The compact formed between Antonius, Lepidus and Octavian near Bononia in November 43 b.c., commonly named the second triumvirate, was characterized by civil conflict. The major battles at Philippi, Perusia and Naulochus led to the presence of many legions in Italy. In addition, a large number of time-served soldiers were settled throughout the peninsula. The requirement of land for the veterans meant conflicting interests arose with landowners who were dispossessed to make way for them. The impact of the army on (...) Rome itself and on the population of the Italian countryside was great during the late first century b.c. (shrink)