Con el objeto de aumentar la rentabilidad, las empresas multinacionales transforman el proceso productivo, buscan flexibilizar las relaciones laborales y orientar las inversiones públicas para facilitar la circulación de las mercancías. Este artículo parte de esta problemática para abordar la dinámica industrial del sector automotriz, dando cuenta de las transformaciones en la territorialización de la producción en esta rama de la actividad económica. Para ello interesa estructurar una mirada de largo plazo enfocada en los movimientos que sufrió el producto bruto (...) geográfico con otra que detiene la observación sobre el modo en que el sector viene transformando las relaciones del trabajo al interior del proceso de trabajo. Ambos niveles de análisis se articulan y refuerzan en una perspectiva que busca potenciar los desarrollos de la sociología urbana y la del trabajo. Descritas estas tendencias específicas, interesa estudiar el desarrollo del polo industrial de Zárate-Campana para comprender el despliegue de las fuerzas productivas de las empresas Toyota y Honda. En términos metodológicos, el artículo analiza datos estadísticos para determinar tendencias sobre los procesos de reconfiguración territorial de las industrias que permiten evidenciar el proceso de relocalización que produjo una fuerte concentración y especialización productiva, destacándose la Zona Norte del Gran Buenos Aires, Rosario y Córdoba, ciudades ubicadas en el corredor ligado al Mercosur. A su vez, se construyeron tipologías de gestión de las relaciones laborales a partir del análisis del contenido de los convenios colectivos de trabajo; finalmente nos adentramos con datos provenientes de informes oficiales, como así también de entrevistas, al sentido de ciertas tendencias comprendiendo los esquemas de percepción en que se inscriben. (shrink)

1. The Bundle Theory I shall discuss is a theory about the nature of substances or concrete particulars, like apples, chairs, atoms, stars and people. The point of the Bundle Theory is to avoid undesirable entities like substrata that allegedly constitute particulars. The version of the Bundle Theory I shall discuss takes particulars to be entirely constituted by the universals they instantiate.' Thus particulars are said to be just bundles of universals. Together with the claim that it is necessary that (...) particulars have constituents, the fundamental claim of the Bundle Theory is: (BT) Necessarily, for every particular x and every entity y, y constitutes x if and only ify is a universal and x instantiates y. 2 The standard and supposedly devastating objection to the Bundle Theory is that it entails or is committed to a false version of the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles (Armstrong 1978: 91, Loux 1998: 107), namely: (Pll) Necessarily, for all particulars x and y and every universal z, if z is instantiated by x if and only if z is instantiated byy, then x is numerically identical with y. The most famous counterexample to the Identity of Indiscernibles is that put forward by Max Black, consisting of a world where there are only two iron spheres two miles apart from each other, having the same diameter, temperature, colour, shape, size, etc (Black 1952: 156). Let us from now on think of the properties of the spheres in this world as universals. The possibility of this world, which I shall hereafter refer to as 'Black's world', makes (Pll) false.' And according to common philosophical opinion this means that the Bundle Theory is false.. (shrink)

This chapter is a discussion of Class and Resemblance Nominalism. According to the traditional versions of these theories, properties are classes of particulars. Thus, the property of being red is the class of red particulars, and the property of being square is the class of square particulars. Several objections have been advanced against these theories, and one of the most powerful of such objections is the so-called Coextension Difficulty, according to which Class and Resemblance Nominalism have to wrongly identify distinct (...) but coextensive properties. After discussing the nature of Class and Resemblance Nominalism, some problems of these theories and how they can be deal with, the superiority of Class and Resemblance Nominalism over other theories of properties and the superiority of Resemblance Nominalism over Class Nominalism, I concentrate on the Coextension Difficulty. With respect to this I argue that Class and Resemblance Nominalism can be developed in such a way that they admit properties without identifying them with classes, and this allows them to avoid the Coextension Difficulty, since such versions of these theories are not forced to wrongly identify distinct but coextensive properties. Thus the Coextension Difficulty is not a lethal problem for Class and Resemblance Nominalism. (shrink)

Causation was an important topic of philosophical reflection during the Seventeenth Century. This reflection centred around certain particular problems about causation, one of which was the problem of causation between mind and body. The doctrine of the pre-established harmony is Leibniz's response to the problem of causation between mind and body. In this chapter I shall (a) explain the problem of mind-body causation; (b) explain Leibniz's pre-established harmony; and (c) assess his case for it.

