The question of the secularity of society still remains open, since scientists have proposed only cautious speculative answers, while every scientist understands that in the social sciences it is a sad experience of predictions, that history is random and therefore unpredictable and the future always remains fundamentally open. The process of transformation of postmodern society, the development of which is actively influenced by the current pandemy of COVID-19, entailed the revival of religious values ​​and the formation of a qualitatively new (...) religious consciousness. In connection with the rise in the social status of religious consciousness and the widespread dissemination of religious ideas, primarily at the everyday level, the analysis of individual religious consciousness as one of the ways to comprehend the world is of particular importance. The social nature of religious consciousness is manifested not only in the fact that religious values ​​are perceived as a kind of khanism of social regulation, but also in the fact that they serve as epistemological guidelines and often compete with scientific values. This determines the growing philosophical interest in the analysis of the epistemological functions of religion and secular reality, as well as the cognitive capabilities of religious consciousness, which is impossible without a consistent study of the methodological basis of religious knowledge. (shrink)

The article discusses the main anthropological ideas in diaspore’s prose in the context of existing traditions and postmodern stylistic characteristics. It also highlights characteristic features of the Ukrainian diaspora’s prose. The latter contains the views on the literary character as personality, as well as the world and place of humans in it. Importantly, the research follows the concepts of Christian theology, superhuman, rationalism, and postmodernism. It also emphasizes the axiological matrices of humans and their worldviews. The scientific value of the (...) article lies in disclosing anthropological models that correspond to axiological functionality. Using the prose of the Ukrainian diaspora and the art of words, the authors of the article attempt to find how to overcome the crisis of human and society. The proposed approach allows finding the place of humans in this world and give their lives meaning. It shows that the world is beautiful and cannot exist on its own, given that it acts as one’s awareness. At the same time, the anthropological concept is considered a system. Furthermore, the authors have applied a system of theoretical-methodological approaches to the problem in question. It was important to identify the main theoretical principles of the research, describe anthropological ideas of prose and highlight anthropological ideas in the Ukrainian diaspora’s prose in the context of existing traditions and postmodern postulates. (shrink)

The main purpose of the educational activities of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the 20-30th years of the twentieth century. was the upbringing of the younger generation. The Church's Church created a holistic system of its activities, which was intended to broaden the Christian upbringing.

Transcription‐coupled repair (TCR) is a phenomenon that exists in a wide variety of organisms from bacteria to humans. This mechanism allows cells to repair the actively transcribed DNA strand much faster than the non‐transcribed one. At the sites of bulky DNA damage RNA polymerase stalls, initiating recruitment of the repair machinery. It is a commonly accepted paradigm that bacterial cells utilize a sole coupling factor, called Mfd to initiate TCR. According to that model, Mfd removes transcription complexes stalled at the (...) lesion site and simultaneously recruits repair machinery. However, this model was recently put in doubt by various discrepancies between the proposed universal role of Mfd in the TCR and its biochemical and phenotypical properties. Here, I present a second pathway of bacterial TCR recently discovered in my laboratory, which does not involve Mfd but implicates a common repair factor, UvrD, in a central position in the process. (shrink)

Пропонована стаття відкриває нові відомості про участь вітчизняних науковців у Нобелівському рухові від року його виникнення. Показано, що Україна має інтелектуальний потенціал, щоби входити до чільної групи лідерів міжнародного Нобелівського руху. Також автор статті намагається розкрити причини інертного ставлення сучасного суспільства й влади до підтримки й участі в Нобелівському русі.

