明治の世には、西欧的近代化の流れの中にあっても「日本人としての矜持と風格」といったものがあった。それはいわば凜乎とした倫理意識と、土着的な共同体意識である。それらは漢籍の教養に裏打ちされた至高なる精神 性であったと言ってよい。明治は、思想・文化の面において、日本の精神史上、「豊饒の時代」であった。.

関東大震災の三年後に始まった戦前昭和とは、審災復興=国家再建の歴史だった。社会主義、議会主義、農本主義、国家社会主義という四つの国家構想が、勃興しては次の構想に移っていく展開の過程として、戦前昭和を再 構成する。.

S-Modulin is a frog homolog of recoverin. The function and the underlying mechanism of the action of these proteins are now understood in general. However, there remain some unsolved issues including; two distinct effects of S-modulin; Ca2+-dependent binding of S-modulin to membranes and a possible target protein; S-modulin-like proteins in other neurons. These issues are considered in this commentary.

Originally published as 「明治の哲学界：有機体の哲学とその系譜」in 井上克人編『豊饒なる明治』, Kansai Daigaku Shuppannbu, 2012, 3–22. Translated by Morisato Takeshi. German Idealism was introduced to Japanese intellectuals in the middle of Meiji era and was mainly received from a mystical or religious perspective, as we see in Inoue Tetsujirō’s “harmonious existence,” Inoue Enryō’s “unity of mind and body,” and Kiyozawa Manshi’s “existentialism.” Since these theories envisioned true reality as a unified and living whole, I group them under the label “philosophy of organism” and from (...) there argue that their conviction that “all is truth and truth is all” was shaped in large part by the Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana. The understanding of Buddhist concepts by Meiji philosophers was philosophical in its content, and those who devoted themselves to the study of Western philosophy were encouraged to describe Eastern thought in Western philosophical terms. As a result, the philosophical world of the Meiji era developed an original standpoint that unified Eastern and Western perspectives by means of a logic of “phenomena-in-reality.”. (shrink)

In dieser Abhandlung versuchen wir die Theorie des Erhabenen bei Kant als eine Logik der reflektierenden Urteilskraft darzustellen, die den Ubergang des Sinnlichen ins Ubersinnliche ermoglicht. Die Urteilskraft bezieht die Spannung der Einbildungskraft vor dem Nicht-Darstellbaren auf das Ubersinnliche, und in dieser Beziehung sieht Kant "eine a priori im Subjekte liegende Zweckmassigkeit". Durch die Vorstellung der gewaltigen Natur kann unsere innere Idee erweckt werden, wenn wir berucksichtigen, "dass auf jene moralischen Anlagen bei jeder schicklichen Veranlassung Rucksicht genommen werden sollte". Durch (...) das Urteil uber das Erhabene erhalten wir eine Veranlassung fur diejenige Reflexion, die innerhalb der Natur auch die ubersinnliche Idee (oder ein gottliches Wesen) denkt. (edited). (shrink)

We show that length initial submodels of S12 can be extended to a model of weak second order arithmetic. As a corollary we show that the theory of length induction for polynomially bounded second order existential formulae cannot define the function division.

We define a theory of two-sort bounded arithmetic whose provably total functions are exactly those in ${\mathcal{F}_{LOGCFL}}$ by way of a generalized quantifier that expresses computations of SAC 1 circuits. The proof depends on Kolokolova’s conditions for the connection between the provable capture in two-sort theories and descriptive complexity.

We define a fragment of Primitive Recursive Arithmetic by replacing the defining axioms for primitive recursive functions by those for functions in some specific complexity class. In this note we consider such theory for AC0. We present a model-theoretical property of this theory, by means of which we are able to characterize its provably total functions. Next we consider the problem of how strong the induction scheme can be in this theory.

We will give a two-sort system which axiomatizes winning strategies for the combinatorial game Node Kayles. It is shown that our system captures alternating polynomial time reasonings in the sense that the provably total functions of the theory corresponds to those computable in APTIME. We will also show that our system is equivalently axiomatized by Sprague–Grundy theorem which states that any Node Kayles position is provably equivalent to some NIM heap.

