In this note, the problem of tracking random references and rejecting random perturbations in a quadrotor, both generated by an auxiliary system named exosystem, is solved by extending the deterministic tracking problem to the area of stochastic processes. Besides, it is considered that only a part of the state vector of the quadrotor is available through measurements. As a consequence, the state vector of the plant must be estimated in order to close the control loop. On this basis, a controller (...) to track random references and to reject random perturbations is developed by combining a Kalman filter to estimate the references and perturbations of an exosystem and an observer to estimate the states of a quadrotor. Besides, to obtain a more practical controller, the analysis is carried out in discrete time. Numerical simulations are used in a quadrotor to confirm the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control. (shrink)

Com base num trabalho teórico de compilação de fontes bibliográficas e descrição dos exemplos mais significativos, apresenta-se uma análise do conceito de literacia crítica no contexto mais amplo da literacia e da aprendizagem ao longo da vida. A literacia crítica é analisada especificamente como um elemento importante da literacia no ambiente digital em que a sociedade actual opera e como uma responsabilidade das bibliotecas. O conceito de literacia e do seu significado tem vindo a mudar nos últimos anos, verificando-se que (...) a diversidade de termos utilizados para designar uma mesma actividade tem variado ao longo do tempo, em função da evolução das novas tecnologias. Os conceitos de pensamento crítico e leitura crítica são apresentados como componentes fundamentais da literacia crítica num ambiente digital, nos quais todos os tipos de organizações e instituições devem concentrar os seus esforços, conforme os exemplos que aparecem neste texto. (shrink)

En el presente estudio se realiza una presentación de la escultura de san Pedro de Alcántara del artista de Hervás Pérez Comendador. La perspectiva de la lectura realizada entra dentro de la historia del pensamiento analizando la obra en el contexto personal, histórico y artístico del autor, de la significación implícita y explícita de su composición en diálogo con la teología alcantarina y el contexto filosófico-teológico de la composición escultórica. The present study will realize the presentation of the sculpture of (...) St. Peter of Alcantara made by the artist Hervás Pérez Comendador. The prospect of reading done falls will be take place within the history of thought by analyzing the work in personal, historical and artistic context of the author’s implicit and explicit meaning of his composition alcantarina dialogue with theology and philosophical-theological context of the sculptural composition. (shrink)

One year later of Duns Scotus Centenary, this paper wants honouring two important medieval philosophy thinkers and specialist in Duns Scotus thought: Antonio Pérez Estévez and Isidoro Guzmán Manzano. Both scotists philosophers checked in their works the concept of freedom from different, but complementary perspectives, and they recover the rationality of the freedom in Scotus form the self-determination fo the will. They answer to many simplistic or ill-disposed interpretations.

One of the pleasures of watching Saturday Night Live (SNL) comes from knowing the show is live. The not‐ready‐for‐prime‐time‐players, their guest hosts, the unannounced walk‐on cameos, the house band, and the guest musicians are all in New York at the very moment the show airs, offering us a mocking, postmodern representation of reality through absurd (and sometimes very juvenile) humor. From guest hosts spoofing themselves in sketches, to the various impersonations of cultural figures, to the parody commercials to the pseudo‐news (...) of “Weekend Update,” SNL humorously captures the present and reflects it back to us, satirically revealing the hidden realities we all experience. This chapter explores if Plato (427–347 BCE) and his Cave Myth, and Jean Baudrillard (1929–2007) and his conception of simulacra, can help us better understand the nature of SNL's reality. (shrink)

The susceptibility of online learning to cheating behavior remains a contentious and unresolved issue. A cross-sectional explanatory research design was utilized to test the hypothesized factors influencing academic cheating in online learning. Our study involved 562 participants, selected through a non-probability sampling technique, who were surveyed using online questionnaires designed to measure the identified factors. We tested the hypotheses by utilizing path analysis through the partial least square regression approach within the SMART-PLS software. The demographics such as gender and age (...) of the students, along with the roles of teachers and school administration significantly influenced the students’ instances of self-reported academic cheating. The students’ attitude toward academic cheating emerged as an important factor in predicting cheating behaviors. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research explorations into other potential factors that may contribute to academic dishonesty in online learning. (shrink)