The article considers the development of the ideas of Christian realism as a philosophical and ethical concept of Reinhold Niebuhr. The background of the development of Christian realism’s ideas is described. It is noted that the most impact had Niebuhr’s personal attitude to philosophy and epistemology, as well as the practical experience of serving in Detroit. The methodological approach of Niebuhr is defined as a contrast between the ideal and the real, with the subsequent solving of the conflict between them. (...) It is noted that from the Niebuhr’s point of view, the transforming power of Christianity is rooted in moral and metaphysical dualism, where ethics subordinates metaphysics and gives strength to social and cultural transformations of humanity. It turned out that the ethical concept of Christian realism includes the classification of people as idealists, realists and cynics. Idealists are people who are mainly focused on idealistic concepts that are not represented in the real world. Idealists usually have distorted worldview because they deny taking into account the realities of the world. That also makes them vulnerable to manipulation of cynics. Realists are people who take into account all factors and all known sources of power in the real world, and have a pragmatic position, which is based on moral and ethical qualities. Cynics are those who have a pragmatic position to the world and relations with others, but they guide themselves only by personal interest and egoistic needs, and do not bother with moral restraints. In addition, the relationship of Niebuhr and other neo-orthodoxy theologians is described. Among them there are Karl Barth, Paul Tillich, Emil Brunner and Rudolf Bultmann. The polemic between Niebuhr and Bart is noted. It is shown that the main difference between Bart and Niebuhr was in the theological perspective: for Bart it was mostly dogmatic, and for Niebuhr - ethical and apologetical. The most similar to the theological position of Niebuhr is Brunner's theology, but the differences between them are in relation to the natural law. It is noted that the discrepancy between Niebuhr and Bultmann was an interpretation of the concept of myth. Finally, the contribution of neo-orthodoxy to the development of theology of the twentieth century is considered. It consists of five main achievements: the definition of theology of revelation as a concept of knowledge of God, the rethinking of biblical texts as carriers of kerigma, the historical contextualization of theological tradition, the rethinking of the Reformation’s ideas, and the ecumenical emphasis in theology. (shrink)

У статті розглянуто тенденції розвитку актуальних питань сучасної вітчизняної есхатології: концепції «часу» та «справедливості». Розкрито богословсько-історичний фон розвитку есхатологічних ідей, продемонстровано сучасні тенденції у світлі праць визнаних богословів. Показано вузлові та критичні моменти розвитку есхатологічних уявлень у світлі праць К.Барта та Ю.Мольтмана, які пропонували альтернативний погляд існуючій леніарній есхатології у присутності вічності в кожному історичному моменті часу. У питанні справедливості і вічного покарання в пеклі автор звертається до концепції «антиномія геєни» П.Флоренського як засобу пошуку примирення ідей Божої справедливості, любові та (...) необхідності покарання. (shrink)

Статья посвящена исследованию финансового состояния предприятия сферы услуг. Стабилизация финансового состояния является приоритетным направлением отдельно взятого предприятия и экономической системы в целом. Предлагается решить обеспечение стабильности финансовой деятельности предприятия с помощью нейронной сетевой модели кластеризации - самоорганизующихся карт Кохонена - мощного механизма кластеризации, что позволяет отобразить результаты финансового анализа в виде компактных и удобных для интерпретации двумерных карт. В работе проанализированы услуги предприятия и проведена сегментация базы посетителей, построены профили пользователей услуг путем выявления их похожего поведения в плане частоты, типа (...) заказанных услуг, проведена оценка наиболее и наименее прибыльных сегментов. Сегментация посетителей отеля-ресторана проведена с помощью подхода, основанного на алгоритме Кохонена, и кластеризации объектов по алгоритму Кохонена. Данный интерфейс используется для поиска закономерностей в больших массивах данных, что позволяет проводить разведывательный анализ данных, который отличается от классических статистических процедур. (shrink)

Since August 24, 1991, when my first article on the proclamation of a new Ukrainian state was published, I have already written 20 such articles. Over the years, from an ardent young man who was watching with amazement and joy from the gallery of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR for proclaiming independence, I turned into a middle-aged man, convinced that even the purest intentions could be distorted and crossed out with public indifference. And the state, about which I (...) dreamed, never took place - there was only a soulless shell, like a dried cocoon, from which, it seems, the butterfly will never fly out. (shrink)

