O objetivo desse artigo é o de levantar algumas possibilidades de se utilizar o aporte fenomenológico para a constituição de uma nova ontologia para a Arquitetura e o Urbanismo que priorize no projeto, seja da cidade seja de uma edificação qualquer, o habitar e o sentido do lugar, num diálogo com a Filosofia. O princípio que orienta a discussão é de que hoje, como a maioria dos habitantes da Terra é urbana, nosso ser-no-mundo se consubstancia como ser-na-cidade. Essa maneira contemporânea (...) de ser pode ser observada, por exemplo, nas cidades médias e pequenas de uma urbanização dispersa, que desafia as utopias e os ideais e arquitetônicos e urbanísticos do século XIX e do século XX, colocando o desafio de se projetar segundo a imageabilidade, as marcas e matrizes paisagísticas, oferecidas por toda uma produção vernacular, esta sim, alheia aos ditames da geometria e da quantificação, e voltada para o mundo vivido. (shrink)

Le Christ devant la raison entend reprendre la question du rapport entre théologie et philosophie sous l'angle inattendu de la christologie dans ses métamorphoses modernes et contemporaines. Le projet paraît ambitieux, mais ici il s'attache à un segment de temps qui correspond à une période que l'on peut qualifier de " seconde modernité ", là où la christologie comme discipline de la théologie tend à se détacher de plus en plus du domaine où l'avait confiné l'apologétique défensive, celui de la (...) preuve, pour s'épanouir en un domaine de signification jusqu'alors inédit et qui porte le nom très précis de Christozentrik : le Christ au centre d'un ordo rerum dont il est la synthèse idéale. Mais le "christocentrisme", né d'une intensification métaphysique en théologie, n'est pas sans ambivalences. Il pourrait mettre à mal la logique de la foi et le paradoxe fondamental qui la soutient et dont la christologie est précisément la forme intelligible. Les ambitions spéculatives de la christologie ecclésiale n'en demeurent pas moins intactes. (shrink)

No longer confined to traditional institutions devoted to Talmudic studies, havruta work, or the practice of students studying materials in pairs, has become a relatively widespread phenomenon across denominational and educational settings of Jewish learning. However, until now there has been little discussion of what havruta text study entails and how it might be conceptualized and taught. This book breaks new ground from two perspectives: by offering a model of havruta text study situated in broader theories of interpretation and learning, (...) and by treating havruta text study as composed of textual, interpersonal and intra-personal practices which can be taught and learned. We lay out the conceptual foundations of our approach and provide examples of their pedagogical implementation for the teaching of havruta text study. Included are illustrative lesson plans, teachers' notes and students’ reflections, exercises for students, and other instructional materials for teaching core concepts and practices. (shrink)

The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic quickly necessitated digital learning, which bore challenges for all pupils but especially for groups disadvantaged in a virtual classroom. As some studies indicate persistent differences between boys and girls in use of technologies and related skills, the aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in the digital learning environment students faced in spring 2020. Previous studies investigating gender differences in digital learning largely used biological sex as the only indicator of gender. This (...) study includes both biological sex and gender role self-concept in order to investigate the role of gender in different components of this stereotyped domain in a more differentiated way. A total of 19,190 Austrian secondary school students participated in an online study in April 2020 and answered questions regarding their competence beliefs, intrinsic value, engagement, and perceived teacher support in digital learning during the pandemic-induced school closures. Results showed higher perceived teacher support, intrinsic value, and learning engagement among girls than boys, while no significant sex differences were found in competence beliefs regarding digital learning. Furthermore, our results indicated clear benefits of an androgynous gender role self-concept for all studied components of digital learning. Implications of the findings for theory and practice are discussed. (shrink)