Silvana Greco propone, per la prima volta, un’analisi approfondita della Philosophie sociale, pubblicata a Parigi alla fine del giugno 1793 da Moses Dobruska (1753- 1794), uomo d’affari, letterato e filosofo sociale. Nato in Moravia da una famiglia ebraica, affiliata alla setta ereticale dei sabbatiani, Dobruska si convertì in giovane età al cattolicesimo, compì una notevole ascesa sociale alla corte asburgica di Vienna ed emigrò poi in Francia, per aderire alla Rivoluzione. Durante il soggiorno parigino prese il nome di Junius (...) Frey, fu assai attivo tra le fila dei giacobini ma riuscì a sopravvivere solo di poco alla propria Philosophie. Accusato di cospirare per conto di potenze straniere, fu ghigliottinato il 5 aprile 1794, al culmine del Terrore, nello stesso giorno in cui anche Georges Jacques Danton saliva sulla forca. Quando apparve, la Philosophie sociale suscitò un notevole interesse, tanto da venir apprezzata nientemeno che da Immanuel Kant. Greco mostra come il lavoro di Dobruska abbia avuto anche altri lettori celebri, che per vari motivi omisero di menzionare, tra le loro fonti, un outsider di dubbia reputazione, su cui pesava una condanna tanto ingiusta quanto infamante. Dalla Philosophie sociale derivano alcuni concetti chiave delle discipline sociali, come le conosciamo oggi. Iniziatore entusiasta e sfortunato, talvolta brillante teorico, Moses Dobruska merita un ruolo a sé nella storia del pensiero sociologico. (shrink)

En este artículo defiendo que la distinción entre “filosofía” y “espiritualidad” puede ser una clave de lectura de la obra foucaultiana si asumimos que hay una “dimensión espiritual” en su filosofía y reflexión histórica. Para ello, analizo las figuras de la transgresión y el pensamiento del afuera del periodo arqueológico, las de la resistencia y la crítica como indocilidad reflexiva del periodo genealógico, y el pliegue del periodo ético. Determino si se puede considerar en ellas una dimensión espiritual que llame (...) a être autrement. (shrink)

In this paper I argue, contra Fraser MacBride, that conceptual analysis, and in particular the distinction between numerical and qualitative identity, can solve the Problem of Universals, whether understood as the One over Many or the as the Many over One. In this paper I show why the solutions needed to solve either version of the problem must be in terms of truthmakers, and that the distinction between numerical and qualitative identity is not sufficient to solve them.

Moses Dobruska, born as a Jew in Brno, Moravia in 1753, died on the guillotine in Paris in 1794. His life was adventurous, but the biography is not enough to understand the creative force of this atypical intellectual. Silvana Greco, sociologist of.

According to one of Leibniz's theories of contingency a proposition is contingent if and only if it cannot be proved in a finite number of steps. It has been argued that this faces the Problem of Lucky Proof , namely that we could begin by analysing the concept ‘Peter’ by saying that ‘Peter is a denier of Christ and …’, thereby having proved the proposition ‘Peter denies Christ’ in a finite number of steps. It also faces a more general but (...) related problem that we dub the Problem of Guaranteed Proof . We argue that Leibniz has an answer to these problems since for him one has not proved that ‘Peter denies Christ’ unless one has also proved that ‘Peter’ is a consistent concept, an impossible task since it requires the full decomposition of the infinite concept ‘Peter’. We defend this view from objections found in the literature and maintain that for Leibniz all truths about created individual beings are contingent. (shrink)

Diese Arbeit untersucht Improvisationsprozesse (creativity in performance) aus einer soziologischen Perspektive unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Dimensionen von Handeln, Interagieren und Wissen. Die Soziologie entwickelte in den letzten Jahren ein zunehmendes Interesse am Phänomen der Improvisation, wobei weniger die Resultate improvisatorischen Handelns im Zentrum standen, als vielmehr die Improvisationsprozesse selbst. Eine solche Fokussierung nimmt auch diese Untersuchung vor. Basierend auf der empirischen, qualitativen und vergleichenden Untersuchung von Free Jazz- und Flamenco-Praktiken sowie in Auseinandersetzung mit der bestehenden Improvisations-, Handlungs-, Interaktions- und Kreativitätsforschung (...) wird hier ein neuartiges Modell des Improvisierens vorgeschlagen, das die diesbezüglichen Handlungs- und Interaktionsprozesse erklärt und die Anschlussfähigkeit für weitere Bereiche der künstlerischen Praxis eröffnet. (shrink)

If it is true that semiotics has tried to establish itself as an autonomous science starting with Saussure and Peirce, in imposing itself as a cultural fashion since the 1960’s, due especially to Roland Barthes and his interest in the language of connotations, it is also true that from ancient treatises of medicine to books of magic, from rhetoric to logic, from nature to science, symbols— even from different points of view—have been the object of passionate reflections.