An overview of current publications on new religious movements causes the researcher to feel uncertain. Whatever article or scientific review we have taken, everywhere we find diametrically opposite judgments about the same phenomenon, which is not even defined. The question arises: is there a general methodological research program for this phenomenon? Is there a comprehensive analysis of this phenomenon, in particular, the construction of a satisfactory classification? Here we can recall the words of the famous researcher M. Mueller that the (...) basis of all true science lies in the classification, and if we fail to classify religious beliefs, we will have to conclude that scientific study of religion is impossible. (shrink)

In modern science, classifications occupy a special place. In many areas of knowledge, they are the canonized type of product of scientific activity. That is why all the information obtained by the researchers tends to formulate in the form of those or other classifications of the investigated objects themselves, their separately considered properties, composition, structure, genesis, placement, etc. However, the quality of already built classifications, as a rule, does not suit the specialists. When creating the same new, there are numerous (...) difficulties, which are impossible to overcome, because there are no theoretical and methodological means. The development of these tools is complicated by the lack of clarity of the very concept of classification, the lack of clear notions of classification as a special phenomenon of knowledge. (shrink)

В статті досліджується проблема пошуку чинників, які впливають як на розвиток суспільства взагалі, і особливо в процесі його переходу від стану модерну до постмодерну. Проводячи порівняння з тим процесом, який відбувся при переході від аграрного суспільства до індустріального та від «природної держави» до «штучної», вказується на сукупність чинників, які можуть впливати на розвиток економіки та сприяти добробуту в якомусь конкретному суспільстві («порядок відкритого доступу», наявність організацій, інститутів, певних чеснот, переконань, системи норм/цінностей тощо). Хоча в цьому процесі беруть участь різні чинники (...) і спрацьовує їх певна конфігурація, загалом можна визначити деякі орієнтири, що дозволяють побудувати певну стратегію щодо бажаних змін у тому чи іншому суспільстві. Обґрунтовується теза, що сучасний соціальний розвиток пов'язаний одночасно як з орієнтацією на новітні інформаційно-комунікативні технології, так і з удосконаленням людського капіталу та інститутів, що забезпечують його розвиток. (shrink)

In article, author exploring the works of Gregory Skovoroda, which include a social philosophical aspects. The problems of society structure, optimization of social relations considered.

У статті автор аналізує твір "Казка бочки" Джонатана Свіфта, виділяючи соціально-філософські та протосоціологічні тези мислителя. При цьому проводиться думка про те, що сам Дж. Свіфт, безумовно, є не лише відомим літератором, а й оригінальним філософом доби Просвітництва, сатиричні твори якого містять висновки, цікаві для сучасних дослідників.

In the article by Vitalii Bondarchuk "Obedience to the Pope as the identifying features of the Uniate Church — a debate between Christopher Filalet and Ipatii Potii" authentic points of view of polemicists who were direct participants in the Union of Brest are analyzed. It was determined that the opponents have a different purpose dealing with this issue and resolve it using different methods. Both discussants have exemplary erudition concerning the past of the issue but they don’t outline the issue (...) in the context of the future of the Uniate Church. (shrink)

Актуальність статті полягає у необхідності висвітлення особливостей формування процесів нормотворчості, які спростили діяльність закладів вищої духовної освіти та висвітлення практичних аспектів для діяльності даних закладів в практичному просторі та площині. У статті здійснено аналіз нормативно-правового забезпечення діяльності закладів вищої духовної освіти та процесу становлення даної нормативної бази в 2013–2018 роках. Стаття складається умовно з двох частин, в яких висвітлено: передумови формування нормативно-правової бази щодо діяльності вищих закладів духовної освіти та представлений аналіз сучасного стану даної нормативної бази. Перспективи подальших досліджень полягають (...) у висвітленні подальших перспектив розвитку богословської освіти та вищих закладів духовної освіти в контексті сформованої на сьогоднішній день нормативно-правової бази. (shrink)

