Machine learning algorithms bring out an under-appreciated puzzle of discrimination, namely figuring out when a decision made on the basis of a factor correlated with race is a decision made on the basis of race. I argue that prevailing approaches, which are based on identifying and then distinguishing among causal effects of race, in their metaphysical timidity, fail to get off the ground. I suggest, instead, that adopting a constructivist theory of race answers this puzzle in a principled manner. On (...) what I call a “thick constructivist” account of race, to be raced is to be socially positioned in the way indicated by a certain set of statistical regularities on the basis of particular phenotypical traits. A thick constructivist sees that acting on the basis of correlations that constitute race qua social position just is acting on the basis of race, because races just are social positions that subject their member individuals to a particular matrix of social relations that define the raced position. This conclusion has considerable ramifications for our understanding of discrimination, algorithms and beyond. (shrink)

University students having high entrepreneurial intention while not transferring into actual entrepreneurial behavior is a contradictory issue in need of in-depth research. To explore the successive development mechanism of the entrepreneurial process, this study constructed a moderated mediation model to examine whether entrepreneurial commitment from three dimensions mediated the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and behavior, and whether this mediating process was moderated by family support. A survey was conducted among university students from six major universities in south China using the (...) snowball sampling approach. A total of 469 valid responses were obtained. Structural equation modeling was adopted for data analysis. According to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis, it was found that entrepreneurial intention had both direct and indirect positive effects on entrepreneurial behavior, while entrepreneurial commitment worked as the mediator, and family support moderated the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and behavior. Results indicated that entrepreneurial commitment bridged the path from entrepreneurial intention to behavior, and family support created the boundary effect. This finding highlights the importance of guiding students through entrepreneurial commitment toward entrepreneurial behavior, and pays special attention to the crucial role of family support under the national strategy. (shrink)

本卷收入胡适哲学与文化方面的论文、函牍、讲演、札记80余篇。其中包括实验主义、我们对于西洋近代文明的态度等重要文章。所收文章全面反映了胡适哲学思想、学术主张和对于中西文化的态度,对于了解和研究胡适本人 以及现代中国学术史、现代中国启蒙运动等内容。.

This chapter examines the influence of German idealism on the works of Soren Kierkegaard. It suggests that Kierkegaard's essential concepts and ideas were influenced by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and that his oeuvre can be best understood in the context of classical German philosophy. The chapter also considers Kierkegaard's views about the theology of sin and the problems in his reception of German idealism.

That a symbolic object or work of art participates in what it signifies, as a part within a whole, was a controversial claim discussed with particular intensity in the wake of Immanuel Kant's Critique of Judgment. It informed the aesthetic theories of a constellation of writers in Jena and Weimar around 1800, including Moritz, Goethe, Schelling and Hegel. Yet the twin concepts of symbol and intuition were not only tools of literary and mythological criticism: they were integral even to questions (...) of epistemology and methodology in the fields of theology, metaphysics, history and natural philosophy. The international contributors to this volume further explore how both the explanatory potential and peculiar dissatisfactions of the symbol entered the Anglo-American discourse, focusing on Coleridge, Crabb Robinson and Emerson. Contemporary debates about the claims of symbolic as opposed to allegorical art are kept in view throughout. (shrink)

An extensive account of China's comprehensive private ownership reforms from 1978 to 2008. User-friendly and approachable, this specialist book combines rich research knowledge with examples and academic theories, plus quotations, anecdotes, idioms, and Chinese sayings to outline and present the sequence and difficulties of China's monumental ownership reforms.

胡適（1891-1962），安徽績溪人。原名嗣穈，後改名胡適，字適之，曾用筆名希彊、臧暉等。新文化運動的奠基人與領袖之一，倡導約翰・杜威的實用主義。1917年回國任教北大，參與編輯《新青年》《努力周報 》《獨立評論》等雜誌，先後擔任中華民國駐美大使、國立北京大學校長、台北「中央研究院」院長等職，著有《中國哲學史大綱》《嘗試集》《胡適文存》等書，並獲諾貝爾文學獎提名。.

Ursachen spielen im Alltag und in der Wissenschaft eine zentrale Rolle. Wir stützen uns auf Ursachenwissen wenn wir Vorhersagen machen, wenn wir Phänomene erklären, wenn wir in die Natur eingreifen und wenn wir Verantwortung zuschreiben. Aber was heißt es, dass etwas die Ursache eines Ereignisses ist? Dieses Buch gibt einen kurzen Überblick über historische Positionen, die auch für heutige Debatten noch relevant sind. Im Hauptteil wird ein systematischer Überblick über die wesentlichen Theorien von Ursachen gegeben: die Regularitätstheorie, die kontrafaktische Theorie, (...) die Prozesstheorie und neuere Formen des Interventionismus. Zwei Fragestellungen spielen bei der Bewertung der verschiedenen Ansätze eine zentrale Rolle: Wie wird erklärt, dass Ursachen ihre Wirkungen,erzwingen‘? Wie wird verständlich gemacht, dass Ursachen Teil einer Welt sein können, die durch die Physik beschrieben wird? Schließlich entwickelt der Verfasser eine neue Variante einer Prozesstheorie, die darauf verzichtet Prozesse physikalisch auszuzeichnen. Die Neuauflage enthält eine deutliche Weiterentwicklung der Position des Verfassers. Zudem wurde der gesamte Text durchgesehen sowie neu erschienene Literatur berücksichtigt. (shrink)

