We demonstrate that Statistical significance (Chow 1996) includes straw man arguments against (1) effect size, (2) meta-analysis, and (3) Bayesianism. We agree with the author that in experimental designs, H0 “is the effect of chance influences on the data-collection procedure . . . it says nothing about the substantive hypothesis or its logical complement” (Chow 1996, p. 41).
O presente artigo possui o objetivo principal de se abordar acerca da importância das práticas discursivas como relevantes instrumentos no que toca o desenvolvimento e a organização dos cidadãos enquanto sociedade e sobre a possibilidade de se afirmar o discurso como ferramenta no que respeita a mudança e transformação social, ou seja, o discurso como prática social. Para tanto, apresenta-se no estudo uma abordagem sobre o desenvolvimento do discurso no decorrer do tempo, perpassando principalmente por uma análise sobre a obra (...) “A ordem do discurso”, do filósofo e historiador Paul-Michel Foucault, trazendo aos leitores maiores entendimentos sobre a evolução e importância das relações do discurso na sociedade. De igual forma, na medida em que se aprofundará o entendimento do pensador mencionado, necessário trazer aos leitores os entendimentos deste sobre sua concepção acerca da construção histórica do discurso e como a linguagem juntamente com o discurso se moldaram e evoluíram no percurso que a sociedade percorreu durante os séculos. (shrink)
Resumo Em 1747, John Wesley, spiritus rector do movimento metodista, publicou a primeira edição do seu guia medicinal Primitive Physic[k] . Qual era o seu propósito num mundo onde a academia real, herbalistas, curandeiros/as, exorcistas e charlatães competiam pela atenção da população? O artigo apresenta os diferentes grupos que atuaram, ou pretendiam atuar, em prol da saúde na Inglaterra do século 18, e compara o conteúdo do guia Primitive Physic[k] com suas propostas e estratégias terapêuticas. Conclua-se que uma parte (...) significativa do guia é composta por orientações da academia real de medicina, mas que sempre se favorecem remédios caseiros, com ingredientes acessíveis para as classes mais humildes. Quanto à chamada Spiritual Physick , menciona-se a oração como medida complementar, mas ignora-se plenamente a prática do exorcismo. Palavras-chave: John Wesley; saúde; Guia medicinal popular; Primitive Physic[k]; academia real de medicina; herbalismo; curandeirismo.In 1747, John Wesley, spiritus rector of the Methodist movement, published the first edition of his medical guide Primitive Physic[k] . What was its purpose in a world where the Royal Academy, herbalists, healers, exorcists and quacks competed for the attention of the population? The article introduces the different groups who promoted or pretended to promote health in 18th century England and compares the contents of the guide Primitive Physic[k] with their proposals and therapeutic strategies. The conclusion is that a significant portion of the guide consists of guidelines of the Royal Academy of Medicine, but that it always favors homemade remedies with ingredients available to humbler classes. In relation to the so called Spiritual Physick, prayer is mentioned as a complementary measure, but the practice of exorcism is totally ignored. Keywords: John Wesley; health; Popular Medicinal Guide; Primitive Physic[k]; Royal Academy of Medicine; herbalism; healers. (shrink)
Genomic research results and incidental findings with health implications for a research participant are of potential interest not only to the participant, but also to the participant's family. Yet investigators lack guidance on return of results to relatives, including after the participant's death. In this paper, a national working group offers consensus analysis and recommendations, including an ethical framework to guide investigators in managing this challenging issue, before and after the participant's death.
O presente artigo visa problematizar a concepção de música proposta pelo filósofo Friedrich Schelling em sua obra ‘Filosofia da Arte’, na qual essa forma artística é concebida enquanto uma potência real do Absoluto. Desse modo, pretende-se apontar para o caráter inovador e peculiar da concepção schelliniana em contraste com a noção romântica de música absoluta, assim como situá-la dentro do panorama geral do sistema de identidades desenvolvido pelo autor.