In his recent work, Providence and Prayer, Terrance Tiessen considers a variety of views on divine providence ranging from those in which God’s sovereignty is a risky business to so-called no-risk views. Tiessen tentatively settles on a no-risk view he dubs ‘A Middle Knowledge Calvinist Model of Providence.’ I argue that, given a compatibilist account of free will, an essential feature of Calvinism, there is no room for the threefold distinction between God’s natural, middle, and free knowledge. The knowledge a (...) Calvinist God possesses must be entirely free knowledge or entirely natural knowledge. (shrink)

Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche and sociologist Norbert Elias are both famous for their influential interpretations of modern European culture as a whole. Nietzsche s On the Genealogy of Morals and Elias The Civilizing Process crossed disciplinary boundaries with respect to both content and method, and both books are still of great contemporary interest. This volume brings international specialists together for the first time to explore the connections between these two works. ".

The term “innovation” or “innovative care” has recently gained attention in the context of the use of novel and not yet fully validated medical interventions and technologies. Most notably, there have been various incidences of medical activities insufficiently validated for its regular use in healthcare that fall into this category, such as stem cell treatments, genome sequencing for diagnostic purposes, or novel reproductive technologies. Latin American countries are among the places where new and non-validated medical activities take place, notably due (...) to a lack of clear regulations and the poor support of authorities of existent legal and ethical guidelines, which is driven by “hidden battles” on the moral status of certain interventions. The increasing importance of innovative care underlines the importance of developing a general framework for these practices. Therefore, the present chapter scrutinizes this nascent field of inquiry in Latin America and offers a conceptual framework for innovation as well as its ethical justification. As we will argue, an important use of the term “innovation” or “innovative care” is best interpreted as “new non-validated practice” and not as a research activity. Then, we will defend that responsible innovation understood as responsible new non-validated practice is ethically permissible and poses an acceptable medical option if done in exceptional circumstances—where no reasonable alternatives can be provided to an individual patient—and following special ethical principles. Finally, we focus on the peculiarities and specific difficulties the concept of new non-validated practice poses to the Latin American context. We will conclude the chapter by some remarks and recommendations we draw from our analysis for individual patients, doctors, and societies in Latin America. (shrink)

Equal access to vaccines has been one of the key ethical challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most scholars consider the massive purchase and hoarding of vaccines by high-income countries, especially at the beginning of the pandemic, to be unjust towards the vulnerable living in low-income countries. A recent proposal by Andreas Albertsen of a vaccine tax has been put forward to remedy this problem. Under such a scheme, high-income countries would pay a contribution, conceptualised as a vaccine tax, dedicated to (...) buying vaccines and distributing them to low and middle-income countries. Proceeding from this proposal, we critically assess the feasibility of a vaccine tax and suggest how to conceptualise and implement a vaccine tax in practice. We present our ‘VaxTax model’ and explore its comparative advantages and disadvantages while considering other possible measures to address the global vaccine access problem, also in view of future pandemics and disease outbreaks. (shrink)

What has the past reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic taught us? We have seen that many low and middle-income countries (LMICs) still lack access to vaccines, and it seems little progress has been made in the last few months and year. This article discusses whether the current strategies, most notably, vaccine donations by the international community and the COVID-19 global access facility COVAX, offer meaningful solutions to tackle the problem. At the centre of our analysis, we compare the concepts of (...) “donations” and “charity” with “vaccine equity” and the “empowerment” of poorer countries. We suggest that the achievement of fair global vaccine production requires that our global approach is supportive of the idea of empowerment. We, therefore, need structural reforms, which would most importantly include capacity building, to positively impact this goal and to take the interests of the global poor seriously. (shrink)

(1996). A European influence in British local government discourse? The European Legacy: Vol. 1, Fourth International Conference of the International Society for the study of European Ideas, pp. 580-585.