У статті аналізується культурно-історичні фактори появи вчення про двох Афродіт у промові Павсанія. Для більш детального дослідження виділяється два основних аспекта даного вчення, а саме – етичний та естетичний. Етичний аспект полягає в тому, що вводиться тема чесноти щодо любові. Встановлюється дихотомія між «благородним» і «поганим» типами любові. Естетичний контекст даного вчення Павсанія полягає у тому, що люди можуть йти шляхом любові як від прекрасного до потворного, так і від потворного та прекрасного.

У статті докладно аналізується Аристофанів міф про андрогінів, відображений у «Бенкеті» Платона. Наголошується, що комічність природи любові полягає в тому, що пошук другої половинки в кожного неповторний, сповнений парадоксальністю, неоднозначністю, невідповідністю, а також тим, що віднаходження предмету любові супроводжується як радісними, так і сумними моментами. Трагічність любові у даному міфі [Symp.192d-e] визначається унікальністю предмету любові та зустрічі з ним; конечністю дискурсу любові; роллю та значенням розлуки і вірності в любові.

У статті на основі збережених фрагментів праць античних скептиків та епікурейців аналізується їхній погляд на любов. Автор доводить, що дані філософські школи мають як спільні, так і відмітні риси щодо їх розуміння природи любові, її праксеології, значення у людському житті.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationship between moral heuristics and two types of information processing. To achieve this goal, moral heuristics will be considered in the context of a dual-process theory. Type 1 processes (deliberate) are being defined as consciously controlled and Type 2 processes (intuitive) as those that occur without conscious control. Heuristics are not one of the types of information processing, but a methodor procedure that simplifies information processing for decision-makers. This simplification can be (...) achieved both in deliberate and intuitive ways. Therefore, heuristics can operate at the different levels of the information processing. The level at which heuristics work depends on the heuristic itself, the person (their experience, cognitive qualities, etc.), environment, and problem that needs to be solved. (shrink)

The study contains the interpretation of F. Nietzsche's concept “Übermensch” as a program of modern human’s orientation within conditions of secularization. The “Übermensch” is presented as a form and a mode of secularized ethics. Such interpretation gave the methodological instruments to describe the main features of contemporary ideological and world view tendencies and their changes character, including such processes in Ukraine.

The influence of the religious factor on all spheres of public life can not be overestimated, because in the beginning of the XXI century more than 71% of Ukrainians consider themselves believers. At the same time, under the conditions of globalization, the boundaries between the Catholic and Orthodox Europe, between the Christian and Islamic cultural worlds, which some experts consider as "civilizational faults", are clearly traceable. And it is on the line of this fault, in their opinion, that Ukraine is. (...) Migration processes seem to promote interpenetration of cultures, but, as practice shows, religious cultures do not mix, but continue to exist in their original form. Many states, regions, cities, which until recently were considered monoconfessional, became largely confidential. (shrink)

The leadership of the Russian Federation made visible organization and invested significant financial resources in support of the Russian Orthodox Church, making the latter a cementing ideological component of the Moscow government, its various aggressive policy. So, since 2012, the state support for the 2016 year celebration of the "1000th anniversary of the Russian presence on Athos" has begun. On this occasion, a special order of Russian President Vladimir Putin on October 16, 2012 for №468-rp "On creation of working groups...". (...) The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine appealed to the Specialized Department of the Department of Religious Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine with a request to comment on the next aspiration of the Russian Federation to steal Ukrainian history, attributing to itself what the Muscovites do not have any direct relation to. (shrink)

