Este volume resume as palestras apresentadas durante o simpósio comemorativo dos "100 Anos da Física Quântica", realizado no Instituto de Física da USP. Para avaliar o significado dessa comemoração, basta lembrar que a Física no século XIX parecia estar completa. Os textos agrupados neste volume tratam de aspectos históricos associados à emergência inicial da teoria quântica, de desenvolvimentos relacionados com algumas das suas mais notórias conseqüências, e de aplicações abrangendo fenômenos desde a escala sub-atômica, atômica e molecular, até as dimensões (...) do universo como um todo. (shrink)

The European project European and Latin American Systems of Ethics Regulation of Biomedical Research Project (EULABOR) has carried out the first comparative analysis of ethics regulation systems for biomedical research in seven countries in Europe and Latin America, evaluating their roles in the protection of human subjects. We developed a conceptual and methodological framework defining ‘ethics regulation system for biomedical research’ as a set of actors, institutions, codes and laws involved in overseeing the ethics of biomedical research on humans. This (...) framework allowed us to develop comprehensive national reports by conducting semi-structured interviews to key informants. These reports were summarised and analysed in a comparative analysis. The study showed that the regulatory framework for clinical research in these countries differ in scope. It showed that despite the different political contexts, actors involved and motivations for creating the regulation, in most of the studied countries it was the government who took the lead in setting up the system. The study also showed that Europe and Latin America are similar regarding national bodies and research ethics committees, but the Brazilian system has strong and noteworthy specificities. (shrink)

Scholars have identified crimmigration – or the criminalization of “irregular” migration in law – as a key issue affecting migrant access to justice in contemporary immigrant-receiving societies. Yet the gendered and racialized implications of crimmigration for diverse migrant populations remains underdeveloped in this literature. This study advances a feminist intersectional approach to crimmigration and migrant justice in Canada. I add to recent research showing how punitive immigration controls disproportionately affect racialized men from the global south, constituting what Golash-Boza and Hondagneu-Sotelo (...) have called a “gendered racial removal program”. In my study, I shift analytical attention to consider the effects of the contemporary crimmigration system on migrant women survivors of gender-based violence. While such cases constitute a small sub-group within a larger population of migrants in detention, nevertheless scholarly attention to this group can expose the multiple axes along which state power is enacted – an analytical strategy that foundational scholars like Crenshaw used to theorize “structural intersectionality” in the US. In focusing on crimmigration in the Canadian context, I draw attention to the growing nexus between migration, security, and gender-based violence that has emerged alongside other processes of crimmigration. I then provide a case analysis of the 2013 death while in custody of Lucía Dominga Vega Jiménez, an “undocumented” migrant woman from Mexico. My analysis illustrates how migrant women’s strategies to survive gender-based violence are re-cast as grounds for their detention and removal, constituting what I argue is a criminalization of survivorship.The research overall demonstrates the centrality of gendered and racialized structural violence in crimmigration processes by challenging more universalist approaches to migrant justice. (shrink)