What has the past reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic taught us? We have seen that many low and middle-income countries (LMICs) still lack access to vaccines, and it seems little progress has been made in the last few months and year. This article discusses whether the current strategies, most notably, vaccine donations by the international community and the COVID-19 global access facility COVAX, offer meaningful solutions to tackle the problem. At the centre of our analysis, we compare the concepts of (...) “donations” and “charity” with “vaccine equity” and the “empowerment” of poorer countries. We suggest that the achievement of fair global vaccine production requires that our global approach is supportive of the idea of empowerment. We, therefore, need structural reforms, which would most importantly include capacity building, to positively impact this goal and to take the interests of the global poor seriously. (shrink)

La violencia en México, específicamente en algunos estados de la República mexicana en donde la población se enfrenta a situaciones de peligro, tiene como una de tantas consecuencias la ausencia de personal médico que se desempeñe como profesional y proporcione servicios de salud en estas zonas rurales. En este sentido, es de considerar que la asignación de recursos humanos en salud es fundamental para el funcionamiento de un sistema eficiente y observar las causas por las que médicos que desde el (...) servicio social hasta el desempeño de su especialidad no consideran trabajar en lugares en donde se sienten vulnerables. En este proceso, es importante visibilizar los cuestionamientos éticos que pueden surgir por lo que este trabajo pretende dar importancia al tema de la exposición de circunstancias, hechos y cifras dentro de esta problemática y plantear las cuestiones normativas pertinentes dentro de este contexto. (shrink)

What we here show is two-fold. First, there is in certain sectors of the legal community a trend to pronounce negatively on the epistemic credentials of religious belief: many hold that religious belief as such is simply irrational. Our second claim is simply that religious belief need not be irrational: it is perfectly possible for religious believers to have epistemically justified religious beliefs. We discuss here several implications of our two-fold claim. The most important of these is simply that religious (...) citizens’ religious beliefs cannot be barred from the public square for any epistemological reason. (shrink)

Die vorliegende Interviewstudie untersucht ethische Herausforderungen des Pflegealltags in Einrichtungen der Langzeitpflege aus Sicht der Pflegepersonen während der Covid-19-Pandemie. Durch das explorative, wie auch deskriptive methodische Vorgehen liegen Interviewdaten vor, die vier Themenbereichen zugeordnet werden können, die eine komplexe und teilweise konfliktreiche Arbeits- und Lebenswirklichkeit der Langzeitpflege in der Pandemie aufzeigen. Zum einen werden von den Pflegepersonen die staatlich und institutionell getroffenen Schutzmaßnahmen sowie die daraus resultierenden Einschränkungen der persönlichen Freiheit der Bewohner:innen kritisch reflektiert und damit verbunden der Grad der (...) Selbstbestimmtheit der Bewohner:innen von Alten- und Pflegeheimen in der Pandemie hinterfragt. Zum anderen wird – gegeben der pandemiebedingten Maßnahmen – das pflegerische Handeln im Arbeits- und Lebensort Heim als herausfordernd und die Möglichkeiten pflegerischer Fürsorge als stark eingeschränkt beschrieben. Genannt werden hier als konkrete Herausforderungen veränderte pflegerische Prozesse und Pflegequalität, wie auch eine veränderte Beziehungsqualität zu den Bewohner:innen.Diese vier Themenbereiche können grundsätzlich den ethischen Prinzipien der Autonomie und Fürsorge zugeordnet werden und präsentieren eine inhaltlich relevante Konkretisierung der prinzipienorientierten ethischen Herausforderungen. In der Zusammenschau und Interpretation der Ergebnisse wird ersichtlich, dass die interviewten Pflegepersonen die Beachtung und Umsetzung des Autonomie-Prinzips im pflegerischen Alltag eng mit dem Fürsorgeprinzip und dem daraus resultierenden Wohltun für die Bewohner:innen verknüpfen.Unsere Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass der in den letzten Jahrzehnten erarbeitete Paradigmenwechsel in der Langzeitpflege durch die Covid-19-Pandemie geschwächt wurde. Zudem machen die berichteten moralischen Unsicherheiten und Konflikte klar, dass Pflegepersonen Unterstützung hinsichtlich der ethischen Reflexion ihres pflegerischen Handelns benötigen und eine nachhaltige Integration von Ethikberatung in Langzeitpflegeeinrichtungen einen möglichen Lösungsansatz darstellen kann. (shrink)

