Paleoneuranatomy is an emerging subfield of paleontological research with great potential for the study of evolution. However, the interpretation of fossilized nervous tissues is a difficult task and presently lacks a rigorous methodology. We critically review here cases of neural tissue preservation reported in Cambrian arthropods, following a set of fundamental paleontological criteria for their recognition. These criteria are based on a variety of taphonomic parameters and account for morphoanatomical complexity. Application of these criteria shows that firm evidence for fossilized (...) nervous tissues is less abundant and detailed than previously reported, and we synthesize here evidence that has stronger support. We argue that the vascular system, and in particular its lacunae, may be central to the understanding of many of the fossilized peri-intestinal features known across Cambrian arthropods. In conclusion, our results suggest the need for caution in the interpretation of evidence for fossilized neural tissue, which will increase the accuracy of evolutionary scenarios. (shrink)

In light of the dramatic growth of Chinese learners worldwide and a need for cross-linguistic research on Chinese literacy development, this study drew upon theories of visual complexity effect (Su & Samuels, 2010) and dual-coding processing (Sadoski & Paivio, 2013) and investigated a) the effects of character properties (i.e., visual complexity and radical presence) on character acquisition and b) the relationship between individual learner differences in radical awareness and character acquisition. Participants included adolescent English-speaking beginning learners of Chinese in the (...) U.S. Following Kuo et al. (2014), a novel character acquisition task was used to investigate the process of acquiring the meaning of new characters. Results showed that a) characters with radicals and with less visual complexity were easier to acquire than characters without radicals and with greater visual complexity; and b) individual differences in radical awareness were associated with the acquisition of all types of characters, but the association was more pronounced with the acquisition of characters with radicals. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings were discussed. (shrink)

ObjectivesHostile attribution bias is reportedly common from non-clinical population to those with serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia, and is known to be closely related to theory of mind. This study aimed to investigate whether ToM skills mediate the relationship among neurocognitive ability, personality traits, and attribution bias.MethodsA total of 198 non-clinical youths were recruited. To assess their neurocognitive ability and ToM skills, the participants were asked to complete Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices and the Korean version of the Reading the (...) Mind in Eyes Test. To determine their personality traits, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and interpersonal reactivity index were used. To evaluate hostile attribution bias, the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire was administered. Path analysis and bias-corrected percentile bootstrap methods were used to estimate model fit and the parameters of the mediating effects.ResultsBased on model comparison, the best model characterized two direct pathways from psychoticism and the K-RMET to hostility attribution bias and three indirect pathways, wherein SPM, perspective taking, and psychoticism influenced hostile attribution bias through K-RMET. The final model fit indices were good [x2/df = 1.126; comparative fit index = 0.996; root mean square error of approximation = 0.026; standard root mean square residual = 0.026 and Akaike information criterion = 28.251] and the K-RMET fully mediated the association between SPM, perspective taking, psychoticism, and hostile attribution bias.ConclusionThe main findings suggested that ToM skills, such as the RMET, play an important role in explaining the relationship among neurocognitive ability, personality traits, and hostile attribution bias. ToM skills and a remediation strategy may need to be developed to balance the enhanced hostility bias that underlies the paranoia. (shrink)

이 논문은 동교 민태식의 철학과 군자 리더쉽에 대해 연구한 것이다. 동교는 엄혹한 시대 속에서도 어려서부터 유가의 학풍 속에서 한학과 서예 지도를 받았 으며 우리나라 유학의 정통을 계승하였다. 그의 삶과 철학에는 유학사상이 언제나 깊게 자 리하고 있었으며, 그의 바람직한 생각과 행동을 할 수 있는 리더스피릿으로 기능할 수 있 었다. 동교는 유교철학과 서예로 인격을 함양할 수 있는 수신의 리더쉽을 갖게 되고, 나아가 문자향을 꽃피우는 예술가로서의 고고한 삶을 보낼 수 있었다. 그는 대학 총장으로서 인화 를 강조하며, 인간 존중을 바탕으로 섬기고 봉사하는 자세로 구성원들을 (...) 후원하고 지지함 으로써 잠재력을 이끌어 내는 서번트 리더쉽을 발휘하였다. 동교는 인본주의를 주창하여 인간의 존엄성을 고취하였으며, 지성의 연마와 감성의 조 화와 의지의 단련으로 지(知) 인(仁) 용(勇)을 겸비한 인격을 갖추어야 한다고 주장하였 다. 참 스승으로서의 지 인 용의 덕목을 평생의 방향과 가치로 삼고 군자 리더쉽을 발휘 했던 것이다. 이와 같이 동교는 일생 동안 홍익대도의 길에서 자아 발견에 노력하여, 삶 자체가 군자 의 삶이 되어 ‘군자’라는 칭호를 받게 되었다. 그는 우리들에게 한국인의 정체성을 찾아 한 국인이 나아갈 바를 제시하고 있다. (shrink)

