Results for 'Richard E. Michod'

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  1.  46
    On the transfer of fitness from the cell to the multicellular organism.Richard E. Michod - 2005 - Biology and Philosophy 20 (5):967-987.
    The fitness of any evolutionary unit can be understood in terms of its two basic components: fecundity (reproduction) and viability (survival). Trade-offs between these fitness components drive the evolution of life-history traits in extant multicellular organisms. We argue that these trade-offs gain special significance during the transition from unicellular to multicellular life. In particular, the evolution of germ–soma specialization and the emergence of individuality at the cell group (or organism) level are also consequences of trade-offs between the two basic fitness (...)
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  2. Darwinian Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality. By Richard E. Michod.P. S. Timiras - 2002 - The European Legacy 7 (4):532-532.
  3.  23
    Evolutionary transitions in individuality: multicellularity and sex.Richard E. Michod - 2011 - In Brett Calcott & Kim Sterelny (eds.), The Major Transitions in Evolution Revisited. MIT Press. pp. 169--198.
    This chapter combines formal models of how the fitness of a collective can become decoupled from the fitness with more empirical work on the volvocine algae. It uses the Volvox clade as a model system. It describes the evolution of altruism in the volvocine green algae. This chapter suggests that altruism may evolve from genes involved in life-history trade-offs. It shows the several cooperation, conflict, and conflict mediation cycles in the volvocine green algae. This cycle of cooperation, conflict, and conflict (...)
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  4.  26
    Positive heuristics in evolutionary biology.Richard E. Michod - 1981 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 32 (1):1-36.
  5.  3
    The role of metaphor in shaping scientific inquiry: Andrew Reynolds: The third lens: Metaphor and the creation of modern cell biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018, 272 pp, $30.00 PB. [REVIEW]Richard E. Michod & Dinah R. Davison - 2023 - Metascience 32 (3):313-316.
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  6.  15
    Darwinian dynamics: Evolutionary transitions in fitness and individuality by Richard E. Michod.Jeffrey Ihara - 1999 - Complexity 5 (1):42-43.
  7.  18
    On fitness and adaptedness and their role in evolutionary explanation.Richard E. Michod - 1986 - Journal of the History of Biology 19 (2):289-302.
  8. On the Transfer of Fitness from the Cell to the Organism.Richard E. Michod - forthcoming - Biology and Philosophy.(Forthcoming).
  9.  5
    Biology and the origin of values.Richard E. Michod - 1993 - In R. Michod, L. Nadel & M. Hechter (eds.), The Origin of Values. Aldine de Gruyer. pp. 261--271.
  10.  93
    Fitness and evolutionary explanation. [REVIEW]Henry C. Byerly & Richard E. Michod - 1991 - Biology and Philosophy 6 (1):45-53.
    Recent philosophical discussions have failed to clarify the roles of the concept fitness in evolutionary theory. Neither the propensity interpretation of fitness nor the construal of fitness as a primitive theoretical term succeed in explicating the empirical content and explanatory power of the theory of natural selection. By appealing to the structure of simple mathematical models of natural selection, we separate out different contrasts which have tended to confuse discussions of fitness: the distinction between what fitness is defined as versus (...)
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  11.  44
    Group Selection and Group Adaptation During a Major Evolutionary Transition: Insights from the Evolution of Multicellularity in the Volvocine Algae.Deborah E. Shelton & Richard E. Michod - 2014 - Biological Theory 9 (4):452-469.
    Adaptations can occur at different hierarchical levels, but it can be difficult to identify the level of adaptation in specific cases. A major problem is that selection at a lower level can filter up, creating the illusion of selection at a higher level. We use optimality modeling of the volvocine algae to explore the emergence of genuine group adaptations. We find that it is helpful to develop an explicit model for what group fitness would be in the absence of group-level (...)
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  12.  86
    Philosophical foundations for the hierarchy of life.Deborah E. Shelton & Richard E. Michod - 2010 - Biology and Philosophy 25 (3):391-403.
    We review Evolution and the Levels of Selection by Samir Okasha. This important book provides a cohesive philosophical framework for understanding levels-of-selections problems in biology. Concerning evolutionary transitions, Okasha proposes that three stages characterize the shift from a lower level of selection to a higher one. We discuss the application of Okasha’s three-stage concept to the evolutionary transition from unicellularity to multicellularity in the volvocine green algae. Okasha’s concepts are a provocative step towards a more general understanding of the major (...)