This paper presents the relationship between pedagogical content knowledge and political/ideological clarity as a framework for understanding the nuanced interpretations and applications of critical social studies pedagogy and practice. Using a qualitative case study research design, this study explores the decision-making process of two novice social studies teachers as they decide if and how to utilize critical historical inquiry within their classrooms. Findings indicate that teachers’ use of critical historical inquiry is informed by their subject area consciousness and political and (...) ideological clarity which is cultivated through personal, schooling, and communal experiences. However, we also find that a teacher's pedagogy is significantly strengthened when political and ideological clarity are coupled with pedagogical content knowledge to ensure a more developed enactment of critical historical inquiry is reached within the social studies classroom. (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo se propone configurar la trama saber-tropo como estrategia para desvelar ataduras coloniales que aún persisten en las vidas cotidianas de sujetos situados y encarnados, cuyas existencias se desarrollan en condiciones de precariedad material, exclusión, explotación y no reconocimiento. Con un marcado carácter epistémico-metodológico, y tomando como base los postulados de la tropología, se discute sobre la noción de tropo y saber, además de señalar las posibles relaciones que entre ellos se pueden dar, para finalmente, en términos demostrativos, (...) plantear un procedimiento orientado a identificar y analizar los tropos que permiten ir desvelando lastres coloniales en las narraciones cotidianas. La relevancia de esta propuesta se asienta en la necesidad de ir avanzado en construir herramientas metodológicas que permitan comprender los principios que configuran el pensamiento decolonial. Desde allí, se propone al tropo como expresión y discusión figurativa del saber, debido a que este puede ser utilizado persuasivamente para afectar la forma en que se habita el mundo, al tiempo que permite comprender el accionar social y, consecuentemente, las matrices coloniales con las que debemos romper.: This article proposes to configure knowledge-trope plot as a strategy to uncover colonial ties that persist in the daily lives of situated and incarnated subjects, whose existences develop in conditions of material precariousness, exclusion, exploitation and non-recognition. With a marked epistemic-methodological character, and based on the postulates of the tropology, the notion of trope and knowledge is discussed, as well as pointing out the possible relationships that can occur between them, and finally, in demonstrative terms, to propose a procedure aimed at identifying and analysing the tropes that allow us to reveal colonial ballasts in everyday narratives. The relevance of this proposal is based on the need to construct methodological tools that allow us to understand the principles of decolonial thinking. From there, the trope is proposed as an expression and figurative discussion of knowledge, because it can be used persuasively to affect the way in which the world is inhabited, while at the same time it allows us to understand social action and, consequently, colonial matrices with which we must break. (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo se propone configurar la trama saber-tropo como estrategia para desvelar ataduras coloniales que aún persisten en las vidas cotidianas de sujetos situados y encarnados, cuyas existencias se desarrollan en condiciones de precariedad material, exclusión, explotación y no reconocimiento. Con un marcado carácter epistémico-metodológico, y tomando como base los postulados de la tropología, se discute sobre la noción de tropo y saber, además de señalar las posibles relaciones que entre ellos se pueden dar, para finalmente, en términos demostrativos, (...) plantear un procedimiento orientado a identificar y analizar los tropos que permiten ir desvelando lastres coloniales en las narraciones cotidianas. La relevancia de esta propuesta se asienta en la necesidad de ir avanzado en construir herramientas metodológicas que permitan comprender los principios que configuran el pensamiento decolonial. Desde allí, se propone al tropo como expresión y discusión figurativa del saber, debido a que este puede ser utilizado persuasivamente para afectar la forma en que se habita el mundo, al tiempo que permite comprender el accionar social y, consecuentemente, las matrices coloniales con las que debemos romper.: This article proposes to configure knowledge-trope plot as a strategy to uncover colonial ties that persist in the daily lives of situated and incarnated subjects, whose existences develop in conditions of material precariousness, exclusion, exploitation and non-recognition. With a marked epistemic-methodological character, and based on the postulates of the tropology, the notion of trope and knowledge is discussed, as well as pointing out the possible relationships that can occur between them, and finally, in demonstrative terms, to propose a procedure aimed at identifying and analysing the tropes that allow us to reveal colonial ballasts in everyday narratives. The relevance of this proposal is based on the need to construct methodological tools that allow us to understand the principles of decolonial thinking. From there, the trope is proposed as an expression and figurative discussion of knowledge, because it can be used persuasively to affect the way in which the world is inhabited, while at the same time it allows us to understand social action and, consequently, colonial matrices with which we must break. (shrink)

En este artículo sostengo que Gabriel Marcel desarrolla una metafísica de la existencia humana a partir de una fenomenología. Para mostrar esta hipótesis, parto del diagnóstico que hace el autor de la situación del hombre contemporáneo. Marcel afirma que el ser humano ha sido reducido a un mero haz de funciones no dando espacio para el misterio. A partir de ese diagnóstico, desarrollo el concepto de exigencia ontológica el cual nos permite, sostengo, pasar de una fenomenología a una metafísica, desde (...) el momento en que Marcel plantea que la exigencia ontológica no es solo una necesidad subjetiva de sentido, sino el correlato del misterio ontológico en el cual nos encontramos insertos. La filosofía del misterio del Marcel, eje central de su metafísica de la existencia humana, es explicada y explicitada en la segunda parte de este trabajo, a partir del dato de la encarnación y del problema de la participación. In this article, I hold that Gabriel Marcel proposes a kind of metaphysics of human existence that arises from a phenomenology. In order to show this hypothesis, I start from the description that the author does of the situation of contemporary man. Marcel affirms that human being has been reduced to a mere assembly of functions, without leaving any room to mystery. Starting from this account, I develop the concept of ontological need, concept that allows us to go from phenomenology to metaphysis, because the concept of ontological need, according to Marcel, is not only the expression of a subjective need of finding sense, but the expression of the ontological mystery in which we find ourselves. The philosophy of mystery of Marcel, backbone of his metaphysics of the human existence, is explained in the second part of this article, by giving an account of the basic fact of being an incarnated being and by discussing the problem of participation. (shrink)

This paper studies two aspects of John Duns Scotus’s Prologue to his Questions on the Metaphysics of Aristotle. The a priori argument to prove the nobility and dignity of metaphysics and the treatment of the question about the scientific object of metaphysics and its articulation with the other realities treated in this science. The paper also shows how Scotus’s prologue follows an interpretative tradition whose principal interlocutors are Thomas Aquinas and Avicenna.

