19 found
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  1.  80
    The history of autonomy in medicine from antiquity to principlism.Toni C. Saad - 2018 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 21 (1):125-137.
    Respect for Autonomy has been a mainstay of medical ethics since its enshrinement as one of the four principles of biomedical ethics by Beauchamp and Childress’ in the late 1970s. This paper traces the development of this modern concept from Antiquity to the present day, paying attention to its Enlightenment origins in Kant and Rousseau. The rapid C20th developments of bioethics and RFA are then considered in the context of the post-war period and American socio-political thought. The validity and utility (...)
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  2.  32
    Conscientious Objection and Clinical Judgement: The Right to Refuse to Harm.Toni C. Saad - 2019 - The New Bioethics 25 (3):248-261.
    This paper argues that healthcare aims at the good of health, that this pursuit of the good necessitates conscience, and that conscience is required in every practical judgement, including clinical...
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  3. Hormone replacement therapy: informed consent without assessment?Toni C. Saad, Bruce Philip Blackshaw & Daniel Rodger - 2019 - Journal of Medical Ethics 45 (12):1-2.
    Florence Ashley has argued that requiring patients with gender dysphoria to undergo an assessment and referral from a mental health professional before undergoing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is unethical and may represent an unconscious hostility towards transgender people. We respond, first, by showing that Ashley has conflated the self-reporting of symptoms with self-diagnosis, and that this is not consistent with the standard model of informed consent to medical treatment. Second, we note that the model of informed consent involved in cosmetic (...)
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  4.  36
    Mistakes and missed opportunities regarding cosmetic surgery and conscientious objection.Toni C. Saad - 2018 - Journal of Medical Ethics 44 (9):649-650.
    In her paper ‘Cosmetic surgery and conscientious objection’, Minerva rightly identifies cosmetic surgery as an interesting test case for the question of conscientious objection in medicine. Her treatment of this important subject, however, seems problematic. It is argued that Minerva's suggestion that a doctor has a prima facie duty to satisfy patient preferences even against his better clinical judgment, which we call Patient Preference Absolutism, must be regarded with scepticism. This is because it overlooks an important distinction regarding autonomy's meaning (...)
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  5.  37
    Testing conscientious objection by the norm of medicine.Toni C. Saad & Gregory Jackson - 2018 - Clinical Ethics 13 (1):9-16.
    Debate persists over the place of conscience in medicine. Some argue for the complete exclusion of conscientious objection, while others claim an absolute right of refusal. This paper proposes that claims of conscientious objection can and should be permitted if they concern kinds of actions which fall outside of the normative standard of medicine, which is the pursuit of health. Medical practice which meets this criterion we call medicine qua medicine. If conscientious refusal concerns something consonant with the health-restoring aims (...)
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  6.  29
    Conscientious objection: unmasking the impartial spectator.Toni C. Saad - 2019 - Journal of Medical Ethics 45 (10):677-678.
    Hoping to bring some objectivity to the debate, Ben-Moshe has argued that conscientious objection in medicine should be accommodated based on its concordance with the ‘impartial spectator’, a metaphor for conscience drawn from the writings of Adam Smith. This response finds fault with this account on two fronts: first, that its claim to objectivity is unsubstantiated; second, that it implicitly relies on moral absolutes, despite claiming that conscience is a social construct, thereby calling its coherence and claims into question. Briefly, (...)
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  7.  29
    Against the nihilism of ‘legal age change’: response to Räsänen.Toni C. Saad - 2019 - Journal of Medical Ethics 45 (7):465-466.
    Räsänen has attempted to make a moral case for permitting some people to change their legal age: if someone considers that their chronological age does not correspond to their emotional age or biological age, and they face age-based discrimination as a result, they may change the legal record of their age. This response considers some of the problems with Räsänen’s paper, including its reliance on equivocation. It concludes that what is billed as a moral argument turns out to be a (...)
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  8.  22
    Re-Examining the idea of internal morality in medicine.Christopher Chen-Wei Ng & Toni C. Saad - 2021 - The New Bioethics 27 (3):230-244.
    This article considers the idea of medicine’s internal morality as it is understood by its various proponents. Although the use of the phrase ‘internal morality’ in relation to medicine predates Ed...