Republican theorists have paid little attention to the normative problems of secession conflicts. So far, there is no such thing as a democratic republican theory of right of secession ; nor any comprehensive analysis of current TRS has ever been undertaken from a democratic republican point of view. This article tries to fill this second gap as a first step in order to fill that first one. In doing so, it shows how secession conflicts pose threats for two core democratic (...) republican values: freedom and inclusion. The threats are, concretely, those of exclusion, blackmailing minorities, arbitrary permanent majorities, and instability. The article also shows how, due to their respective pro-unionist or pro-secessionist biases, no current TRS seems to be able to handle those threats; and briefly outlines how a democratic republican TRS, based on a non-unilateralist logic, could be developed. (shrink)

La sociedad mediática y “multitasking” (Piscitelli, 2009) demanda al empresario tener en cuenta la relación e impacto de lo que comunica su marca en el entorno. El diseño de estrategias comunicativas on line, y su vinculación a modelos de consultoría (Pfefferman, N., 2011) se convierte en fortalezas en la comunicación de la marca de la organización (Capriotti, P, 2009). En el texto se exponen los resultados de una investigación con pequeñas y medianas empresas (pymes) de Medellín y Bogotá (Colombia), realizada (...) como un estudio cualitativo, que se propone indagar por las capacidades de las organizaciones para la apropiación de las oportunidades que representa la comunicación digital. Finalmente, se plantea una propuesta de consultoría a los empresarios de pymes, desde el enfoque que reconoce a la “Empresa como signo y semiosis”, es decir, lo que no se comunica no genera recordación en el cliente. (shrink)

This article answer what could be the distinction that the Stoics established between philosophy and the kata philosophian logos, according to the report by D.L., VII, 39-41. In this place I distance from the scholars who consider that the distinction is ontological, this is, that the kata philosophian logos refers to the discursive presentation of Stoic dogmas, whose nature is incorporeal, while the philosophy refers to a disposition of the soul, whose nature is corporeal. I rather propose that both are (...) dispositiones or states of the rational part of the soul and that the difference is in the degree of perfection that they have accomplished. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to explore the interaction between aesthetic properties and cognitive value in serial television. This study is based on a survey focused specifically on one television series: the second season of My Brilliant Friend, created by Saverio Costanzo. The survey was designed with the aim of getting respondents to express their perceptions of the relationship between the aesthetic qualities of the series and their assessment of it in cognitive terms. The responses obtained in the survey (...) offer a clear answer to the key question of concern for this article. The vast majority of respondents (more than 90% in almost all cases) believe that aesthetic and cognitive qualities mutually influence one another. Additionally the qualitative results invite us to further explore interactionism conceptually: the cognitive content is taken as a criterion for evaluating the season’s aesthetic value overall, suggesting a link between meaning and narrative form. (shrink)

In this paper I propose a series of arguments in order to show that it is preferable for analytic philosophy to be practiced in different languages. In the first section, I show that the analytic tradition includes people developing their philosophical work in different natural languages. In the second section, I will address the question of the role of language in thought, and more specifically in philosophical thought, concluding that it is preferable to allow for the use of different languages (...) as a vehicle for philosophical ideas. Finally, I make some suggestions regarding changes that could be made in academic practices to better allow a plurality of languages and voices within the analytic tradition. (shrink)