According to the World Christian Encyclopedia, as early as 1980, the classic Pentecost was transformed into the world's largest union of Protestants. At that time, the number of his faithful was about 51 million. persons other than 11 million Pentecostal charisma. Thus, 75 years after its inception, there have already been 62 million Pentecostals worldwide in more than 100 countries.Given the dynamics of the Pentecostal period, it can be argued that neophytes attract some attractive elements of the doctrine into its (...) ranks. This is what actualizes the identified problem and will be the subject of our research. In the light of this, the subject of our study is an analysis of the development of the cornerstone doctrine of the Pentecostal doctrine - the "baptism of the Holy Spirit" and its essential eschatological characteristics. The main objectives of the study include: 1) determining the causes and timing of the Pentecostal "awakening movement"; 2) exploring the main stages of the Pentecostal movement and the doctrinalisation of the Pentecostal doctrine; 3) summarizing the basic typological characteristics of Pentecostal eschatology and defining its essential characteristics. (shrink)

At the intersection of the second and third millennia in connection with the natural and social cataclysms that are taking on a global character, the eschatological prophecies about the end of the world have intensified the coming of the millennial Kingdom of God. In contrast to the existing problems, the Kingdom of God is offered as an ideal system of government with such qualitative characteristics as equality, justice, material and spiritual completeness.

The article deals with the essential characteristics of Protestant modernism and the main stages of its evolution. The analysis of liberal theology and new orthodoxy which established modern approaches to the interpretation of the fundamental principles of Christianity. A new image architectonics and ideology of Ukrainian Protestantism that arose in the context of globalization and inculturation.

The year 2000 was interpreted by theologians of different currents as "special", "final", as one that should determine the further fate of mankind. The points of view for the period that will follow after him, and accordingly the fate of civilization in the future, were quite pessimistic. They can be classified in the following sequence: civilization has reached the limit of its existence, it will gradually die; The global problems of the present are a sign of the "end of time". (...) From here two perspectives: believers expect salvation, eternity, paradise, the kingdom of God on earth, and nonbelievers, respectively, eternal suffering, non-being. Therefore, the end of 2000, according to theologians, marks a prehistory, and the next millennium - a true story, the history of a new, God's civilization. (shrink)

Investigating religion as a social phenomenon, sociology of religion goes to its communication function, revealing the communicative nature of each of its elements. The V.Dokash's article shows how these questions were solved by the classics of the sociology of religion, in particular E. Durkheim, K. Marx, S. Freud, V. Bryan, O. Kond, P. Berger, C.Glock and others.

If we analyze our legislation in detail, we can see that there are so-called “legal scissors”. On the one hand, the law guarantees freedom by equalizing the rights of all citizens of the state, and on the other - leaves believers outside the legal field declaring separation from the church. It should be noted that even the Law on Education does not guarantee the right to receive alternative education for children of believers, regardless of their affiliation with a religious organization, (...) in educational institutions. It should also be noted that even in the years of Ukraine's independence, the issue of granting theological education a proper status that would equate it to secular rights has not yet been resolved. Again, the principle is the separation of the school and the church. Here are some questions. (shrink)

The problem of resurrection is one of the most pressing issues of any eschatology and religious futurology. She has always interested not only theologians and scholars, but also ordinary believers. After all, it is about believing in the possibility of continuing human life, life in eternity. The doctrine of the resurrection is at the heart of Scripture because it is directly related to the problem of salvation. It should be noted that in the secular religious studies this issue has been (...) researched, most scholars have given it a negative characteristic. (shrink)

