasping the subject: (1) subject as a boundary (of the world); (2) subject (I) as the world. The author of the paper aims to analyze different methods of conceiving the subject, both logical (...) and transcendental. Then he discusses the naturalistic or reductionist consequences of solipsism which were derived by Wittgenstein. Moreover, he refers to the concept of ‘subject of will’ introduced in the Tractatus. Finally, the author puts a question whether the metaphysical subject is a boundary of the world identified with the subject of will. While trying to answer this question one can point to the essential difficulties of Wittgenstein’s standpoint. These difficulties become especially evident if we examine Wittgenstein’s statements concerning mysticism. The category of subject seems to gain a new dimension when reconsidered in this context. In the conclusion, the author offers an interpretation inspired by Schopenhauer’s conception of the double aspect of the subject that is to overstep these difficulties. (shrink)

Author presents reflection on the evolution of political terms and notions throughout Russian history. In this study, as its main focus is the reconstruction of the development process of concepts and notions pertaining to the political whole. Nevertheless, these issues do surface in the context of conceptualizing the political community, as an important aspect of both political organization and political action. In Russia, certain concepts pertaining to some aspects of freedom did develop, but what never emerged was the general idea (...) of freedom as the central political issue. On the other hand, the issue of authority emerged as an independent field of thought, as a result of the despotic and anti-despotic interpretations of terms used to describe the political system. (shrink)