The paper offers a critical discursive and pragmatic analysis of a corpus of hateful Facebook and Twitters status updates of politicians, political activists and voters in the 2016 pre-and-post election period, in Macedonia. Aiming to determine how power is exerted on social media, the paper focuses on identifying the stance social media users take when posting messages with political content. The analysis first attempted to unveil what speech acts the hateful posts are predominantly composed of, what roles the authors of (...) the posts normally assume, who the hateful political discourse in the given socio-political context is directed to, as well as what are some of the predominant linguistic strategies underlying the analysed hateful comments. The results show that, by using mostly assertive and expressive speech acts, social media users assume mainly the roles of analysts and judges and only subsequently the one of activists, they mostly address politicians directly and they use a lot of negative lexis, rhetorical figures and boosters as interpersonal metadiscourse markers to express their negative stance and exert power and dominance. (shrink)

The Razor says: do not multiply entities without necessity! The Laser says: do not multiply fundamental entities without necessity! Behind the Laser lies a deep insight. This is a distinction between the costs and the commitments of a theory. According to the Razor, every commitment is a cost. Not so according to the Laser. According to the Laser, derivative entities are an ontological free lunch: that is, they are a commitment without a cost. Jonathan Schaffer (2015) has argued that the (...) Laser should replace the Razor. In Sections 2-4 we shall discuss and argue against Schaffer’s arguments for replacing the Razor with the Laser. Schaffer considers several objections to his views, and in Sections 5-7 we shall argue that Schaffer does not deal successfully with two of them. In Section 8 we shall present a probabilistic argument for the Laser. However, the argument has a limitation and does not support the replacement of the Razor with the Laser. Indeed, it supports only the claim that, given certain assumptions, the multiplication of explanatorily relevant derivative entities does not matter; but, as we argue in the same section, there is an argument that multiplying explanatorily superfluous derivative entities does makes a theory less rationally acceptable. Our conclusion is that the Laser cannot replace the Razor and that derivative entities are not an ontological free lunch. (shrink)

In Brazil, every study involving human beings is required to produce an informed consent form that must be signed by study participants: this is stated in Resolution 196/96. 1 Consent must be obtained through a specific structured process. Objective: To present the opinions of women regarding how the process of obtaining informed consent should be conducted when women are invited to participate in studies on contraceptive methods. Subjects and Methods: Eight focus groups were conducted, involving a total of 51 women (...) living in the metropolitan region of Campinas. The women involved in the study were either participating in a clinical trial in the area of women's health or had participated in such a trial in the previous 12 months. A thematic guide was used to conduct the focus group discussions; the discussions were recorded, transcribed and a thematic analysis performed. Results: In general, the person who invites a woman to participate in a study should be a member of the research team but not the principal investigator. Information relating to the study should be given orally and in writing, both individually and in the group setting. Study volunteers should be informed about, among other things, the risks, possible side effects and discomforts, including long-term effects. The use of audiovisual aids to provide information was suggested. Conclusion: The process for obtaining informed consent was seen as a means of establishing a relationship between the volunteers and the investigator/research team. The information that the study participants expected to be given coincides with the requirements established under Resolution 196/96. The use of audiovisual aids would improve understanding of the information provided. (shrink)

Electoral debates are a win-lose game in which the stakes for the political contenders are extremely high. The antagonistic nature of these encounters very frequently results in impoliteness or face aggravating moves with which the debaters aim to hurt the opponent’s positive or negative face.The aim of this research is to investigate the impoliteness strategies employed by politicians during electoral debates. Garcia-Pastor’s (2008) positive-face and negative-face impoliteness strategies are taken as a starting point in the analysis at hand. The final (...) electoral debate of the 2019 presidential elections in the Republic of North Macedonia is used as a data source for this research, which is based on several different hypotheses and is both qualitatively and quantitative oriented. The findings of the research are in line with the insights gained from previous studies, which, more or less, suggests that Macedonian politicians follow the mainstream “rules” when it comes to using impoliteness in political debates. (shrink)