The paper proposes an epistemic taxonomy of assertives based on a concept of epistemic presuppositions. Epistemic presuppositions are a special kind of pragmatic presuppositions, which describe the structure of hearer’s and speaker’s meta-reasoning. The epistemic taxonomy of assertives is based on the operator of strong common belief (sCB). It is argued that the properties of a strong common belief operator (positive and negative introspection, non-factivity) are relevant for the analysis of pragmatics presuppositions. Also strong common belief operator is used for (...) the explication of gricean epistemic construction: “the Speaker thinks (and would expect the hearer to think that the speaker thinks…”. The assertives’ taxonomy for an utterance φ consists of the following basic types: “1. Non-Literal Utterances” (sCBS,H¬φ) and “2. Literal Utterances” (¬sCBS,H¬φ). Non-Literal Utterances is divided into two groups: “1.1. Conventional Literal Utterances“ (there is a convention such that means ψ in a context c.) and “1.2. Non- Conventional Literal Utterances“ (there no such convention). There are two types of Literal Utterances “2.1. Semantically Trivial Utterances (sCBS,Hφ)” and “2.2. Semantically Non-Trivial Utterances (¬sCBS,Hφ)”. Semantically Trivial Utterances is divided into two parts: “2.1.1. Conventional Semantically Trivial Utterances” (there is a convention such that means ψ in a context c) and “2.1.2. Non-conventional Semantically Trivial Utterances” (there no such convention). Semantically Non-Trivial Utterances is divided into two parts: “2.2.1. Insincere Utterances” BS¬φ and “2.2.2. Sincere Utterances ¬BS¬φ. There are two types of Sincere Utterances “2.2.2.1. Credible Utterances” (BSφ) and “2.2.2.2. Non-credible Utterances”). (shrink)

In the history of the Christian Church in general, and Ukraine in particular, Orthodox-Catholic relations occupy an extremely important place. The dramatic, as a fact of church and religious life, they attracted the attention of a large number of scholars of different fields of knowledge and research interests. Arsena Rychynsky, a well-known Ukrainian religious scholar whose views on the problem of unity of the Christian Church, overwhelmingly, are scientifically valid, meaningfully original and prognostically relevant. Under such a review, we would (...) like to update some of the researcher's provisions, which directly or indirectly correlate with the uniqueness in her Ukrainian expression. To this end, we recall that, by the exact definition of I. Lysyak-Rudnytsky, Ukraine is quite rightly considered a classic country of the unified tradition. Located on the border of the two worlds, by which we understand the Orthodox East and the Catholic West, it has become the subject of influence of both the Greek and Roman Churches, which, after all, has caused acute religious and religious events in Rus-Ukraine. inter-confessional controversy and repeated attempts at Orthodox-Catholic reconciliation, and even unification. (shrink)

From the year of Ukraine's proclamation of state independence, a qualitatively different one began, without exaggeration - an epochal period of its development. The cherished dream of many generations of Ukrainians to live in an independent Fatherland has finally acquired a real outline, which in the post-Soviet consciousness of the million-minded people of Ukraine has been associated with centuries of cherished hopes for nation-wide peace, harmony, prosperity and happiness. But Ukraine is already in the second half of the 80's, and (...) more recently - in the early 90's of the twentieth century. entered a period of dramatic and all-encompassing changes, which predetermined the rapid dynamics of the acquisition by the Ukrainian ethnos of its substantive self, and in particular that of spiritual and religious literacy, which related to the need for self-knowledge and self-awareness and found expression in the intensification of Ukrainian religiosity. Involvement in the process of broad strata of Ukrainian citizens, and consequently people of different views, religions and beliefs, as well as the intensity of socio-ideological shifts, not only contributed to the enrichment of ideas about spirituality, but in fact led to its value-based revision. (shrink)

In the article, based on the elaboration of a large array of literature on the topic, as well as direct and inclusive study of ritual practice, mainly orthodoxy, reveals the place and functional purpose of the religious factor in the complex structure of the religious phenomenon, in various manifestations of religious life.

The article "Protestantism: to the causes of growth and spread at an early stage of its development" by V.Shevchenko deals with the epochmaking phenomenon of Protestantism, its exceptional place, role and significance in the history of Christian progress during past five hundred years. Special attention is dedicated to disclosure of number of some reasons, which caused the appearance of Protestantism.