Research on the use of smartphone apps with the aim of developing self-regulated learning and increasing academic performance of university students in virtual mode, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, is recent and scarce. The present article shows the results of a study that analyzed the effect of using the 4Planning app with an intra-curricular approach on SRL and on the academic performance of 119 1st-year psychology students in virtual mode, at a Chilean university. The research was conducted with (...) quantitative methodology and a quasi-experimental design, with pre- and posttest measurements of an experimental group and comparisons with three control groups. The results show that students who used the app during 10 weeks of the first academic semester 2021: increased SRL self-report, increased academic self-efficacy, and obtained higher academic performance, compared to those who did not use it. The above occurs because the 4Planning app activates functions of the self-regulatory system of goal-directed behavior, which allows exercising the capacity of self-direction and self-influence on this type of behavior in the particular context of academic performance, which produces SRL. It is concluded that the 4Planning app is effective in developing self-regulation and improving the academic performance of 1st-year university students, in virtual learning mode. (shrink)

El artículo propone una interpretación de la obra literaria "Las Crónicas de Narnia" del autor ingles C. S Lewis. Tal interpretación posibilita considerar la alegoría religiosa que esta obra literaria realiza sobre la experiencia de la divinidad a través de la figura del León.

Desarrollar la libertad como donación es, según Leonardo Polo, exigencia de nuestra altura histórica. Tras comprobar la vigencia actual de tal demanda, este trabajo concreta una propuesta de filosofía, no del don, sino del dar, cuyo modelo puro se toma de los datos de la revelación cristiana. Primero establece las características nucleares del dar divino (comunicación interpersonal, gratuidad y sobreabundancia), para considerar, después, el dar humano: sus diferencias con Aquél y la posibilidad de asemejarlo a él. Se concluye que dar (...) es actividad trascendental, que ser persona es dar, y que el dar pleno será coronación de nuestro dar redimido. (shrink)

RESUMENUn atento examen de la conocida y problemática cuestión "¿qué es antes el huevo o la gallina?" sirve, en este breve escrito, de introducción metodológica al estudio filósofico de la vida orgánica. Una vez señalado lo incorrecto de la disyunción, se procede, mediante sucesivas ampliaciones, a una profundización teórica en sus implícitos, y, finalmente, a la detección del supuesto que la problematiza y que reside en el sentido pretendidamente unívoco del "antes". La multiplicidad de sentidos reales de la anterioridad pone (...) de manifiesto que el método adecuado para entender la vida orgánica es el método sistémico.PALABRAS CLAVETEORÍA DE LA VIDA-COSMOLOGÍA-ANTROPOLOGÍA-MÉTODO SITÉMICOABSTRACTA carefully study of the popular puzzle "what comes first, the chicken or the egg?" will serve in this short paper as a methodological introduction for the philosophical theory of organic life. After pointing that this disjunction is incorrect, I will arrive, by means of successive amplifications, at an in-depth theoretical study of their assumptions, ans, eventually, at the dislosure of the implicit aspects that make its understanding problematic and which are rooted in the supposed univocal meaning of "first". The multiplicity of actual meanings of priority makes clear that the systemic method is the appropriate one in order to understand organic life.KEYWORDSTHEORY OF LIFE-COSMOLOGY-ANTHROPOLOGY-SISTEMIC METHOD. (shrink)

RESUMENNota necrológica sobre el filósofo español Leonardo Polo Barrena.PALABRAS CLAVELEONARDO POLO BARRENAABSTRACTObituary of the Spanish philosopher Leonardo Polo Barrena.KEYWORDSLEONARDO POLO BARRENA.