Beck uses the term `subpolitics' to refer to forms of politics outside and beyond the representative institutions of the political system of nation-states. From the perspective of the theory of reflexive modernization, the proliferation of subpolitics indicates a weakening of the `iron cage' of bureaucratic, state-oriented politics. We argue that subpolitics does indeed challenge conventional notions of politics. It mobilizes sources of societal influence that transcend the formal political system. In particular, subpolitics correlates with the command over positive or negative (...) sanctions and the capacity for uncertainty absorption. This can be illustrated in the areas of scientific expertise, corporate decision-making and political consumption. Those cases show that the political system cannot monopolize the means of societal influence. For a political system that regards itself as the centre of society, this must be irritating. For sociology, however, it provides the opportunity to part with such an inappropriate account of the role of politics in modern society. (shrink)

Volume 19, Issue 6, June 2019, Page 42-44.

Risk is the probability that within a certain time some expected negative event will take place. In medicine risk can be related to a decision or to some intrinsic factors which are associated with the probability of the occurrence of a disease. Decisions can be necessary in the individual life with respect to the question of visiting a physician or performing a certain diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. The introduction of new pharmaceutical or technical products into medical use are another set (...) of decisions which can generate certain risks. Intrinsic or inherent risk factors are a set of variables or signs and symptoms which indicate the presence of a certain probability that some disease or event, e.g., arteriosclerosis or sudden infant death syndrome, may occur. Risk is always related to judgement. In a decision process cost, effectiveness and profit can be used to estimate the magnitude of the risk to be taken. In a similar way the problems in connection with an inherent risk are primarily related to the recognition of the magnitude of risk and to the possibility of prophylactic measures.In our own area of research, the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is an event where only risk factors can be observed. We point at two facts in this context: Highly complex patterns of symptoms like behaviour can better be classified by intuitive Gestalt perception. A medical procedure like induction of labour can itself become a risk factor. (shrink)

The ‘socially valuable knowledge’ principle has been widely acknowledged as one of the most important guiding principles for biomedical research involving human subjects. The principle states that the potential of producing socially valuable knowledge is a necessary requirement, although not sufficient, for the ethical conduct of research projects. This is due to the assumption that the social value of knowledge avoids exploitation of research subjects and justifies the use of health resources. However, more recently, several authors have started interrogating the (...) validity of SVK in research and offered various lines of argument against the SVK principle as a necessary constraint to research. In this article, I will reconstruct the main arguments of this discussion between defenders and debunkers of the SVK principle and offer a third way to consider the social value of knowledge in research studies. I will argue that the social value of knowledge can be supported by an independent justification. This justification of the SVK principle addresses the rationality and common interest of researchers. Thus, I will introduce the SVK principle as a safeguarding principle for public trust based on a conceptual framework by Alex John London. My approach justifies keeping the principle as a precautionary and rational requirement for human health research that all rational stakeholders can agree upon. (shrink)

A commentary on “Models of Consent to Return of Incidental Findings in Genomic Research,” by Paul S. Appelbaum, Erik Parens, Cameron R. Waldman, Robert Klitzman, Abby Fyer, Josue Martinez, W. Nicholson Price II, and Wendy K. Chung, in the July‐August 2014 issue.

Mexico's pandemic management and the absence of measures have been harshly criticized as being disproportionate. This paper examines whether the proportionality principle was properly applied to Mexico's COVID-19 response and outlines three reasons against such an endeavor, namely (i) the content of “proportionate measures” remained insufficiently well defined, (ii) there were yet fundamental rights conflicts to resolve, and (iii) the situation was moreover characterized by epistemic uncertainty.