Meiner nichtreduktionistischen Lesart Gadamers, derzufolge eine wechselseitige konstitutive Relation zwischen "Sprache" und "Erfahrung" besteht, ist es gestattet, den Vorwurf, die Sprachphilosophie Gadamers führe in den Relativismus, den man häufig gegenüber sprachphilosophischen Positionen erhebt, abzuweisen. Manchen Denkern zufolge haben die Philosophen der Postmoderne, zu denen auch Gadamer gezählt wurde, eine einfache Umkehrung der beiden Pole des modernen Verhältnisses "Sprache"--"Erfahrung" vollzogen: Während die Sprache in der Moderne in ihrer Bedingtheit zur Erfahrung und als bloßes Ausdrucksmittel verstanden wurde, wurde dieses Verhältnis in der (...) neueren Philosophie nur umgekehrt, insofern die Philosophie in der Sprache das Fundament für die Erfahrung sehe, wonach die Erfahrung als ein Ausdruck der Sprache erscheine. Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt sich mit diesem Relativismusvorwurf auseinander und beabsichtigt, eine wechselseitige Abhängigkeit zwischen Sprache und Erfahrung ausgehend von Hans-Georg Gadamers Werk zu entwickeln. Um das zu erreichen, wurden zunächst eine doppelte negative-positive Erfahrungsstruktur und dann einige phänomenologische und transzendentale Merkmale der Erfahrung auf dem historischen Hintergrund für Gadamers Erfahrungsbegriff herausgearbeitet. Somit machte sich die konstitutive Sprachlichkeit der Erfahrung erkennbar. In einer Auseinandersetzung mit dem Sprachbegriff auf der anderen Seite wurde sein dialogischer und welterschließender Charakter veranschaulicht, so dass auch seine Angewiesenheit auf die Welterfahrung offenkundig wurde. (shrink)

Resumen En esta investigación se presentan los resultados del estudio de las funciones pragmático-discursivas desempeñadas por oraciones escindidas del tipo “lo que pasa es que” en narraciones conversacionales de experiencia personal generadas por hablantes chilenos. Se analizan 54 narraciones conversacionales con dos propósitos: clasificar las oraciones escindidas según la parte de la estructura narrativa que introducen y ofrecer una taxonomía de funciones pragmático-discursivas que desempeñan dichas construcciones. Entre las principales conclusiones se destaca que las oraciones escindidas desempeñan tres macro-funciones: focalizadora (...) –aparentemente la más relevante para la cadena narrativa–, introductora de atenuaciones justificantes y orientadora, cada una con diferentes posibilidades de realización. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza el lugar del exilio de la última dictadura militar en el campo de estudios sobre el pasado reciente argentino e intenta tanto dar cuenta de las líneas más transitadas y que permiten plantear que estamos frente a un territorio historiográfico en expansión, como descubrir cuáles son las actuales áreas de vacancia y las de mayor potencial para la investigación académica futura. Lejos de pretender hacer un examen exhaustivo de la producción que viene acumulándose desde la contemporaneidad del (...) fenómeno hasta hoy, estas páginas constituyen más bien un intento de revisar críticamente una parcela de la Historia Reciente desde el examen de la propia práctica investigativa y de cara a sacar a la luz los dilemas y desafíos que la atraviesan. (shrink)

Over the last few years, there has been an exaggeratedly widespread and frequently confused use of the concepts of 'stakeholder' and 'corporate social responsibility'. However, some interesting insights of both these notions can be found in traditional European business administration studies. In this article, the Italian view will be examined. In particular, this paper investigates the teachings of some of the historical masters of the Italian "Economia Aziendale" (EA), with particular attention to the concept of the azienda, its finalism and (...) its essential characteristics, in order to verify some consistencies with the more recent Stakeholder Management Theory (SMT). Principles and considerations seem to emerge from EA scholars' seminal works that unequivocally connect ethics with business decisions. EA fits in with SMT in many ways, and the former (EA) seems, moreover, to suggest a specific normative point of view from which the role of ethics in business activities can be approached. (shrink)

The paper argues that grounding is neither irreflexive, nor asymmetric, nor transitive. In arguing for that conclusion the paper also arguesthat truthmaking is neither irreflexive, nor asymmetric, nor transitive.