Returning genomic research results to family members raises complex questions. Genomic research on life-limiting conditions such as cancer, and research involving storage and reanalysis of data and specimens long into the future, makes these questions pressing. This author group, funded by an NIH grant, published consensus recommendations presenting a framework. This follow-up paper offers concrete guidance and tools for implementation. The group collected and analyzed relevant documents and guidance, including tools from the Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research Consortium. The authors then (...) negotiated a consensus toolkit of processes and documents. That toolkit offers sample consent and notification documents plus decision flow-charts to address return of results to family of living and deceased participants, in adult and pediatric research. Core concerns are eliciting participant preferences on sharing results with family and on choice of a representative to make decisions about sharing after participant death. (shrink)
O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a ampliação do conceito de cidadania em sua aplicação aos animais não-humanos e a relação com a ideia de sociedade decente e civilizada. Para isso, parte-se das discussões sobre os direitos dos animais na obra Zoopolis: a political theory of animal rights, de Sue Donaldson e Will Kymlicka. Ao contrário de teorias que enfatizam basicamente os aspectos negativos dos direitos animais, ou seja, o direito de não sofrer danos, não ser torturado etc., o presente (...) trabalho fundamenta um aspecto mais positivo do direito, priorizando deveres e obrigações em relação aos animais para além da perspectiva ética. Essa questão leva ao desenvolvimento de uma perspectiva política do conceito de cidadania aplicado aos animais partindo do princípio de que os espaços geográficos e públicos são compartilhados e, assim, as inter-relações entre humanos e animais são inevitáveis. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo analisa esse conceito de cidadania animal e o reflete juntamente com os conceitos de humilhação e sociedade decente e civilizada de Avichai Margalit. Por fim, busca-se fundamentar uma perspectiva homo-zoopolitica da sociedade que inclua os animais nos princípios políticos. (shrink)
FINANCIAMENTO DE PESQUISA: PNPD/CAPES A relação entre imaginação, moralidade, política e literatura: uma análise a partir de Adam Smith e Martha Nussbaum Resumo: Este artigo analisa relação da imaginação com a moralidade e a política através da literatura. Parte-se da reflexão sobre o papel da imaginação na sociabilidade e na simpatia moral, segundo Adam Smith. Para o autor, a capacidade de compreender e sentir o que ocorre com o outro exige um exercício imaginativo. Smith considera que a simpatia moral está (...) inseparável da imaginação. Essa questão é ampliada a partir do conceito de imaginação literária ou narrativa desenvolvido por Martha Nussbaum. Para a autora, a capacidade da imaginação pode ser cultivada através da literatura, pois ela possibilita a experiência de vivenciar emoções e compreender situações alheias. Isso promove e amplia uma imaginação moral capaz de proporcionar um entendimento mais amplo das relações humanas. Assim, este artigo sustenta que as humanidades e, em especial, a leitura literária, propicia uma espécie de experiência moral e uma reflexão ética e política. Isso confere à literatura um valor educacional, pois ela é capaz de promover as qualidades de uma cidadania condizente com a sociedade democrática pluralista e cosmopolita. A proposta aqui desenvolvida oferece elementos para se pensar a ética, a política e a educação na sociedade atual, valorizando e resgatando as humanidades e a cultura literária. Palavras-chave: Imaginação, ética, política, simpatia, literatura. The relation between imagination, morality, politics and literature: an analysis from Adam Smith and Martha Nussbaum: This article analyzes the relation between imagination, morality and politics through literature. We start with a reflection on the role of imagination in sociability and moral sympathy, as understood by Adam Smith. For the author, the ability to understand and feel what happens to another requires an imaginative exercise. Smith considers that moral sympathy is inseparable from the imagination. This question is amplified from the concept of literary imagination or narrative developed by Martha Nussbaum. For the author, the capacity for imagination can be cultivated through literature, as it allows the experience of emotion and understand other people´s situations. This promotes and broadens a moral imagination, capable of providing a broader understanding of human relationships. Thus, this article maintains that the humanities and, especially, literary reading, provides a kind of moral experience and an ethical-political reflection. This gives literature an educational value, as it is capable of promote the qualities of a citizenship consistent with the pluralist and cosmopolitan democratic society. The proposal developed here offers elements for thinking about ethics, politics and education in today's society, valuing and rescuing the humanities and literary culture. Key-words: Imagination, ethics, politics, sympathy, literature. La relación entre