Enhanced by 140 images, a documentary chronicle of Chicago's parks profiles thirty-one of the city's finest spaces--both contemporary and historical-along with detailed vignettes and captions to trace their development.

현대 한국선도를 대표하는 봉우 권태훈의 사상은 그 폭이 매우 넓으면서도 깊다. 이 글은 봉우의 유불도 삼가사상 가운데 도가사상에 초점을 맞춰 그 철학적 의의를 탐색해본 것이다. 특히 봉우가 도가사상을 일방적으로 수용한 측면보다는 도가사상의 철학적 요소들 을 자기화하여 주체적으로 변용한 내용들을 중심으로 그 의의를 살펴본 특징이 있다. 이 글은 『음부경』의 오적(五賊: 오행을 훔쳐옴) 사상을 대체한 호흡법의 의의, 쓸모없음의 쓸 모를 아는 인재관 제창의 문제, 현재적 시의성 강조와 그 도가철학적 지반에 관한 세 가지 주제를 통해 봉우의 도가사상에 대한 입장을 검토해본 것이다. 봉우의 도가사상에 (...) 대한 입 장을 이해하기 위해서는 그가 본 『음부경』과 도가사상의 관계에 대해 주목해보지 않으면 안 된다. 봉우는 도가사상을 대표하는 노장의 사상이 『음부경』에 영향을 미쳤을 것이라는 일반적 사고와는 달리 『음부경』의 사상이 노장에게 영향을 미쳤다고 주장한다. 봉우는 『음부경』의 사상이 후대에 전승되어 노장사상으로 전개된 것이라고 보고, 그 핵심이 호흡 법에 있다고 한다. 그리고 호흡법과 같이 세상사람들이 중요하게 생각하지 않는 쓸모의 문제에 대해 반성한다. 그래서 봉우는 도가사상의 ‘쓸모없음의 쓸모’의 문제에 주목하 고,‘쓸모없음의 진정한 쓸모’를 가진 인재관을 제창한다. 더 나아가 도가철학적 시간관 이 지금-여기의 현재성을 강조한다는 점을 통해 도가철학의 의의가 결코 퇴행적이거나 현실도피적인 것이 아님을 강변한다. 이와 같은 봉우의 도가사상에 대한 주체적 변용의 문 제는 분명 훌륭한 의의가 있음에 분명하다. 그럼에도 봉우의 사상이 학술적인 측면에서 진 정으로 그 의의를 보장받기 위해서는 『음부경』의 저자 및 사상의 성립기원에 대한 문제가 선차적으로 해결되어야 한다는 과제가 남는다. (shrink)

Two philosophical problems are thoroughly treated here: (1) how close the philosophical idea of Hong Tae-yong in eighteenth-century Korea is to the non-absolutist Weltanschauung of Chuang-tzu, and (2) how, by means of this non-absolutist idea, Hong was able to question the orthodox sinocentrism that most Korean Neo-Confucianists of the time stubbornly took for granted. Hong felt that Korean intellectuals had to look beyond sinocentrism for a consciousness of their own cultural identity. As a Confucian reformist, he highlights the realization of (...) this cultural identity as the imminently required move to accomplish social reform. (shrink)