La filosofía puede desenredar problemas humanos que obscurecen los misterios revelados. Este trabajo, primero de una serie sobre ese tema, presenta la noción de dar mediante un conocido texto agustiniano sobre la gracia. Y, tras confrontarlo con textos de autores semipelagianos, propone entender la gracia en clave donal, no causal. Si la actividad de la gracia fuera causal, quedarían imposibilitadas la libertad y el mérito; en cambio, ejercida según el dar, incluye a ambos. Ni pelagianos ni semipelagianos entendieron esto; s. (...) Agustín, empero, descubrió dicha donalidad: los méritos derivan, conjuntamente, de los dones divinos y de nuestra colaboración con ellos. (shrink)

Los puntos de partida y los recorridos de las filosofías medieval y moderna son a todas luces diferentes, pero en cambio las líneas ascendentes de ambos periodos filosóficos convergen hacia la persona como hacia lo más altamente real, sin que lleguen a poder asignarle de modo congruente el puesto que ella merece en el orden del ser y del saber. El obstáculo que impide llevar a término esas expectativas, aunque diversamente percibido por cada una, es común a ambas. En esta (...) investigación se señala la posible conciliación de esas filosofías en el conocimiento trascendental de la persona, mediante el método del abandono del límite mental, que convierte aquel obstáculo en camino. (shrink)

RESUMENEste trabajo describe y examina críticamente la obra mencionada, cuya tesis final es la infinitud del hombre y su divinización por el Kant maduro. Su mérito consiste en (i) realizar una minu- 1 «Existe Dios en nosotros. La identidad de Dios y la razón pura práctica en la Crítica de la razón práctica de Kant». En lo que sigue abrevio el nombre del autor con las siglas «GS», y el de esta obra con las siglas «TGS». ciosa lectura de los (...) postulados de la KpV, que permite descubrir una interna problematicidad no considerada antes, y (ii) proponer como solución a ella la existencia de una naturaleza dual en el hombre (homo phänomenon - homo noumenon). Aunque la obra adolece de ambigüedades tanto en las nociones básicas como en la tesis propuesta, eso no obsta para que sus aportaciones, de gran relevancia, deban ser tenidas seriamente en cuenta.PALABRAS CLAVEHISTORIA DE LA FILOSOFÍA MODERNA; I. KANT; POSTULADOS DE LA RAZÓN PRÁCTICA; DIOS; INFINITUD DEL HOMBRE; ANTROPONOMÍA.ABSTRACTThis note reviews and critically examines the book mentioned in its title. The main thesis of this book is the infiniteness and divinization of human being that can be found in the writings of the late Kant. The book examined has two merits: (i) by means of an exhaustive reading of the postulates of Kant’s «Critique of Practical Reason», it manages to bring to light an internal inconsistency in these postulates; (ii) it proposes the existence of a dual nature in human being (homo phänomenon - homo noumenon) as the solution to that inconsistency. Though the book suffers from ambiguities and inaccuracy both in the basic notions employed and the main thesis advanced, it makes significant contributions that must be seriously taken into account.KEY WORDSHISTORY OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY, I. KANT, PRACTICAL REASON’S POSTULATES, GOD, HUMAN BEING’S INFINITENESS, ANTROPONOMY. (shrink)

The ethical frameworks of consequentialism and formalism predict moral awareness and behavior in individuals, but current measures either do not treat these frameworks as independent or lack sufficient theoretical underpinnings and statistical dependability. This paper presents the development and validation of a new scale to measure consequentialism and formalism that is well grounded in prior research. The Ethical Standards of Judgement Questionnaire is validated via six studies. Measurement items are developed in the first three studies, which also confirm the need (...) to eliminate a unidimensional measure and evaluate these frameworks separately. The fourth study addresses discriminant validity and the two remaining studies provide insight into how consequentialism and formalism predict the degree to which behaviors are deemed acceptable by individuals in the context of consumer beliefs and religious beliefs. Suggested uses for the scale in both academia and organizations are presented. (shrink)

"Williams's masterful translation satisfies (at last!) a long-standing need. There are lots of good translations of Augustine's great work, but until now we have been forced to choose between those that strive to replicate in English something of the majesty and beauty of Augustine's Latin style and those that opt instead to convey the careful precision of his philosophical terminology and argumentation. Finally, Williams has succeeded in capturing both sides of Augustine's mind in a richly evocative, impeccably reliable, elegantly readable (...) presentation of one of the most impressive achievements in Western thought--Augustine's Confessions." --Scott MacDonald, Professor of Philosophy and Norma K. Regan Professor in Christian Studies, Cornell University. (shrink)