Over the last few years, there has been an exaggeratedly widespread and frequently confused use of the concepts of 'stakeholder' and 'corporate social responsibility'. However, some interesting insights of both these notions can be found in traditional European business administration studies. In this article, the Italian view will be examined. In particular, this paper investigates the teachings of some of the historical masters of the Italian "Economia Aziendale", with particular attention to the concept of the azienda, its finalism and its (...) essential characteristics, in order to verify some consistencies with the more recent Stakeholder Management Theory. Principles and considerations seem to emerge from EA scholars' seminal works that unequivocally connect ethics with business decisions. EA fits in with SMT in many ways, and the former seems, moreover, to suggest a specific normative point of view from which the role of ethics in business activities can be approached. (shrink)

This paper suggests an approach to the various possibilities of reading as a practice responsible for generating thought. It might be said that it is an approach to the dismissal of reading as the origin of other paths of thought. Utopia, understood as anticipation, yields its place to the figure of redemption (in Benjamin’s sense of the word) as imminence of the absolutely other, expectation and extreme attention. The text invites the reader to try other routes in the practice of (...) reading (other than solitary silent reading), in which the body and the senses play a part, and - especially - the other, to allow the advent of a thinking that welcomes justice. In an act of memory, reading - as heteronomy - opens onto the future. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta uma análise das concepções do papel da escola e do conhecimento presentes nos textos oficiais de sete redes municipais de ensino brasileiras que adotam os Ciclos de Aprendizagem. A análise evidenciou que os textos das redes pesquisadas apresentavam concepções explícitas sobre o papel da escola e do conhecimento. Os autores argumentam que a) a análise de textos oficiais de políticas ocupa um lugar importante, uma vez que neles estão contidas as declarações de valores, as intenções, os objetivos, (...) bem como os princípios e fundamentos das políticas; b) a explicitação da concepção sobre o papel da escola e do conhecimento é um aspecto essencial, pois poderá balizar as definições relacionadas ao currículo, avaliação, metodologia, formação continuada de professores, etc; c) a explicitação de tais aspectos emerge como altamente necessária para a escola atual , uma vez que as avaliações em larga escala e diversas pesquisas evidenciam que uma parcela significativa de alunos das escolas públicas do Ensino Fundamental apresenta domínio insatisfatório dos conhecimentos básicos; e d) a explicitação do papel da escola e do conhecimento é fundamental pois o contexto educacional atual caracteriza-se pela dispersão do conhecimento escolar, diante de materiais didáticos e orientações metodológicas de projetos diversos, os quais nem sempre estão fundamentados em concepções convergentes sobre o papel da escola e do conhecimento. (shrink)

In the past few years, investors from different European countries have become increasingly interested in the new opportunities that socially responsible investing (SRI) can offer. Empirical research into this subject has often assumed as 'given' the meaning attributed to the terms 'ethical' or 'socially responsible', thus concentrating more on other elements (particularly financial performance). This paper, through the analysis of the characteristics of ethical funds traded in Italy, investigates the possible contents that the terms 'ethical' and/or 'socially responsible' can assume (...) in practice, with particular attention to the underlying values and to how these values are integrated into the selection process. This analysis brings to light the impressive variety of ethical funds traded in Italy. In particular, it reveals the 'Italian model', whose distinguishing characteristics seem to be the following: recentness of issue, options for charitable donations, almost exclusive use of screening strategies, use of 'best in class' and 'minimum tolerance quota' indications, preference for ethical indices, application of commissions no higher than the national average, presence of ethical committees and the utilization of consulting or rating agencies. (shrink)

The paper builds on the stakeholder salience framework and applies a social identity approach to explain family firm dynamics and how these could impact on family firm governance and ethics. In particular, we consider the family as the main stakeholder for family firms and we refer to the recent approaches to stakeholder theory based on ‘names-and-faces’ and on social identity to focus on family members at the individual and organizational level. Family businesses offer an opportunity to study stakeholder salience in (...) settings with multiple logics. Our paper acknowledges how the attributes of legitimacy, power and status, for family business members, can derive from three different institutional settings (family, business and local community) and how these attributes are assigned and gained by family members on the basis of the stakes they put (or could put) on the business. From the analysis of these dynamics specific ethical considerations emerge. (shrink)

Consider a certain red rose. The proposition that the rose is red is true because the rose is red. One might say as well that the proposition that the rose is red is made true by the rose’s being red. This, it has been thought, does not commit one to a truthmaker of the proposition that the rose is red. For there is no entity that makes the proposition true. What makes it true is how the rose is, and how (...) the rose is is not an entity over and above the rose. It is against this view that I shall argue in this paper. I shall argue that a significant class of true propositions, including inessential predications like the proposition that the rose is red, are made true by entities. "No truthmaking without truthmakers" is my slogan. Although I have my view about what kinds of entities are truthmakers, I shall not argue for or presuppose that view here. All I shall argue for here is that if a proposition is made true by something, it is made true by some thing, but my argument will leave it open what kind of thing that thing is: it could be a fact or state of affairs, a trope, or any other sort of entity. (shrink)