Despite the tendency to be otherwise, some non-classical logics are known to validate formulas that are invalid in classical logic. A subclass of such systems even possesses pairs of a formula and its negation as theorems, without becoming trivial. How should these provable contradictions be understood? The present paper aims to shed light on aspects of this phenomenon by taking as samples the constructive connexive logic C, which is obtained by a simple modification of a system of constructible falsity, namely (...) N4, as well as its non-constructive extension C3. For these systems, various observations concerning provable contradictions are made, using mainly a proof-theoretic approach. The topics covered in this paper include: how new contradictions are found from parts of provable contradictions; how to characterise provable contradictions in C3 that are constructive; how contradictions can be seen from the relative viewpoint of strong implication; and as an appendix an attempt at generating provable contradictions in C3. (shrink)

In contemporary political philosophy, reflections on poverty demand careful treatment in the light of key ethical concepts—especially autonomy. While the negative effects of poverty on autonomy are acknowledged, the welfare dependency of the poor is seen as an autonomy-undermining factor, which I call the “autonomy–poverty dilemma.” This chapter discusses contemporary political theories about autonomy and poverty in terms of how they relate to this dilemma. The features and problems of three pertinent theories are addressed in such a way as to (...) resolve the autonomy–poverty dilemma. The first is luck egalitarianism, which weighs individual responsibility in defining just distributions, but may leave some of the incapacitated unattended in order not to annul their personal responsibility and may stigmatize those who are dependent (such as people with mental disabilities) who are not personally responsible. Such stigmatization is also a problem with relational egalitarianism, which bases egalitarian justice on the equal standing of individuals, in that the ideal of socially embedded autonomous agents could be degrading to the dependent. While the capability approach overcomes that problem by providing a powerful buttress for the dependent and allowing them to emerge from poverty, it runs the risk of a paternalistic, perfectionist idealism. In closing, this chapter proposes an alternative view, which I call the “radical pluralist view of egalitarian justice,” based on a consideration of the features and problems of these three key theories. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to show the plausibility of John Rawls’s treatment of efficiency within the system of justice. While in political philosophy efficiency is often treated as an independent condition for establishing justice, or more precisely, as a necessary condition for establishing justice, Rawls considers efficiency as a non-negligible factor that has normativity in general circumstances. This is similar to the view that efficiency is a presumptive condition for evaluating social arrangements. However, Rawls’s view is salient in (...) a more substantive way. This paper demonstrates the salience of Rawls’s view of efficiency by responding to G. A. Cohen’s Impure Justice Objection to Rawls’s theory of justice. This shows that there is no impure connection between Rawls’s justice and efficiency. Moreover, the combined thesis of Rawls’s justice and efficiency is superior to Cohen’s pluralist theory of justice, making it a fruitful approach. (shrink)

日本の固有の宗教神道より説き起こし、日本の仏教、歌人・念仏者・茶人・武人・医者・妙好人・禅僧・真宗僧侶・作家・俳人と多種な人間像を通して、日本人の生き生きとした生命の躍動感を解き明かす。.

A dialectical contradiction can be appropriately described within the framework of classical formal logic. It is in harmony with the law of noncontradiction. According to our definition, two theories make up a dialectical contradiction if each of them is consistent and their union is inconsistent. It can happen that each of these two theories has an intended model. Plenty of examples are to be found in the history of science.

Strong negation is a well-known alternative to the standard negation in intuitionistic logic. It is defined virtually by giving falsity conditions to each of the connectives. Among these, the falsity condition for implication appears to unnecessarily deviate from the standard negation. In this paper, we introduce a slight modification to strong negation, and observe its comparative advantages over the original notion. In addition, we consider the paraconsistent variants of our modification, and study their relationship with non-constructive principles and connexivity.

朝鮮史上最も偉大な思想家とされる李退渓(イテゲェ)(1501-70)の知られざる素顔と数々の「謎」を解明する画期的研究。.