imaginación, moralidad, política y literatura: un análisis de Adam Smith y Martha Nussbaum Resumen: Este artículo analiza la relación entre imaginación, moralidad y política a través de la literatura. Comienza con una reflexión sobre el papel de la imaginación en la sociabilidad y la simpatía moral, según Adam Smith. Para el autor, la capacidad de comprender y sentir lo que le sucede a otro requiere un ejercicio imaginativo. Smith considera que la simpatía moral es inseparable de la imaginación. Esta pregunta se amplifica desde el concepto de imaginación literaria o narrativa desarrollada por Martha Nussbaum. Para el autor, la capacidad de imaginación se puede cultivar a través de la literatura, ya que permite a las personas experimentar emociones y comprender las situaciones de otras personas. Esto promueve y amplía una imaginación moral capaz de proporcionar una comprensión más amplia de las relaciones humanas. Así, este artículo sostiene que las humanidades, y especialmente la lectura literaria, proporcionan una especie de experiencia moral y una reflexión ético-política. Esto le da a la literatura un valor educativo, ya que es capaz de promover las cualidades de una ciudadanía consistente con la sociedad democrática pluralista y cosmopolita. La propuesta desarrollada aquí ofrece elementos para pensar sobre ética, política y educación en la sociedad actual, valorando y rescatando las humanidades y la cultura literaria. Palabras clave: Imaginación, ética, política, simpatía, literatura. Data de registro: 18/05/2020 Data de aceite: 05/07/2021. (shrink)
This book introduces Robert Corrington’s “ecstatic naturalism,” a new perspective in understanding “sacred” nature and naturalism, and explores what can be done with this philosophical thought. This is an excellent resource for scholars of Continental philosophy, philosophy of religion, and American pragmatism.
A pesquisa sobre quilombos tem se ampliado consideravelmente nos últimos anos, incorporando diferentes referenciais teóricos. Dentre os pesquisadores que têm contribuído para a renovação dos estudos sobre comunidades quilombolas está José Maurício Arruti, doutor em Antropologia Social e professor da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. O professor Arruti pesquisa comunidades quilombolas e povos indígenas, em especial sobre os temas Políticas de Reconhecimento, Território, Memória e Educação. Apresentamos, a seguir, a entrevista por ele concedida, em que discute aspectos de sua trajetória de (...) formação, a produção de conhecimentos sobre comunidades quilombolas, a inserção na pesquisa sobre a temática, as principais dificuldades enfrentadas por essas comunidades no atual contexto de perda gradativa de direitos. Finalizamos a entrevista com o professor Arruti nos apontando sobre seus atuais interesses de ensino e pesquisa. Palavras-chave: Quilombos; Memória; Território; Educação. (shrink)
This book is a preliminary treatment investigating how quantum physics' view of the world is related to the central concepts and doctrines of the western philosophical tradition. Recognizing the analogy between the subject-object distinction in philosophy and the instrument-system distinction in physics, Petersen sees that the problems of description in quantum theory and in philosophy have a profound kinship and suggests that quantal description and the concept of complementarity might play an important role in the solution of those problems. (...) A principal focus in this study thus becomes the idea of correspondence, through which physicists sought to establish the relation between quantum and classical physics. Petersen's approach is largely historical, beginning with an account of the development of ontological philosophy that dwells largely on Berkeley, Locke, Hume, and Kant in order to get at the point of contact between epistemology and ontology. Then comes a short history of atomism and an account of the correspondence idea in quantum physics. Finally he uses his historical accounts in a discussion of the relation of quantum physics to traditional philosophy. There is a summary in Danish at the end.--S. O. H. (shrink)
Cicero, de div. i. 107, has preserved the longest fragment of the Annals: a piece of twenty lines, describing how Romulus and Remus took the auspices to decide which of them should found, give his name to, and rule over the city. Mommsen, Ges. Schr. iv. 1 ff., declared that such auspice-taking was incompatible with Roman augural practice and indeed with the whole nature of augury: the birds could approve or disapprove but not select; selection had to be done by (...) lot . The impossible story, he argued, arose when the twin intruded into the original version which knew of one founder only; the auspices, because they were an integral part of that version, had to be adapted to the two actors. Little is heard of Mommsen's theory now; but it seems to have been contradicted explicitly only by E. Petersen, Klio ix , 42, and since his arguments, such as the finding of the large grape by Attus Navius , are perhaps not decisive, the point must be briefly settled. (shrink)
The events of 2020 have shaken the core of bioethics in a way that we hope will pave a new and equitable, though perhaps uncomfortable, path forward. We would like to thank those who responded to o...