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  9. Responding to objections to gatekeeping for hormone replacement therapy.Toni C. Saad, Daniel Rodger & Bruce Philip Blackshaw - 2019 - Journal of Medical Ethics 45 (12):828-829.
    Florence Ashley has responded to our response to ‘Gatekeeping hormone replacement therapy for transgender patients is dehumanising.’ Ashley criticises some of our objections to their view that patients seeking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for gender dysphoria should not have to undergo a prior psychological assessment. Here we clarify our objections, most importantly that concerning the parity between cosmetic surgery and the sort of intervention Ashley has in mind. Firstly, we show Ashley’s criticism of our comparison is insubstantial. We then examine (...)
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  10.  65
    The Moral Inadequacy of Cremation.Toni C. Saad - 2017 - The New Bioethics 23 (3):249-260.
    Cremation has substantial practical benefits. Not only is it much cheaper than traditional burial, but it also comes without its ecological burden. Despite this, we argue that cremation is an inadequate way of disposing of the dead because it entails the destruction of community memory, and, by extension, community and individual identity. It deprives the living of these benefits, while also treating the dead in way which goes against common intuitions about personhood, anthropology and respect for the will of the (...)
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  11. Can conscientious objection lead to eugenic practices against LGBT individuals?Toni C. Saad & Daniel Rodger - 2019 - Bioethics 33 (4):524-528.
    In a recent article in this journal, Abram Brummett argues that new and future assisted reproductive technologies will provide challenging ethical questions relating to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) persons. Brummett notes that it is likely that some clinicians may wish to conscientiously object to offering assisted reproductive technologies to LGBT couples on moral or religious grounds, and argues that such appeals to conscience should be constrained. We argue that Brummett's case is unsuccessful because he: does not adequately interact (...)
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  12. Reply: Conscientious objection to deceased organ donation by healthcare professionals.Michal Pruski & Toni C. Saad - 2018 - Journal of the Intensive Care Society 19 (4):NP1.
    Here we respond to Shaw et al., and show why the application of Conscientious Objection cannot be dismissed from cases of organ donation, where the donor is presumed to be dead.
     
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  13.  41
    A medical curriculum in transition: audit and student perspective of undergraduate teaching of ethics and professionalism.Toni C. Saad, Stephen Riley & Richard Hain - 2017 - Journal of Medical Ethics 43 (11):766-770.
    Introduction The General Medical Council stipulates that doctors must be competent professionals, not merely scholars and practitioners. Medical school curricula should enable students to develop professional values and competencies. Additionally, medical schools are moving towards integrated undergraduate curricula, Cardiff's C21 being one such example. Methods We carried out an audit to determine the extent to which C21 delivers GMC professionalism competencies, and a student questionnaire to explore student perspective on ethics and professionalism. Results and discussion C21 delivers explicit or implicit (...)
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  14.  21
    From Human Dignity to Natural Law: An Introduction.Toni C. Saad - 2020 - The New Bioethics 27 (1):96-99.
    Natural law is probably the most misrepresented and, therefore, unfairly dismissed ethical theory. If current academic ethics were a battlefield, it would be littered with the felled strawmen alleg...
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  15.  15
    False Positive.Toni C. Saad - 2020 - The New Bioethics 26 (3):284-286.
    Volume 26, Issue 3, September 2020, Page 284-286.
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  16.  32
    The Cambridge Companion to Natural Law Jurisprudence.Toni C. Saad - 2017 - The New Bioethics 23 (3):263-265.
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  17.  36
    The reality of conscientious objection: Response to Shahvisi.Toni C. Saad & David M. Rassam - 2019 - Clinical Ethics 14 (1):9-17.
    Arianne Shahvisi has argued that a doctor’s conscientious objection to abortion is a misuse of their authority which unduly burdens patients and, moreover, does not succeed in its aim of exculpating objectors from participating in perceived evil. We examine these claims in this response. First, we ask what the ‘conscience clause’ really requires of doctors and whether Shahvisi has interpreted it correctly. Second, we explore the notions of vulnerability and power in the doctor–patient relationship and cast doubt on Shahvisi’s claims (...)
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  18.  23
    With the End in Mind: Dying, Death and Wisdom in an Age of Denial.Toni C. Saad - 2018 - The New Bioethics 24 (1):97-99.
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  19.  31
    On Human Nature. [REVIEW]Toni C. Saad - 2017 - The New Bioethics 23 (2):183-185.
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