A pesar de desarrollar una teoría del placer que incorpora elementos de tradiciones filosóficas posteriores, Damascio defiende en su Comentario al Filebo la concepción platónica del placer como un "proceso de repleción". Este trabajo pretende mostrar que Damascio no solo respeta la letra del Filebo, sino también el espíritu de la comprensión platónica del placer y, en particular, de los placeres intelectuales. Suponiendo la polaridad entre el deseo y su satisfacción, Damascio propone entender la experiencia de placer intelectual como aquella (...) en la que el deseo es efectivamente realizado, de modo que tanto el proceso como el resultado del conocer producen placer. Contra lo que inicialmente se podría pensar, la exégesis del filósofo neoplatónico permite poner de relieve supuestos fundamentales de la concepción platónica del placer, a saber, la conexión entre el placer y la experiencia humana de la temporalidad como su dependencia con respecto a la estructura del deseo. In spite of developing a theory of pleasure that incorporates elements from subsequent philosophical traditions, Damascius defends, in his Commentary on the Philebus, the Platonic conception of pleasure as a "process of filling". This paper aims to show that Damascius respects not only the letter of the Philebus, but also the spirit of Plato’s understanding of the nature of pleasure and, in particular, that of intellectual pleasures. Having assumed the polarity between desire and its satisfaction, Damascius proposes to understand the experience of intellectual pleasure as the experience where desire is fully achieved, so that both the process and the result of knowing produce pleasure. Contrary to what one may initially expect, the exegesis of the Neoplatonic Philosopher allows to highlighting some of Plato’s underlying assumptions about the nature of pleasure, namely: the connection between pleasure and the human experience of temporality, and the dependence of pleasure on the structure of desire. (shrink)

RESUMEN El trabajo presenta un modelo de psicología moral a partir del análisis del libro primero de las Leyes de Platón y, en particular, de la imagen de la marioneta. Entre los intérpretes contemporáneos se debate sobre si esta imagen compromete una comprensión de la templanza como "victoria" sobre los placeres o si más bien respalda una comprensión de esta virtud como "acuerdo" entre estos y la razón. Para responder a esta cuestión, se recurrirá a la psicología bipartita del Filebo. (...) Esto permitirá reconocer, en la educación de la virtud, el conflicto entre afectos y, en el resultado de este proceso educativo, el acuerdo entre razón y afectividad. ABSTRACT The article presents a moral psychology model on the basis of the analysis of the first book of Plato's Laws, particularly of the image of the puppet. Contemporary interpreters have been debating whether that image entails an understanding of temperance as a "victory" over pleasures, or whether it supports an understanding of that virtue as an "agreement" between pleasures and reason. In order to answer that question, the article resorts to the twofold psychology of the Philebus. This makes it possible to recognize the conflict among affects, in education in virtue, and the agreement between reason and affectivity, in the result of that educational process. (shrink)

The ethical frameworks of consequentialism and formalism predict moral awareness and behavior in individuals, but current measures either do not treat these frameworks as independent or lack sufficient theoretical underpinnings and statistical dependability. This paper presents the development and validation of a new scale to measure consequentialism and formalism that is well grounded in prior research. The Ethical Standards of Judgement Questionnaire is validated via six studies. Measurement items are developed in the first three studies, which also confirm the need (...) to eliminate a unidimensional measure and evaluate these frameworks separately. The fourth study addresses discriminant validity and the two remaining studies provide insight into how consequentialism and formalism predict the degree to which behaviors are deemed acceptable by individuals in the context of consumer beliefs and religious beliefs. Suggested uses for the scale in both academia and organizations are presented. (shrink)

En su comentario a la Isagoge, Duns Escoto se pregunta dónde se halla el universal: ¿en las cosas o en el intelecto? Caracterizando al universal como universal lógico y accidente intencional de la esencia, en su respuesta se articulan la dimensión ontológica y la dimensión semántica del universal: con el intelecto que lo causa y con la cosa que denomina. Analizaremos estas dos relaciones y las implicaciones que se siguen en el orden de la predicación a partir del ejemplo propuesto (...) por Escoto: «hombre es universal». In his Questions on Porphyry’s Isagoge, Scotus asks about the place of inherence of the universal: ¿is it in the things or in the intellect? Being established the universal as logical universal and intentional accident of the essence, in Scotus’s answer the ontological and the semantical dimensions of the universal are articulated: with the intellect which causes it and with the thing it designates. We will analyse both of these relations and their implications in the order of predication taking into account Scotus’s example «man is universal». (shrink)