"The main and original contribution of this volume is to offer a discussion of teleology through the prism of religion, philosophy and history. The goal is to incorporate teleology within discussions across these three disciplines rather than restrict it to one as is customarily the case. The chapters cover a wide range of topics, from individual teleologies to collective ones; ideas put forward by the French aristocrat Arthur de Gobineau and the Scottish philosopher David Hume, by the Anglican theologian and (...) founder of Methodism, John Wesley, and the English naturalist Charles Darwin; it criss-crosses intellectually and conceptually from a discussion of morality to that of the sacralisation of politics"--. (shrink)
As religiões de matriz africana foram e ainda são intensamente estudadas buscando compreender sobre o seu funcionamento, as relações construídas entre os fiéis, assim como entre os fiéis e as entidades. Essa sociedade, enquanto sociedade não-europeia, é estudada com base nos conhecimentos eurocêntricos, o que torna possível compreender as formas de abordagem do conhecimento universal sobre o Candomblé, colocando assim, o conhecimento Europeu como nativo. Dessa forma, sigo o caminho proposto pela antropóloga Marimba Ani, para pensar a roça de Candomblé (...) e a herança africana, a partir das epistemologias oriundas do terreiro. Utilizo a poesia do ogan Wesley Correia, os pensadores negros em diáspora e os africanos enquanto uma encruzilhada de caminhos possíveis a ser construído em diálogo com o romance “O mundo se despedaça”, de Chinua Achebe para enriquecer a discussão de visão-de-mundo e produção de sentido. Palavras-chave: Marimba Ani; encruzilhada; nativo; conhecimento universal; Wesley Correia. (shrink)
The problem of values has given rise to a bewildering variety of theories. Louis Lavelle set himself the task of expounding and systematizing these diverse doctrines, of making “une sorte de tableau de toutes les directions dans lesquelles s’est engagée la reflection humaine au cours de son histoire, lorsqu’il s’est agi de definir pour elle la valeur absolue et les valeurs particulières”. He tried to bring order into the work of ages, situating it in a vaster order according to his (...) own views of man’s privileged place in the universe. Of course the study of values made by this great psychologist–metaphysician was far more than a lifeless gathering together of dry concepts: it involved a representation, from a new angle, of his entire philosophy of being. “Le problème essentiel de la métaphysique, le seul dont la solution puisse éclairer notre vie et guider notre conduite, c’est le problème du rapport entre l’être et la valeur”. M. Wesley Piersol now presents a fine compendium of Lavelle’s thought on value. He divides his study into four parts, aiming at thus keeping close to the line of development of the philosopher’s views. In the first part is found Lavelle’s analysis of the faculties of the moi, sentiment, will, preference, judgment of value. From this analysis is derived his understanding of the characters of value. Next comes a section on the incarnation of value by liberty in time: thus a psychology of value develops into a metaphysics of value. Finally, there is a section on the relation between axiology and ontology. The book is well planned and the matter clearly presented but, as anybody who is acquainted with Lavell’s writings must know, clarity and charm in presentation do not eliminate difficulty. (shrink)
The problem of rational prediction, launched by Wesley Salmon, is without doubt the Achilles heel of the critical method defended by Popper. In this paper, I assess the response given both by Popper and by the popperian Alan Musgrave to this problem. Both responses are inadequate and thus the conclusion of Salmon is reinforced: without appeal to induction, there is no way to make of the practical prediction a rational action. Furthermore, the critical method needs to be vindicated if (...) one pretends that its application is suitable for the preference of a hypothesis. I argue that the nature of this vindication is such that it may be applied also to induction. Thus, to be a popperian is a good reason also to be an inductivist. (shrink)
"Featuring seventeen original essays on the ethics of Artificial Intelligence by some of the most prominent AI scientists and academic philosophers today, this volume represents the state-of-the-art thinking in this fast-growing field and highlights some of the central themes in AI and morality such as how to build ethics into AI, how to address mass unemployment as a result of automation, how to avoiding designing AI systems that perpetuate existing biases, and how to determine whether an AI is conscious. As (...) AI technologies progress, questions about the ethics of AI, in both the near-future and the long-term, become more pressing than ever. Should a self-driving car prioritize the lives of the passengers over the lives of pedestrians? Should we as a society develop autonomous weapon systems that are capable of identifying and attacking a target without human intervention? What happens when AIs become smarter and more capable than us? Could they have greater than human moral status? Can we prevent superintelligent AIs from harming us or causing our extinction? At a critical time in this fast-moving debate, thirty leading academics and researchers at the forefront of AI technology development come together to explore these existential questions, including Aaron James, Allan Dafoe, Andrea Loreggia, Andrew Critch, Azim Shariff, Carrick Flynn, Cathy O'Neil, Eliezer Yudkowsky, Eric Schwitzgebel, Frances Kamm, Francesca Rossi, Hanna Gunn, Iyad Rahwan, Jessica Taylor, JF Bonnefon, K. Brent Venable, Kate Devlin, Mara Garza, Nicholas Mattei, Nick Bostrom, Patrick LaVictoire, Peter Asaro, Peter Railton, S. Matthew Liao, Shannon Vallor, Stephen Wolfram, Steve Petersen, Stuart Russell, Susan Schneider, Wendell Wallach "--. (shrink)
