The principle of subsidiarity can be an effective tool for adjusting economic systems and establishing the social rule-of-law concept in public organisation. In considering the usability of the principle of subsidiarity, the following aspects thereof are discussed: the role in the development of the European social model; employment in determining limits for the powers of the public and private sectors; the application in the market and planned economy systems; and the social justice function in the development of a social welfare (...) state. The principle of subsidiarity as an instrument for individuals’ interests, balancing and adjusting in the regulation of economic systems, helps to establish the relative sizes of public policy and the market, as subsidiarity can help ensure a more equitable distribution of public goods while guaranteeing the maintenance of the creative potency of operators and minimal satisfaction of vital needs of individuals unable to contribute to the production of goods. It amounts to a constitutional measure determining the balance of productive and protective state, thus ensuring the stability of the state organisation. In the concept of a social rule-of-law state, subsidiarity draws clear limits to the state’s powers, institutionally bringing together efforts of all members of the community to achieve welfare in the state. (shrink)

The article discusses the problems of development of women’s political rights in Lithuania in the legal historical aspect starting from the 16th century, when some property and individual rights were enshrined in the first codifications of the laws of the Great Duchy of Lithuania. The aim of the article is to show that women’s struggle for political equality and suffrage at the end of the 19th and at the turn of the 20th century correlates with the movement for re-establishment of (...) the independent State of Lithuania. As a result in Lithuania equal suffrage and political rights were ensured from the very beginning of independence. In 1905 the Great Seimas of Vilnius recognized the principles of equality of women and men and declared the principles of equal general election to the Seimas (parliament); women’s suffrage, as one of the elements of legal equality, became constitutionally entrenched already in the first temporary Constitution of the State of Lithuania in 1918. At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century women’s rights have been further developed, moreover, the first woman was elected as President of the Republic in the national elections in May 2009. (shrink)

The company's profit and profitability are one of the most important criteria for assessing the enterprise performance. According to the achieved results of profit and profitability, it is being judged what benefits may receive different interest groups of the company - owners, employees, investors and creditors. All business enterprises are concerned to increase the profitability. The article analyses the theoretical aspects of profit and profitability assessment. The analysis of scientific literature of foreign and Lithuanian authors suggests that the company's profitability (...) analysis helps to determine the financial aspects of the company's financial performance, to assess the current situation in order to make appropriate management decisions. The company's profit and profitability are one of the most important criteria for assessing the enterprise performance. According to the achieved results of profit and profitability, it is being judged what benefits may receive different interest groups of the company - owners, employees, investors and creditors. All business enterprises are concerned to increase the profitability. The article analyses the theoretical aspects of profit and profitability assessmentWhile assessing company’s activity efficiency in various aspects, its competitiveness and growth possibilities, it is not enough to analyse absolute profit indices and based on them to take particular decisions, because an absolute profit index does not reflect company’s real financial situation. More comprehensive information is obtained by calculating relative profitability indices and comparing them with profitability. Besides, profitability indices in a structured form provide to company’s managers the most important and most precise information in form of indicators based on which there is a possibility to assess company’s financial situation and to forecast company’s future financial situation, foresee activity’s success and failures. Therefore, even a profitable company needs a constant analysis of these indices, their dynamics, affecting factors, because due to affecting factors the company’s managers can assess and forecast profitability indices. In search for the ways how to increase a profit and profitability indices, it is very relevant for the company’s managers to assess introduction of new services to a market, because new implemented services reach a success, the company’s managers can take decisions, determining dynamics of development of profitability indices, and direct company’s management towards profitable direction.The article analyses the theoretical aspects of profit and profitability assessment. The analysis of scientific literature of foreign and Lithuanian authors suggests that the company's profitability analysis helps to determine the financial aspects of the company's financial performance, to assess the current situation in order to make appropriate management decisions. (shrink)

Nowadays, the major depressive disorder is a common disease that negatively affects the life quality of many people around the world. As MDD symptoms are closely related with the changes in food and eating, the relation between patients’ emotional responses and food tastes could be used as criteria for diagnostic. Until now, studies on the emotional response to different food tastes for patients affected by MDD have been poorly described in literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate (...) the emotional response of patients suffering from MDD to the imagined different food tastes and to compare the results with a control group. Emotional responses in tested participants were induced by using cards with words of basic food tastes such as “sweet,” “salty,” “bitter,” “sour,” and “neutral.” The assessment of emotional response was performed with FaceReader 6 software. The outcome of this study showed that participants with MDD expressed lower “happy” and “contempt” and higher “surprised” emotions, along with a higher negative valence mean, in comparison with controls for all tested basic tastes of food. When Likert scale was used, significant differences in response were only found for “sour” and “salty” imaginary tastes between healthy group and patients with MDD. The findings of this study provide the additional data on food–associated emotion analysis of MDD patients and could be useful for the further development of the contactless method for early diagnosis of MDD. (shrink)

The relevance of the research is that work is an importantin human life, ensuring income, providing a possibility to realize oneself, to establish oneself in a certain environment that meets human ambitions. Job satisfaction is a general feeling that an employee feels with respect to him/her and his/her job. The main factor of job satisfaction is internal, involving responsibility for decision-making, ability to use their skills and abilities, achieve goals, learn new things and evaluate one‘s activities. Today job satisfaction is (...) one of the most frequently investigated objects in organizational research and one of the most complicated areas that face today's executives who seek to avoid staff turnover and save the best employees. As a result, employers are increasingly focusing on their employees, their expectations and job satisfaction, as companies are currently experiencing a rapidly changing, innovation-driven period that can lead to tensions and negative social consequences. Job satisfaction is becoming an increasingly relevant topic as it threatens the loss of highly skilled professionals and, consequently, market positions. Research methodology. The paper seeks to analyze theoretical aspects of employee job satisfaction. Methods applied in the work systematization, comparison and synthesis of scientific literature. The aim of the article is to carry out the analysis of scientific literature in the aspect of employee job satisfaction. Objectives of the paper: to examine the concept of job satisfaction, to discuss the factors affecting job satisfaction, to reveal theoretical aspect of the role of job satisfaction. Analysis of recent research and publications. Recently, much attention has been paid to human resources management. Human resources management includes organizational development, human resource development and labor relations. Therefore, it is important for the company to motivate its employees and seek their effective engagement into the job. The key to efficient job results is job satisfaction.Job satisfaction is a multifaceted concept and there is still no general agreement about job satisfaction. Different authors have different attitudes towards job satisfaction. The problem analyze R. Hoppock, V. H. Vroom; K. Davis, J. W. Nestrom; P. E. Spector; D. Statt; B. Aziri et all. Conclusion. The employees, satisfied with the job, affect the company: the happier and more satisfied employees work, the better they feel at work, work more productively, their work results are higher. The employees who are satisfied with the job are motivated to do work better, feel obliged and committed to their company, are loyal and responsible, more friendly with colleagues, seek communication and cooperation, new knowledge and skills, and achieve better working results. All this affects customer satisfaction and loyalty to the company. So, job satisfaction is related to the organization's progress, profit, competitiveness and success. (shrink)