This article aims to review the concept of ‘Sokhyung(贖刑)’ as an example of a pluralistic interpretation of ‘Heumhul(欽恤)’ in The Book of Documents in the 18th and 19th centuries, and compared and reviewed the interpretation of The Book of Documents by Jeong Yak-yong(丁若鏞) and Shim Dae-yoon(沈大允). Sokhyung is to replace the original sentence by paying property after the sentence is confirmed. It is a specific application example of Heumhul, which means careful and lenient application of punishment. In The Book (...) of Documents, the discussion related to Sokhyung is presented in Chapter 11 of Soonjeon(舜典) and Yeohyung(呂刑). Seojipjeon(書集傳) written by Chae Chim(蔡沈) became the standard for interpreting Sokhyung, and he opposed Sokhyung because it was not fair. At this time, Sokhyung has the meaning of ‘commutation’, and in this respect, Sokhyung takes on the character of Heumhul in that it is a lenient application of the law. Scholars of the Joseon Dynasty generally tended to follow the views of Chae Chim, but a new interpretation trend emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries. Jeong Yak-yong was in favor of the system of Sokhyung on the grounds that the body was preserved by carrying out Sokhyung. At this time, Sokhyung has a meaning of Heumhul in that it is a method of carefully applying punishment and plays a role in realizing the Virtue that likes to save lives(好生之德). Shim Dae-yoon opposed the system of Sokhyung, but did not fully agree with Chae Chim's view. He argued that Sokhyung has the character of applying the law leniently and plays a role of promising that the punishment will disappear(刑期無刑), but criticized the system of Sokhyung in that it interferes with the discretionary application of the law(權衡). (shrink)

In the light of the increased interplay between customers and companies that touches on the diverse aspects (economic, legal, and ethical) of corporate management, it is increasingly important to ask whether customers consider not only the citizenship behaviour of companies but also their own citizenship behaviour as a precursor for ethical consumption. In this respect, this study attempts to answer this question by adopting two of the actors expressing citizenship behaviour, namely customer and company. This study attempts to answer the (...) following three research questions. (1) Do the attitudes of corporate citizenship and customer citizenship correlate with each other? (2) Do two kinds of citizenship attitudes create a positive ethical company attitude? (3) Does an ethical company attitude result in ethical consumption? (shrink)

Recently, the converging trend of pedagogic disciplines is highlighted by the experimental synthesis of engineering and social science. The linkage seems conceptually plausible but turns out an intractable task practically due to multidisciplinary nature. This article presents some basic models for linking social science and engineering disciplines to develop new courses like Management of Technology, Policy Studies of Technology, and Economics of Technology. The models reflect such diverse design factors as hierarchical, functional, organizational, procedural, dynamic, and systematic aspects that should (...) be taken into account. These models are of limited value since each accommodates partial or local needs. Therefore, instead of adopting a particular model, it is required to develop an integrated model according to customized specification. In doing that, the ultimate goal is not to merely convey managerial skills and/or economic theories to engineering majors but to devise a neodiscipline with solid viability. (shrink)

Generalized anxiety disorder can cause significant socioeconomic burden and daily life dysfunction; hence, therapeutic intervention through early detection is important. This study was the final stage of a 3-year anxiety screening tool development project that evaluated the psychometric properties and diagnostic screening utility of the Mental Health Screening Tool for Anxiety Disorders, which measures GAD. A total of 527 Koreans completed online and offline versions of the MHS: A, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, and Penn State Worry Questionnaire. The (...) participants had an average age of 38.6 years and included 340 females. Participants were also administered the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Internal consistency, convergent/criterion validity, item characteristics, and test information were assessed based on the item response theory, and a factor analysis and cut-off score analyses were conducted. The MHS: A had good internal consistency and good convergent validity with other anxiety scales. The two versions of the MHS: A were nearly identical. It had a one-factor structure and showed better diagnostic accuracy for GAD detection than the GAD-7 and BAI. The IRT analysis indicated that the MHS: A was most informative as a screening tool for GAD. The MHS: A can serve as a clinically useful screening tool for GAD in Korea. Furthermore, it can be administered both online and offline and can be flexibly used as a brief mental health screener, especially with the current rise in telehealth. (shrink)

Park (2017, 2018, 2019) argues that Bas van Fraassen uses inference to the best explanation to defend his contextual theory of explanation. If Park is right, then van Fraassen is in trouble because he rejects IBE as a rational rule of inference. In this reply, I argue that van Fraassen does not use IBE in defending the contextual theory of explanation. I distinguish between several conceptions of IBE: heuristic IBE, objective Bayesian IBE, and ampliative IBE. I argue that (...) van Fraassen holds the ampliative conception of IBE and that his rejection of IBE concerns only ampliative IBE. I also argue that van Fraassen’s defense of the contextual theory of explanation, at best, can be interpreted as an instance of heuristic IBE, but not ampliative IBE. Therefore, I argue, Park’s criticism of van Fraassen misfires. (shrink)