As Aristotle stated, scientific explanation is based on deductive argument--yet, Wesley C. Salmon points out, not all deductive arguments are qualified explanations. The validity of the explanation must itself be examined. _Four Decades of Scientific Explanation_ provides a comprehensive account of the developments in scientific explanation that transpired in the last four decades of the twentieth century. It continues to stand as the most comprehensive treatment of the writings on the subject during these years. Building on the historic 1948 (...) essay by Carl G. Hempel and Paul Oppenheim, "Studies in the Logic of Explanation,” which introduced the deductive-nomological model on which most work on scientific explanation was based for the following four decades, Salmon goes beyond this model's inherent basis of describing empirical knowledge to tells us “not only _what,_ but also _why_.” Salmon examines the predominant models in chronological order and describes their development, refinement, and criticism or rejection. _Four Decades of Scientific Explanation_ underscores the need for a consensus of approach and ongoing evaluations of methodology in scientific explanation, with the goal of providing a better understanding of natural phenomena. (shrink)
This paper has two main goals. First, it asks whether causality is an adequate foundation for those theories of cognition and consciousness that are built upon it. The externalist revolution has reconceived all three dimensions of cognition -- the semantic, the epistemological, and the mental -- upon a foundation of 'causal connections of the appropriate type'. Yet, these new theories almost completely ignore the long-standing controversies surrounding the very nature of causality, and the very real threat that 'causality' may be (...) ill-equipped to do the work required of it. The second goal is to defend a kind of causality, largely ignored, that is grounded in the phenomenally conscious states of cognitive agents. While it is popular to try to reduce consciousness to causality, this is a kind of causality that ultimately reduces to (phenomenal) consciousness. (shrink)
The philosophical theory of scientific explanation proposed here involves a radically new treatment of causality that accords with the pervasively statistical character of contemporary science. Wesley C. Salmon describes three fundamental conceptions of scientific explanation--the epistemic, modal, and ontic. He argues that the prevailing view is untenable and that the modal conception is scientifically out-dated. Significantly revising aspects of his earlier work, he defends a causal/mechanical theory that is a version of the ontic conception. Professor Salmon's theory furnishes a (...) robust argument for scientific realism akin to the argument that convinced twentieth-century physical scientists of the existence of atoms and molecules. To do justice to such notions as irreducibly statistical laws and statistical explanation, he offers a novel account of physical randomness. The transition from the "reviewed view" of scientific explanation to the causal/mechanical model requires fundamental rethinking of basic explanatory concepts. (shrink)
This paper examines Wesley Salmon's "process" theory of causality, arguing in particular that there are four areas of inadequacy. These are that the theory is circular, that it is too vague at a crucial point, that statistical forks do not serve their intended purpose, and that Salmon has not adequately demonstrated that the theory avoids Hume's strictures about "hidden powers". A new theory is suggested, based on "conserved quantities", which fulfills Salmon's broad objectives, and which avoids the problems discussed.
Wesley Salmon is renowned for his seminal contributions to the philosophy of science. He has powerfully and permanently shaped discussion of such issues as lawlike and probabilistic explanation and the interrelation of explanatory notions to causal notions. This unique volume brings together twenty-six of his essays on subjects related to causality and explanation, written over the period 1971-1995. Six of the essays have never been published before and many others have only appeared in obscure venues. The volume includes a (...) section of accessible introductory pieces, as well as more advanced and technical pieces, and will make essential work in the philosophy of science readily available to both scholars and students. (shrink)