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  13.  32
    Levels of selection and the formal Darwinism project.Deborah E. Shelton & Richard E. Michod - 2014 - Biology and Philosophy 29 (2):217-224.
    Understanding good design requires addressing the question of what units undergo natural selection, thereby becoming adapted. There is, therefore, a natural connection between the formal Darwinism project (which aims to connect population genetics with the evolution of design and fitness maximization) and levels of selection issues. We argue that the formal Darwinism project offers contradictory and confusing lines of thinking concerning level(s) of selection. The project favors multicellular organisms over both the lower (cell) and higher (social group) levels as the (...)
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  14.  7
    Stress Responses Co‐Opted for Specialized Cell Types During the Early Evolution of Multicellularity.Aurora M. Nedelcu & Richard E. Michod - 2020 - Bioessays 42 (5):2000029.
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  15.  6
    The role of metaphor in shaping scientific inquiry.Dinah R. Davison & Richard E. Michod - forthcoming - Metascience:1-4.
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  16. Evolution of Individuality: A Case Study in the Volvocine Green Algae.Erik R. Hanschen, Dinah R. Davison, Zachariah I. Grochau-Wright & Richard E. Michod - 2017 - Philosophy, Theory, and Practice in Biology 9 (3).
    All disciplines must define their basic units and core processes. In evolutionary biology, the core process is natural selection and the basic unit of selection and adaptation is the individual. To operationalize the theory of natural selection we must count individuals, as they are the bearers of fitness. While canonical individuals have often been taken to be multicellular organisms, the hierarchy of life shows that new kinds of individuals have evolved. A variety of criteria have been used to define biological (...)
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  17.  8
    Did Human Culture Emerge in a Cultural Evolutionary Transition in Individuality?Dinah R. Davison, Claes Andersson, Richard E. Michod & Steven L. Kuhn - 2021 - Biological Theory 16 (4):213-236.
    Evolutionary Transitions in Individuality have been responsible for the major transitions in levels of selection and individuality in natural history, such as the origins of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, multicellular organisms, and eusocial insects. The integrated hierarchical organization of life thereby emerged as groups of individuals repeatedly evolved into new and more complex kinds of individuals. The Social Protocell Hypothesis proposes that the integrated hierarchical organization of human culture can also be understood as the outcome of an ETI—one that produced (...)
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  18.  11
    Review of Richard E. Flathman: Toward a Liberalism.[REVIEW]Richard E. Flathman - 1992 - Ethics 102 (4):865-867.
  19.  7
    Review of Richard E. FLATHMAN: Willful Liberalism[REVIEW]Richard E. Flathman - 1993 - Ethics 104 (1):178-179.
  20.  37
    Atheism and Freedom: A Response to Sartre and Baier: RICHARD E. CREEL.Richard E. Creel - 1984 - Religious Studies 20 (2):281-291.
    A few years ago I ran across a statement by Jean-Paul Sartre which seemed to imply that if there is a God, then there can be no human freedom. That thesis struck me as questionable, but at the time I did not pause to examine it. More recently I ran across a similar, more explicit statement by Kurt Baier, and I decided the time to pause had come. My knee-jerk response to Baier – and I confess it was probably nothing (...)
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  21.  38
    Can God Know That He Is God?: RICHARD E. CREEL.Richard E. Creel - 1980 - Religious Studies 16 (2):195-201.
    While reflecting one day on the enormous difficulties that men have in knowing that there is a God, a completely unexpected and unfamiliar question drifted into my purview – perhaps as a kind of ultimate expression of my philosophical frustration. ‘Indeed’, the question asked, ‘can even God know that he is God?’ At first I thought this query merely amusing. ‘Wouldn't it be funny if God cannot know that he is God! But of course he can.’ So my mind wandered (...)
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  22.  26
    Happiness and Resurrection: A Reply to Morreall: RICHARD E. CREEL.Richard E. Creel - 1981 - Religious Studies 17 (3):387-393.
  23.  12
    Review of Richard E. Sclove: Democracy and Technology.[REVIEW]Richard E. Sclove - 1997 - Ethics 107 (2):364-366.
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  24.  16
    Richard L. Purtill. Logic for philosophers. Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, Evanston, and London, 1971, xxii + 419 pp. [REVIEW]Richard E. Robinson - 1974 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 39 (3):614-615.
  25.  14
    Review: Richard L. Purtill, Logic for Philosophers. [REVIEW]Richard E. Robinson - 1974 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 39 (3):614-615.
  26. Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment.Richard E. Nisbett & Lee Ross - 1980 - Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall.