Among world's three major philosophic traditions, Chinese philosophy excels in ethical discourse. As a collective wisdom on a par with Aristotle's "Ethics" and Kant's "Critique of Practical Reason", Chinese philosophy now needs to be systematized and developed. Today, Chinese philosophy per se has often been reduced to the historical approach to it, hence its slower development in comparison with European and Indian philosophies. The author of this book avails himself of Kant's model of human psychic structure, synthesizes the basic elements (...) of Chinese philosophy into a rigorous theoretical framework, and presents a panoptic view of the edifice of traditional Chinese philosophy. (shrink)

On rationalism and Hindu philosophy; articles translated from four Indic languages.

English summary: Philosophy of history is a comparatively young discipline. Beginning with the Enlightenment the historical is viewed as a philosophic topic. Through German Idealism it is emphatically placed at the centre of attention. The idealistic perspective on history was important for further development. The author presents the integral components of Kant's, Fichte's, Schelling's and Hegel's philosophy of history. He explains Kant's regulative idea on advancement, Fichte's model of the development of reason in five main eras, Schelling's three steps in (...) the absolute, speculative and revelation and Hegel's historical conception of a comprehensive Weltgeist. The most important opposing positions to an idealistic philosophy of history are described in the final chapter - reaching from new Kantianism, hermeneutics and science theory to the recent narratological approaches. German description: Geschichtsphilosophie, d. h. die bewusste Reflexion des Historischen als eines besonderen Gegenstands fur das menschliche Erkennen und Handeln, ist eine vergleichsweise junge Disziplin. Erst mit der Aufklarung wird Geschichte ernsthaft als eigenstandiges Thema wahrgenommen, und erst im deutschen Idealismus ruckt sie nachdrucklich ins Zentrum des philosophischen Interesses. Dabei ist die idealistische Sicht auf das Historische fur die weitere Entwicklung der Geschichtsphilosophie uberaus pragend gewesen - sei es indem ihre spekulativen Fortschrittsszenarien ubernommen und fur ahnlich umfassende Geschichtsbilder zugrunde gelegt wurden, sei es indem abweichende Geschichtsauffassungen in ihr das wesentliche Gegenkonzept fanden. Das Buch stellt die Hauptaspekte der Geschichtsphilosophie bei Kant, Fichte, Schelling und Hegel dar. Dabei wird besonderes Augenmerk darauf gelegt, wie diese Geschichtsentwurfe in die jeweilige philosophische Gesamtarchitektur der vier Autoren eingebettet sind. Zudem werden die wichtigsten Gegenpositionen zur idealistischen Geschichtssicht skizziert - von der Historikerschule und dem Neukantianismus uber die Hermeneutik und die Wissenschaftstheorie bis hin zu den narratologischen Ansatzen der jungeren Zeit. (shrink)

‘Spirit consonance engendering a sense of life’ (Qi Yun Sheng Dong) as the first law of Chinese painting, originally proposed by Xie He (active 500–535?) in his six laws of painting, has been commonly echoed by numerous later Chinese artists up to this day. Tracing back the meaning of each character of ‘Qi Yun Sheng Dong’ from Pre-Qin up to the Six Dynasties, along with a comparative analysis on the renderings of ‘Qi Yun Sheng Dong’ by experts in Western academia, (...) I establish ‘spirit consonance’ as the rendering of ‘Qi Yun’. By examining texts on painting by significant critics in Chinese art history, and by referring to specific works by painters from the Six Dynasties up to the Yuan Dynasty, I present the merits and demerits of the different interpretations by Western experts, and explore the essence of ‘Qi Yun’. Once the painter successfully captures ‘spirit consonance’ as the essential character or ‘internal reality’ of the object, and transmits it into the work, ‘Qi Yun’ further implies the expressive quality of the work beyond formal representation. Additionally, the fusion of expressive and representative functions also leaves space for further explaining the aesthetic interaction among artist, object, work, and audience. From the Six Dynasties onwards, Chinese painters have practised the expressive pursuit beyond epresentation on the basis of the unification of ‘Qi Yun’ (spirit consonance) and formal representation, although spirit consonance was valued more highly than formal likeness. (shrink)