Inner speech has been shown to vary in form along several dimensions. Along condensation, condensed inner speech forms have been described, that are supposed to be deprived of acoustic, phonological and even syntactic qualities. Expanded forms, on the other extreme, display articulatory and auditory properties. Along dialogality, inner speech can be monologal, when we engage in internal soliloquy, or dialogal, when we recall past conversations or imagine future dialogues involving our own voice as well as that of others addressing us. (...) Along intentionality, it can be intentional (when we deliberately rehearse material in short-term memory) or it can arise unintentionally (during mind wandering). We introduce the ConDialInt model, a neurocognitive predictive control model of inner speech that accounts for its varieties along these three dimensions. ConDialInt spells out the condensation dimension by including inhibitory control at the conceptualization, formulation or articulatory planning stage. It accounts for dialogality, by assuming internal model adaptations and by speculating on neural processes underlying perspective switching. It explains the differences between intentional and spontaneous varieties in terms of monitoring. We present an fMRI study in which we probed varieties of inner speech along dialogality and intentionality, to examine the validity of the neuroanatomical correlates posited in ConDialInt. Condensation was also informally tackled. Our data support the hypothesis that expanded inner speech recruits speech production processes down to articulatory planning, resulting in a predicted signal, the inner voice, with auditory qualities. Along dialogality, covertly using an avatar’s voice resulted in the activation of right hemisphere homologues of the regions involved in internal own-voice soliloquy and in cerebellar deactivation, consistent with internal model adaptation. Switching from first-person to third-person perspective resulted in activations in precuneus and parietal lobules. Along intentionality, compared with intentional inner speech, mind wandering with inner speech episodes was associated with greater bilateral inferior frontal activation and decreased activation in left temporal regions. This is consistent with the reported subjective evanescence and presumably reflects condensation processes. Our results provide neuroanatomical evidence compatible with predictive control and in favor of the assumptions made in the ConDialInt model. (shrink)

The following paper is intended to propose a new morphological analysis of the PIE name for ‘guest’. This word has been widely assumed to be linked to the PIE root *ghes ‘eat’, without explaining the oddity of this apparent o-grade agent-noun * ghós-ti- m. ‘table companion’. So far, no conclusive evidence can be found for a word built on the same pattern. Furthermore, it may seem quite difficult to give an account for the Lat. hospes m. meaning both ‘guest’ and (...) ‘host’, like the French word hôte. We argue here that this PIE *ghós-ti- is a back-formation made on an old collective stem *ghós-t-ō̯i f. ‘table, group of table companions’. This very form *ghós-t-ō̯i would eventually reflect an acrostatic stem *ghós-t- f. ‘common meal’. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Les mots nous manquent pour dire le plus banal des paysages. Vite à court de phrases, nous sommes incapables de faire le portrait d'une orée. Un pré, déjà, nous met à la peine, que grêlent l'aigremoine, le cirse et l'ancolie. Il n'en a pourtant pas toujours été ainsi. Au temps de Goethe et de Humboldt, le rêve d'une " histoire naturelle " attentive à tous les êtres, sans restriction ni distinction aucune, s'autorisait des forces combinées de la science et de (...) la littérature pour élever la " peinture de paysage " au rang d'un savoir crucial. La galaxie et le lichen, l'enfant et le papillon voisinaient alors en paix dans un même récit. Ce n'est pas que l'homme comptait peu : c'est que tout comptait infiniment. Des croquis d'Alfred Wallace aux " proêmes " de Francis Ponge, des bestiaires de William Swainson aux sonnets de Rainer Maria Rilke, ce livre donne à entendre le chant, aussi tenace que ténu, d'un très ancien savoir sur le monde - un savoir qui répertorie les êtres par concordances de teintes et de textures, compose avec leurs lueurs des dictionnaires éphémères, s'abîme et s'apaise dans le spectacle de leurs métamorphoses. (shrink)