En 1965, Karl Rahner et Karl Lehmann publièrent une étude documentée et systématique sur les rapports entre kérygme et dogme, quintessence des travaux en cours dans ce domaine, au moment où s'achevait le concile Vatican II. Un premier principe consensuel allait se dégager de ces travaux. Son impact touchera directement la fonction régulatrice des langages de la foi, autrement dit du caractère principiel et originaire de cette fonction dévolue aux formules de confessions présentes dans l'écriture néotestamentaire. Il s'agissait en somme (...) de poser et de justifier les principes d'une interprétation dogmatique de l'Ecriture. L'une des questions cruciales alors débattues tournait autour de la signification d'un objet de foi saisissable en énoncés de vérité, objet qui ne pouvait consister en une simple sequela Christi, ou être ramené à une anthropologie existentiale. Une place pour le dogme semblait subsister. Ce processus va déboucher sur une interprétation " extensive " du dogme à laquelle V. Holzer consacre ici l'essentiel de ses analyses. In 1965, Karl Rahner and Karl Lehmann published a documented and systematic study of the relationship between kerygma and dogma, the quintessence of work being done in the field when the Second Vatican council was coming to an end. An initial consensual principle would come out of this work. It was to have a direct impact on the regulating function of the languages of faith, in other words the nature of this function as principle and origin allotted to the formulas of confessions present in New Testament writing. In short, it involved laying down and justifying the principles of a dogmatic interpretation of Scripture. One of the crucial questions debated at the time revolved around the meaning of an object of faith that can be grasped in true statements, an object that could not consist of a mere sequela Christi or be reduced to an existential anthropology. A place for dogma seemed to remain. This process was going to culminate in an "extensive" interpretation of dogma, to which V. Holzer devotes most of his analyses here. (shrink)

Wird Sprache gesprochen, erzwingt die Zeit eine Abfolge der Zeichen: Es wird immer nur ein bestimmtes Zeichen gleichzeitig ausgesprochen und somit ergibt sich eine eindeutige zeitliche Reihung. Diese Reihung wurde beim Aufkommen der Schrift beibehalten: Es ist möglich, die Zeichen eines Textes auf einem fortlaufenden Band aufzuschreiben. Diese lineare Ordnung wird aus verschiedenen Gründen durchbrochen, was jeweils mit Abfolgeregeln bezahlt werden muss: Die zweidimensionale Darstellung und das Buchformat erleichtern den Lesefluss; Seiten- und Zeilennummerierungen erlauben einen direkteren Zugriff auf Teile des (...) Textes; Titel sollen die Bedeutung der ihnen untergeordneten Schriftzeichen repräsentieren; im Inhaltsverzeichnis wird daher nicht nur die reine Abfolge der Schriftzeichen im Text fassbar, sondern auch in gewisser Weise die Abfolge der Bedeutungen. (shrink)

This article offers a critical examination of the travel diaries written by Gershom Scholem (1897–1982), a well-known pioneer scholar of Jewish mysticism and a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1946, Scholem was sent to Prague on behalf of the Hebrew University to retrieve the Nazi-looted Jewish libraries from Czechoslovakia to Palestine. In recent years, at the same time as a significant rise of scholarly interest in the fate of the plundered Jewish books and manuscripts, Scholem’s accounts have (...) come to serve as a main source of information on the Jewish cultural property in the Bohemian lands. Where most of the currently available studies take his description of the Czechoslovak restitution affairs almost for granted, this article seeks to adopt a more distant approach to these materials, by undertaking a comparison with the documentation produced by the local Jewish bodies and the archival sources of the Czechoslovak authorities responsible for the management of Jewish assets. Zooming in on the encounter between Scholem and the leaders of the Jewish community in Prague, the paper points especially to the multiple misunderstandings that arose between the two parties during his visit. It then explores the difference between his and the Prague protagonists’ perspectives on the Nazi-looted Jewish cultural property. (shrink)