As we begin to cover the events that immediately preceded the proclamation of the unification act of 1596, we do not think it necessary to prove how complex and responsible the case is. After all, despite the multifaceted nature of the phenomenon, which will later be called the Union of Brest, it is difficult for the researcher to abstract from its consequences, which had a significant impact on the course of the church and religious process of the last four centuries (...) in its regional and Christian community as a whole. It is not easy to understand the religious semantics of this fateful event, which was closely connected with the complex of concepts of state and cultural content. Therefore, we emphasize the self-evident: in the systemic order, Orthodox hypodynamism, which had its worst manifestation in the cultural inferiority of local self-sufficiency, was bound to become a brake on mature church-religious transformations. (shrink)

The cult and ritual sphere is an important component of the religious complex, which is usually understood as a collection of ritual acts related to the worship of supernatural reality and aimed at achieving the bond of the believer with the object of worship. As an inalienable attribute of the religious phenomenon, the cult was created along with its occurrence and is characterized by the complication of manifestation in the process of historical development. Having an amazingly wide arsenal of expression, (...) the ritual is usually formed on a specific religious basis and includes the cultural and artistic means of realization, ethnological features of embodiment, political and ideological factors of the order. In addition, at the level of interreligious interaction, the ritual ritual complex accumulates many elements of previous beliefs, symbolic and symbolic nature of which allows us to speak about the continuity of the religious tradition. In fact, this feature of ceremonial actions gives grounds to speak of a ritual ritual complex as a unique symbiotic entity, in spite of the fact that religious adherents are often considered to be an exclusive ritual, that is to say, the indisputable nature of their cult professed, whereas in the perception and appreciation of the wider public, associate with the top national achievements, sacred property. (shrink)

Surprisingly, the fact is that despite the well-studied sources of sources as well as the large number of studies devoted to the Union of Brest, this phenomenon of church-religious life of Ukraine at the end of the seventeenth century and is still perceived ambiguously. At the same time, the sharply negative attitude to this fateful event on the part of the Orthodox spheres was and remains predominant. Suffice it to recall that I. Franko's Brest union was "a fruit of betrayal (...) of the people and father's faith, fatal for Russia, and for Poland as a result of Jesuit intrigues," but according to class-ideological approaches of Soviet times, was considered "the main form of Catholic expansion on Ukrainian lands » Contributions made by the recent scientists to the interpretation of this significant event, too, do not inspire particular optimism, causing misunderstandings, and with them a lot of questions of the most different property. (shrink)

The Council of Trent of 1545-1563, which, incidentally, was not only long lasting but also difficult to convene, reflected a completely unstable general Christian situation during a period of rapid reformation. It is known that its foundations amounted to 95 Luther abstracts, and the subsequent course of events necessitated the immediate convening of the Ecumenical Council. Pope Clement VII made real attempts to do so, but did not reach the goal as a result of the war. Bulla of June 12, (...) 1536, his successor Pope Paul III also ordered the convening of the Ecumenical Forum of Christians in May 1537, but, as in the first case, there was a war again in the event of its holding. For the same reason, the cathedral did not gather in November 1542. Only in March 1545 the cathedral was convened, and in December of the same year - officially opened in Trident. (shrink)

Despite the universal status of the Ferrara-Florentine Cathedral, the union of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches approved by him provoked ambiguous, but often very negative reactions. This is especially true of the Orthodox East, where the idea of ​​inter-church unification ages in a row was subjected to devastating criticism, and in cases of real attempts to introduce the union, there was a strong resistance from the individual zealots of the Byzantine Orthodoxy and their supporters. An exception to this rule was (...) not the Orthodox Russia, the spiritual leader of which and the believer, and subsequently the researchers of various fields of humanitarian knowledge, did not reach a common view on the canonicality of the Ferrara-Florence Union, and thus the legal basis for its introduction. (shrink)