  27. Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.Richard E. Nisbett & Timothy D. Wilson - 1977 - Psychological Review 84 (3):231-59.
    Reviews evidence which suggests that there may be little or no direct introspective access to higher order cognitive processes. Ss are sometimes unaware of the existence of a stimulus that importantly influenced a response, unaware of the existence of the response, and unaware that the stimulus has affected the response. It is proposed that when people attempt to report on their cognitive processes, that is, on the processes mediating the effects of a stimulus on a response, they do not do (...)
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  28.  31
    Olds M. E.. Synonymity: extensional isomorphism. Mind, n.s. vol. 65 , pp. 473–488.Richard E. Robinson - 1957 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 22 (4):397-398.
  29.  24
    Moderating Rights*: RICHARD E. FLATHMAN.Richard E. Flathman - 1984 - Social Philosophy and Policy 1 (2):149-171.
    Rights might be regarded as an objectionable and even a dangerous feature of moral, political, and legal arrangements. It is an element of all types of rights that Able's having right X entails requirements or prohibitions for Baker. These restrictions hold against Baker at Able's discretion, that is unless Able excuses Baker from respecting them. Nor are the restrictions merely decorative. We must presume that they are established because of the expectation that Baker would otherwise be disposed to interfere with (...)
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  30.  46
    Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.Richard E. Nisbett & Timothy D. Wilson - 1977 - Psychological Review; Psychological Review 84 (3):231.
  31.  11
    Review: M. E. Olds, Synonymity: Extensional Isomorphism. [REVIEW]Richard E. Robinson - 1957 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 22 (4):397-398.
  32.  94
    A response to Richard Wolin on Gadamer and the nazis.Richard E. Palmer - 2002 - International Journal of Philosophical Studies 10 (4):467 – 482.
    Richard Wolin, in his article 'Nazism and the Complicities of Hans-Georg Gadamer: Untruth and Method' ( New Republic , 15 May 2000, pp. 36-45), wrongly accuses Gadamer of being 'in complicity' with the Nazis. The present article in reply was rejected by the New Republic , but is printed here to show that Wolin in his article is misinformed and unfair. First, Wolin makes elementary factual errors, such as stating that Gadamer was born in Breslau instead of Marburg. He (...)
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  33.  72
    Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition.Richard E. Nisbett, Kaiping Peng, Incheol Choi & Ara Norenzayan - 2001 - Psychological Review 108 (2):291-310.
    The authors find East Asians to be holistic, attending to the entire field and assigning causality to it, making relatively little use of categories and formal logic, and relying on "dialectical" reasoning, whereas Westerners, are more analytic, paying attention primarily to the object and the categories to which it belongs and using rules, including formal logic, to understand its behavior. The 2 types of cognitive processes are embedded in different naive metaphysical systems and tacit epistemologies. The authors speculate that the (...)
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  34.  7
    Hermeneutics.Richard E. Palmer - 1969 - Northwestern University Press.
    This classic, first published in 1969, introduces to English-speaking readers a field which is of increasing importance in contemporary philosophy and theology--hermeneutics, the theory of understanding, or interpretation. Richard E. Palmer, utilizing largely untranslated sources, treats principally of the conception of hermeneutics enunciated by Heidegger and developed into a "philosophical hermeneutics" by Hans-Georg Gadamer. He provides a brief overview of the field by surveying some half-dozen alternate definitions of the term and by examining in detail the contributions of Friedrich (...)
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  35.  51
    The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments.Richard E. Nisbett & Timothy D. Wilson - 1977 - Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35 (4):250-256.
    Staged 2 different videotaped interviews with the same individual—a college instructor who spoke English with a European accent. In one of the interviews the instructor was warm and friendly, in the other, cold and distant. 118 undergraduates were asked to evaluate the instructor. Ss who saw the warm instructor rated his appearance, mannerisms, and accent as appealing, whereas those who saw the cold instructor rated these attributes as irritating. Results indicate that global evaluations of a person can induce altered evaluations (...)
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  36.  44
    Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind.Richard E. Aquila - 1985 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 46 (1):159-170.
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  37.  24
    Convention: A Philosophical Study. [REVIEW]Richard E. Grandy - 1977 - Journal of Philosophy 74 (2):129-139.
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  38.  10
    Depth-first iterative-deepening.Richard E. Korf - 1985 - Artificial Intelligence 27 (1):97-109.
  39.  15
    Richard Dagger, Civic Virtues:Civic Virtues. [REVIEW]Richard E. Flathman - 1999 - Ethics 109 (3):659-661.