En este trabajo se estudia la primera concepción escotista sobre las categorías y sobre el objeto del tratado aristotélico de las Categorías. El artículo se concentra sobre las tres primeras cuestiones del comentario de Duns Escoto al texto de Aristóteles. Una de las novedades del texto es su tematización del concepto mismo de categoría, entendido como concepto lógico y como objeto propio del tratado aristotélico. Esta aproximación permite a Escoto distinguir el orden lógico y el orden metafísico en el tratamiento (...) de las categorías. En el primero, la lógica se ocupa del concepto de categoría y, en el segundo, la metafísica se ocupa de la diversidad categorial y de su referencia a la categoría de la substancia. (shrink)

The Moral Nexus develops and defends a new interpretation of morality—namely, as a set of requirements that connect agents normatively to other persons in a nexus of moral relations. According to this relational interpretation, moral demands are directed to other individuals, who have claims that the agent comply with these demands. Interpersonal morality, so conceived, is the domain of what we owe to each other, insofar as we are each persons with equal moral standing. The book offers an interpretative argument (...) for the relational approach. Specifically, it highlights neglected advantages of this way of understanding the moral domain; explores important theoretical and practical presuppositions of relational moral duties; and considers the normative implications of understanding morality in relational terms. The book features a novel defense of the relational approach to morality, which emphasizes the special significance that moral requirements have, both for agents who are deliberating about what to do and for those who stand to be affected by their actions. The book argues that relational moral requirements can be understood to link us to all individuals whose interests render them vulnerable to our agency, regardless of whether they stand in any prior relationship to us. It also offers fresh accounts of some of the moral phenomena that have seemed to resist treatment in relational terms, showing that the relational interpretation is a viable framework for understanding our specific moral obligations to other people. (shrink)

En este trabajo se estudia la concepción escotista del universal entendido como universallógico y accidente intencional, cuya función cognitiva se entiende como modo de aprehensión oconcepción de la esencia o naturaleza. El artículo se concentra en analizar las cuestiones 4 y 5 del comentario de Duns Escoto a la Isagoge. Se subraya la relación de los análisis escotistas con lateoría aviceniana del triple estatuto de la esencia sobre el telón de fondo de la teoría boeciana de los universales. Al final (...) del artículo se presenta brevemente el momento ontológico del universal tal comose puede ver en la teoría de la naturaleza común. (shrink)

Este trabajo analiza cómo la interpretación de incertidumbre afecta las propuestas de diseño institucional. Para ello, revisamos los contratos sociales en las obras de Hobbes, Locke y Rousseau a la luz del neoinstitucionalismo de la elección racional. Nuestro argumento es que los contratos sociales propuestos por cada uno de estos autores tienen como objetivo superar problemas de incertidumbre. Sin embargo, cada uno de ellos, dadas sus circunstancias históricas, los concibió de manera distinta. Esto último tiene consecuencias sobre cómo las instituciones (...) distribuyen el poder político. (shrink)

El artículo propone entender la precariedad en un análisis que sobrepase las condiciones laborales, y que observe la formación de un ciclo vital atravesado por sistemas generales de administración de los medios de subsistencia. Estos sistemas en el contexto neoliberal se han transformado profundamente a través del crédito y la capitalización individual. De modo que el conjunto vital de la población queda precarizado. Se trata entonces del análisis no de trabajos precarios, sino de formas de vida precarizadas. -/- The article (...) proposes that it is necessary to situate the precariousness in an analysis that exceed the working conditions, and to observe the formation of a Lifecycle that is criss-crossed by General Administration of livelihood systems. These systems in the neo-liberal context have been deeply transformed through credit and individual capitalization. So that the life of the population is precarious. It is then not precarious jobs, but life precarized producers forms analysis. (shrink)

This work seeks to elucidate the possibility of Krisis, Husserl's last work, as a history of philosophy written in a phenomenological key. Our conclusion due to a dialogue between Krisis and Philosophy as Rigorous Science shows a paradox and dependence. The transcendental history is possible only by the way through the historical science of the historians. If, with the criticism to historicism it is possible the transcendental history, this one needs also the factual history for its constitution. If, it is (...) not factual, it depends on the factual to raise itself towards the transcendental and, at the end, conducts to the dissolution of the transcendental due to the undeniable mediation of a preceding tradition. Krisis depends on Philosophy a Rigorous Science, if it is seen as a historical work. (shrink)