"Saturne, c'est ici l'Absolu de Hegel, un Absolu pensé si seul qu'il ne vit que de la perpétuelle dévoration de ses propres enfants, craignant d'être détrôné de son absoluité s'il n'absorbe pas, à mesure qu'il la produit, sa propre altérité. C'est cette solitude de Dieu qui est ici interrogée, en suivant au sein de l'oeuvre hégélien l'évolution, puis le plein déploiement conceptuel de la notion de Singularité, qui n'est autre que le nom divin par excellence. Si Dieu, l'Absolu, est pour (...) Hegel la Singularité même, ce n'est que parce qu'il est le mouvement de réflexion réciproque de l'Universel et du Particulier : l'Esprit est la réflexion du Logique dans la Nature, et de la Nature dans le Logique. Hegel ou Le Festin de Saturne se présente alors comme une enquête destinée à dévoiler le meurtre rituel dont la Singularité est le nom dans le Système hégélien. Or, cette Singularité, que nous sommes habitués à entendre individuelle, s'y révèle être boulimique ou, justement, saturnienne. S'ouvrant sur la faillite spéculative des singuliers sensibles au début de la Phénoménologie de l'Esprit, le présent ouvrage ne pourra se conclure qu'avec le triomphe de la Singularité dialectique ne laissant rien - pas même ou surtout pas son Autre - hors d'elle-même, lorsque ce triomphe sera mesuré à l'aune de la conceptualité chrétienne dont se revendique le protestant Hegel, mais qu'il trahit sur un point capital en voulant l'accomplir. Mais Saturne, c'est aussi le "soleil noir" des alchimistes, que l'on a pu associer au soleil obombré au moment de la mort du Christ : quoi de plus naturel, dès lors, que d'en faire l'astre tutélaire d'un système qui se construit tout entier autour d'un "Vendredi saint spéculatif"? Car, comme Dante dut traverser les neuf cercles de l'Enfer avant d'espérer pouvoir s'élever au Purgatoire, puis au Paradis, l'homme pensant doit traverser le Système de la Science, en subir peut-être les glaçantes tentations, en méditer en tous cas la fascinante rigueur conceptuelle, pour pouvoir ensuite espérer voir scintiller devant lui les lueurs matinales d'un inattendu "dimanche de Pâques spéculatif"."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

--I. The life of Ramakrishna. -- II. The life of Vivekananda and the universal gospel.

The Zhuangzi is one of China's greatest literary and philosophical masterpieces, yet its complexities make it a challenging read. This English translation leads you confidently through the comic scenes and virtuoso writing style, introducing all the little stories Zhuangzi invented and unpicking its philosophy through close commentaries and helpful asides. In Graziani's translation, the co-founder of Daoism emerges as a remarkable thinker. It is a must-read for anyone coming to Chinese philosophy or the Zhuangzi for the first time, and one (...) that reminds us of the importance of thinking beyond our limited, everyday perspectives. (shrink)

By the author of Life of Ramakrishna, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

In these three Indian biographies dating from the 1920s, Romain Rolland introduces the French reader to Gandhi's political struggle and to the spiritual careers of Ramakrishna and his disciple Vivekananda, while revealing the deep meaning of his attraction to Hindu India at this time of his life.

The spontaneous organization of collective activities in animal groups and societies has attracted a considerable amount of attention over the last decade. This kind of coordination often permits group‐living species to achieve collective tasks that are far beyond single individuals' capabilities. In particular, a key benefit lies in the integration of partial knowledge of the environment at the collective level. In this contribution, we discuss various self‐organization phenomena in animal swarms and human crowds from the point of view of information (...) exchange among individuals. In particular, we provide a general description of collective dynamics across species and introduce a classification of these dynamics not only with respect to the way information is transferred among individuals but also with regard to the knowledge processing at the collective level. Finally, we highlight the fact that the individual’s ability to learn from past experiences can have a feedback effect on the collective dynamics, as experienced with the development of behavioral conventions in pedestrian crowds. (shrink)

Global challenges such as climate change, food security, or public health have become dominant concerns in research and innovation policy. This article examines how responses to these challenges are addressed by governance actors. We argue that appeals to global challenges can give rise to a ‘solution strategy' that presents responses of dominant actors as solutions and a ‘negotiation strategy' that highlights the availability of heterogeneous and often conflicting responses. On the basis of interviews and document analyses, the study identifies both (...) strategies across local, national, and European levels. While our results demonstrate the co-existence of both strategies, we find that global challenges are most commonly highlighted together with the solutions offered by dominant actors. Global challenges are ‘wicked problems' that often become misframed as ‘tame problems’ in governance practice and thereby legitimise dominant responses. (shrink)

“Neural coding” is a popular metaphor in neuroscience, where objective properties of the world are communicated to the brain in the form of spikes. Here I argue that this metaphor is often inappropriate and misleading. First, when neurons are said to encode experimental parameters, the neural code depends on experimental details that are not carried by the coding variable. Thus, the representational power of neural codes is much more limited than generally implied. Second, neural codes carry information only by reference (...) to things with known meaning. In contrast, perceptual systems must build information from relations between sensory signals and actions, forming an internal model. Neural codes are inadequate for this purpose because they are unstructured and therefore unable to represent relations. Third, coding variables are observables tied to the temporality of experiments, whereas spikes are timed actions that mediate coupling in a distributed dynamical system. The coding metaphor tries to fit the dynamic, circular, and distributed causal structure of the brain into a linear chain of transformations between observables, but the two causal structures are incongruent. I conclude that the neural coding metaphor cannot provide a valid basis for theories of brain function, because it is incompatible with both the causal structure of the brain and the representational requirements of cognition. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Research from cognitive science and geoscience education has shown that sketching can improve spatial thinking skills and facilitate solving spatially complex problems. Yet sketching is rarely implemented in introductory geosciences courses, due to time needed to grade sketches and lack of materials that incorporate cognitive science research. Here, we report a design-centered, collaborative effort, between geoscientists, cognitive scientists, and artificial intelligence researchers, to characterize spatial learning challenges in geoscience and to design sketch activities that use a sketch-understanding program, CogSketch. We (...) developed 26 CogSketch worksheets that use cognitive science–based principles to scaffold problem solving of spatially complex geoscience problems and report observations of an implementation in an introductory geoscience course where students used CogSketch or human-graded paper worksheets. Overall, this research highlights the principles of interdisciplinary design between cognitive scientists, geoscientists, and AI researchers that can inform the collaborative design process for others aiming to develop effective educational materials. (shrink)

