Accurate and valid data on criminality are the foundations of any efficient crime policy and crime prevention. However, modern criminal justice and crime prevention has to deal with multiple, often conflicting sources of data. Our paper considers the prospects of integration of the most important data on criminality:victimological and recorded data. The way of their integration – a two-rays approach (RAS) – has been proposed. A new integrated criminality research tool, able to combine victimological and recorded data has been developed. (...) This tool was used in the nation-wide representative study of criminality in Lithuania. The outcomes of this study and the integrated (“two-ray”) investigation of criminality are discussed. (shrink)

Novel regulatory elements that enabled expression of pre‐existing immune genes in reproductive tissues and novel immune genes with pregnancy‐specific roles in eutherians have shaped the evolution of mammalian pregnancy by facilitating the emergence of novel mechanisms for immune regulation over its course. Trade‐offs arising from conflicting fitness effects on reproduction and host defenses have further influenced the patterns of genetic variation of these genes. These three mechanisms (novel regulatory elements, novel immune genes, and trade‐offs) played a pivotal role in refining (...) the regulation of maternal immune systems during pregnancy in eutherians, likely facilitating the establishment of prolonged direct maternal–fetal contact in eutherians without causing immunological rejection of the genetically distinct fetus. (shrink)

DNA glycosylases remove aberrant DNA nucleobases as the first enzymatic step of the base excision repair (BER) pathway. The alkyl‐DNA glycosylases AlkC and AlkD adopt a unique structure based on α‐helical HEAT repeats. Both enzymes identify and excise their substrates without a base‐flipping mechanism used by other glycosylases and nucleic acid processing proteins to access nucleobases that are otherwise stacked inside the double‐helix. Consequently, these glycosylases act on a variety of cationic nucleobase modifications, including bulky adducts, not previously associated with (...) BER. The related non‐enzymatic HEAT‐like repeat (HLR) proteins, AlkD2, and AlkF, have unique nucleic acid binding properties that expand the functions of this relatively new protein superfamily beyond DNA repair. Here, we review the phylogeny, biochemistry, and structures of the HLR proteins, which have helped broaden our understanding of the mechanisms by which DNA glycosylases locate and excise chemically modified DNA nucleobases. (shrink)

On historical development of medical education in Myanmar, ethics for medical doctors and current situations on unethical practice in Myanmar.

Roka kot Geschlecht-identiteta -- Vagina, objet petit a kot diferenca -- Smrt kot sprava Todestrieb.