  40.  28
    The use of statistical heuristics in everyday inductive reasoning.Richard E. Nisbett, David H. Krantz, Christopher Jepson & Ziva Kunda - 1983 - Psychological Review 90 (4):339-363.
  41.  6
    Strips: A new approach to the application of theorem proving to problem solving.Richard E. Fikes & Nils J. Nilsson - 1971 - Artificial Intelligence 2 (3-4):189-208.
  42.  35
    Zucker J. I.. The adequacy problem for classical logic. Journal of philosophical logic, vol. 7 , pp. 517–535.Zucker J. I. and Tragesser R. S.. The adequacy problem for inferential logic. Journal of philosophical logic, pp. 501–516.Prawitz Dag. Proofs and the meaning and completeness of the logical constants. Essays on mathematical and philosophical logic, Proceedings of the Fourth Scandinavian Logic Symposium and of the First Soviet-Finnish Logic Conference, Jyväskyla, Finland, June 29-July 6,1976, edited by Hintikka Jaakko, Niiniluoto Ilkka, and Saarinen Esa, Synthese library, vol. 122, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Boston, and London, 1979, pp. 25–40.Prawitz Dag. Meaning and proofs: on the conflict between classical and intuitionistic logic. Theoria, vol. 43 , pp. 2–40.Dummett M. A. E.. The justification of deduction. Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 59 , pp. 201–232.Dummett Michael. The philosophical basis of intuitionistic logic. Logic Colloquium '73, Proceedings. [REVIEW]Richard E. Grandy - 1982 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 47 (3):689-694.
  43.  5
    Real-time heuristic search.Richard E. Korf - 1990 - Artificial Intelligence 42 (2-3):189-211.
  44. Principles of health care ethics.Richard E. Ashcroft (ed.) - 2007 - Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
    Edited by four leading members of the new generation of medical and healthcare ethicists working in the UK, respected worldwide for their work in medical ethics, Principles of Health Care Ethics, Second Edition_is a standard resource for students, professionals, and academics wishing to understand current and future issues in healthcare ethics. With a distinguished international panel of contributors working at the leading edge of academia, this volume presents a comprehensive guide to the field, with state of the art introductions to (...)
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  45.  32
    Forms and Limits of Utilitarianism. [REVIEW]Richard E. Flathman - 1966 - Ethics 76 (4):309-317.
  46.  85
    Rules for reasoning.Richard E. Nisbett (ed.) - 1993 - Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates.
    This book examines two questions: Do people make use of abstract rules such as logical and statistical rules when making inferences in everyday life? Can such abstract rules be changed by training? Contrary to the spirit of reductionist theories from behaviorism to connectionism, there is ample evidence that people do make use of abstract rules of inference -- including rules of logic, statistics, causal deduction, and cost-benefit analysis. Such rules, moreover, are easily alterable by instruction as it occurs in classrooms (...)
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  47.  6
    Autobiographical memory in dysphoric and non‐dysphoric college students using a computerised version of the AMT.Richard E. Zinbarg, Kathleen Newcomb Rekart & Susan Mineka - 2006 - Cognition and Emotion 20 (3-4):506-515.
  48.  29
    Constructing Empirical Bioethics: Foucauldian Reflections on the Empirical Turn in Bioethics Research. [REVIEW]Richard E. Ashcroft - 2003 - Health Care Analysis 11 (1):3-13.
    The empirical turn in bioethics has been widely discussed by philosophical medical ethicists and social scientists. The focus of this discussion has been almost exclusively on methodological issues in research, on the admissibility of empirical evidence in rational argument, and on the possible superiority of empirical methods for permitting democratic lay involvement in decision-making. In this paper I consider how the collection of qualitative and quantitative social research evidence plays its part in the construction of social order, and how this (...)
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  49. The Evolutionary Origin of Complex Features.Richard E. Lenski - 2003 - 423 (May):139–144.
    A long-standing challenge to evolutionary theory has been whether it can explain the origin of complex organismal features. We examined this issue using digital organisms—computer programs that self-replicate, mutate, compete and evolve. Populations of digital organisms often evolved the ability to perform complex logic functions requiring the coordinated execution of many genomic instructions. Complex functions evolved by building on simpler functions that had evolved earlier, provided that these were also selectively favoured. However, no particular intermediate stage was essential for evolving (...)
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  50. Implications of Socio-Cultural Contexts for the Ethics of Clinical Trials.Richard E. Ashcroft, D. Chadwick, S. Clark, Richard H. T. Edwards & Lucy Frith - 1997 - Core Research.
     
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