L’article revient sur un contexte funéraire découvert au xixe s. à Camiros par l’archéologue Auguste Salzmann et récemment reconstitué au musée du Louvre, où il est conservé. L’étude stylistique et typologique du mobilier a été prolongée par une campagne d’analyses des contenus, une approche qui réactualise, par des moyens d’investigations modernes, l’intérêt suscité par le tombeau A. Les résultats apportent, entre autres, des données précieuses sur la réalité du commerce des « vases à parfum » grecs archaïques et sur leur (...) utilisation parfois médicinale. (shrink)

The neural coding metaphor is so ubiquitous that we tend to forget its metaphorical nature. What do we mean when we assert that neurons encode and decode? What kind of causal and representational model of the brain does the metaphor entail? What lies beneath the neural coding metaphor, I argue, is a bureaucratic model of the brain.

Le silence qui recouvre les abus sexuels incestueux, souvent subis à un âge prépubère, constitue une entrave dans la construction de l’identité, de la relation de couple et de la filiation. L’article s’appuie sur trois vignettes cliniques pour illustrer ce constat et montre que la lente reconstruction après ces traumatismes est le fait d’une parole tenue dans un cadre analytique où l’interdit du toucher et l’absence d’emprise sont la règle.

Le silence qui recouvre les abus sexuels incestueux, souvent subis à un âge prépubère, constitue une entrave dans la construction de l’identité, de la relation de couple et de la filiation. L’article s’appuie sur trois vignettes cliniques pour illustrer ce constat et montre que la lente reconstruction après ces traumatismes est le fait d’une parole tenue dans un cadre analytique où l’interdit du toucher et l’absence d’emprise sont la règle.

ABSTRACTThis essay reads Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice as a machine: a machine made of connectors, disruptors, reversible engines and agentive parts. Starting from a minor detail in the play...

Le patriarcat au singulier est une construction mythique permise aujourd’hui par la concision et la répétition du message numérique. L’heure est plus que jamais à l’opposition binaire des catégories et à la concurrence entre mouvements. Le mouvement #MeToo a été lancé en 2007 par une femme noire devenue vice-présidente de la fondation Girls for Gender Equity. Il s’agit de construire une communauté de plaignantes, un groupe d’assujetties au binarisme genré, au modelé médiatique des visages de stars, et d’entonner une véritable (...) ode aux méfaits du patriarcat, ce à quoi contribue également le témoignage de Vanessa Springora. Le hashtag rappelle la grille du vieux confessionnal. (shrink)

"Proof" has been and remains one of the concepts which characterises mathematics. Covering basic propositional and predicate logic as well as discussing axiom systems and formal proofs, the book seeks to explain what mathematicians understand by proofs and how they are communicated. The authors explore the principle techniques of direct and indirect proof including induction, existence and uniqueness proofs, proof by contradiction, constructive and non-constructive proofs, etc. Many examples from analysis and modern algebra are included. The exceptionally clear style and (...) presentation ensures that the book will be useful and enjoyable to those studying and interested in the notion of mathematical "proof.". (shrink)

Petites absences, décrochages, distractions : notre relation au monde visible est ponctuée de ces éclipses infimes. Face à ce qui réclame sans cesse notre attention - écrans d'ordinateur ou de télévision, signaux, spectacles -, nous vivons dans l'intermittence du regard et de l'écoute. Confrontés aux histoires les plus intenses, aux images les plus fortes, nous ne cessons de perdre le fil de ce qui semble essentiel. Que manifestent ces brèves pannes du sens? Une pesanteur et une aliénation? Ou une insaisissable (...) liberté Ce sont ces alternances de présence et d'absence, de plein et de vide, de net et de flou, que tente de recueillir ce livre, comme un voyage à la fois drôle et grave dans les minuscules fuites de la perception. (shrink)

Psychiatry is becoming a cognitive neuroscience. This new paradigm not only aims to give new ways for explaining mental diseases by naturalizing them, but also to have an influence on different levels of psychiatric norms. We tried here to verify whether a biological paradigm is able to fulfill this normative goal. We analyzed three main normative assumptions that is to say the will of giving psychiatry a valid nosology, a rigorous definition of what is a mental disease, and new tools (...) for destigmatizing mentally ill patients. Although these different kinds of normativity are very heterogeneous, we must conclude that, in all these cases, biological psychiatry is a failure, in part because of a lack of epistemological conceptualization. (shrink)