As already mentioned, based on a number of goals and methods of classification, Ukrainian religious studies have been divided into two disciplines - academic and theological. The former, in particular, is characterized by historicity, tolerance, non-confession, objectivity and pluralism. Instead, theological religious studies, based on the belief in the truth of Divine Revelation and the indisputable authority of Scripture, are characterized by apologetic and confessional aspirations, which are accordingly manifested in affirming the truth of a particular religious doctrine and religious (...) belief. Some peculiarity of this division is the fact that according to which the classification principles of foreign religious studies are shifted into the sphere of internal and external specifics of the study of religious phenomenon, as opposed to domestic religious studies, whose study is often based on the ideological and supernatural components of the worldview what religion. (shrink)

The categorical rejection of the Ferrara-Florence Union by the Moscow leadership, as sometimes restrained, is sometimes unconcerned, but in general, the positive attitude towards the communist act of unification of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches from the side of the ruling circles of the Commonwealth is a fact that is undeniable and scientifically irrefutable. However, not all of those who have been guarding the ideological support for this self-evident nature for more than half a century are prepared to take into (...) account the positional distinction that touches the intra-Orthodox sphere. Therefore, I would like to present an account of the explanation of the factors that brought about the theory of "Moscow - III Rome" to life, and also led to the emergence of "Letters of Misail". (shrink)

The Second Vatican Council is not in vain, and with full responsibility is called a landmark event. Without exaggeration, we can say that he renewed the face of the Catholic Church.At that time, the issue of reform, but rather, said that the Church's restoration was virtually "vibrant in the air". Thus, for example, Pope Pius XII in the Encyclical "Mediator Dei" was entertaining over certain aspects of the modernization of the Liturgy. And in general, the world, which in the middle (...) of the last century had not yet recovered from two terrible wars that lived in a state of global hostility, called the Cold War, was particularly in need of an open Church. (shrink)

Adorno's work “What does‘processing of the Рast’ mean” for the first time was presented as a report on November 6, 1959 before the Coordination Council on Christian-Jewish Cooperation. In this work Adorno considered the essence of social ideology prevailing in postwar Germany, which predetermined the strategies of social reconciliation with the political crimes of the former national-socialist power. According to the philosopher the social ideology of the consumer society uses a large number of appropriate means to stabilize its dominant position (...) in society. First of all this ideology tries to eliminate the collective historical memory of people about the horrors of the war period, trying to squeeze them out of the collective consciousness, in particular, through the memories of people about the “best times” of life under the “guardianship” of the previous totalitarian power. The philosopher marked as surrogate the identity of these people which socially integrated only through the authority of the power personality. They do not identify themselves with the victims of the totalitarian regime because of the influence on their consciousness of the cultural elements of this social ideology. Another consequence of this influence is the alienation of these people from the idea of democracy as a factor of properly sociocultural transformations. Adorno defined the new “democratic pedagogy” and the enlightenment as a “second education” as effective means to overcome this influence. They are practically implemented in a society as those educated people who have knowledge about the past crimes of the totalitarian regime. In this manner they cause within the educational process of the effective “re-education of the Past” through the formation of a personal understanding of an individual about social causes and the terrible consequences of rule of a totalitarian regime. This makes possible of his “political full-grown” and makes impossible of historic recurrence of the crimes of authoritarian power in Europe. (shrink)

In the framework of a cosmological model of the Universe filled with a nonrelativistic particle soup, we easily reproduce inflation due to the quantum potential. The lightest particles in the soup serve as a driving force of this simple, natural and promising mechanism. It is explicitly demonstrated that the appropriate choice of their mass and fraction leads to reasonable numbers of e-folds. Thus, the direct introduction of the quantum potential into cosmology of the earliest Universe gives ample opportunities of successful (...) reconsideration of the modern inflationary theory. (shrink)

Department of Philosophy of Religion The Department of Religious Studies of IF NASU during 2006-2008 carried out the specified planned theme. Below we present its sections in the summary. The full study material will be published in the monograph under the same title, which will be published by the end of 2009. The book can be used as a textbook on religious studies.