Resumen La argumentación es una forma de discurso en la que un hablante defiende una postura en una discusión. El presente trabajo se enfoca en la complejidad argumentativa y los recursos evaluativos y evidenciales que caracterizan las disputas de niños de diverso nivel socioeconómico. Se analizaron 94 disputas entre niños de 4 años y otros niños (5 a 10 años) en situaciones de juego espontáneo registradas en hogares de sectores socioeconómicos medio y bajo. El análisis identificó diferencias marginales en la (...) complejidad argumentativa entre los grupos. Por su parte se hallaron diferencias significativas en recursos de evaluativos de emocionalidad y en los evidenciales deónticos y exclamativos a favor de los sectores de nivel socioeconómico bajo. Los sectores medios registraron un mayor empleo de expresiones de causalidad y conectores. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de los hallazgos de investigaciones previas. Abstract Argumentation is a type of discourse in which a speaker defends a claim in a discussion. The present work focuses on the argumentative complexity and the evaluative and evidential resources that characterize the disputes of children of different socioeconomic levels. We analyzed 94 disputes between 4-year-old children and other children (5 to 10 years old) in situations of spontaneous play registered in homes of middle and low socioeconomic status (SES). The analysis identified marginal differences in argumentative complexity between the groups. On the other hand, significant differences were found in evaluative expressions of emotion and in deontic and exclamatory evidential markers, more frequently used by the low SES group. The mid SES group tends to use a higher number of expressions of causality and connectors. The results are discussed with reference to the findings of previous research. (shrink)

Resumen El objetivo fundamental de este artículo es el de analizar la representación que realiza la filósofa española María Zambrano del mito de Antígona y proyectarla en los debates contemporáneos en torno a la recuperación de los cuerpos de víctimas humanas en contextos post-violencia. Más allá del entramado lingüístico mítico-religioso en el que La tumba de Antígona parece situarse, desentrañaremos los diferentes estratos semánticos y filosóficos subyacentes a la relectura que Zambrano propone de la heroína tebana. Ello nos permitirá destacar (...) la potencialidad política subversiva del gesto de Antígona al abarcar a sujetos históricos tradicionalmente marginados del espacio público. Abstract This article aims to analyzing and projecting María Zambrano's representation of Antigone’s myth within contemporary debates about the recovery of the bodies of human victims in post-violence contexts. Beyond the mythic-religious framework in which The Tomb of Antigone seems to be located, it will be unraveled the different semantic and philosophical layers underlying Zambrano's re-reading of the Theban heroine. This will pave the way towards highlighting the subversive political potential of Antigone's gesture by embracing historical subjects traditionally marginalized from the public space. (shrink)

Este ensayo ofrece una reconstrucción crítica del concepto de libertad de Norberto Bobbio. Un estudio histórico y analítico de su obra conduce a la identifi - cación de tres usos descriptivos del concepto de libertad: la libertad negativa o liberal, la libertad democrática o autonomía, y la libertad positiva, o de tipo socialista. En la segunda parte se analizan los alcances y las limitaciones de estos tres conceptos de libertad y se subrayan la insufi ciencia de la dicotomía entre libertad (...) negativa y positiva, la incompatibilidad del concepto del concepto de libertad negativa con la libertad reforzada de los derechos fundamentales y con la fundamentación independiente de los derechos sociales. (shrink)

Cinema is commonly hailed as "the universal language," but how does it communicate so effortlessly across cultural and linguistic borders? Drawing on a lifetime's worth of viewing an reviewing, influential critic Gilberto Perez invokes a dizzying array of masters past and present includin Chaplin, Ford, Kiarostami, Eisenstein, Malick, Mizoguchi, Haneke, Hitchcock, and Godard--to explore the transaction between filmmaker and audience. The Eloquent Screen shows how cinema, as the consummate contemporary art form, establishes a thoroughly modern rhetoric in which different points (...) of view are brought into clear focus.". (shrink)

La teoría de los espines por Julio Calvo alcanza en este libro su desarrollo más completo, adquiriendo en conjunto la categoría de una nueva fundación de la Semántica desde principios cognitivos y perceptivos.

Despite the central presence of materialism in the history of philosophy, there is no universal consensus on the meaning of the word “matter” nor of the doctrine of philosophical materialism. Dictionaries of philosophy often identify this philosophy with its most reductionist and even eliminative versions, in line with Robert Boyle’s seventeenth century coinage of the term. But when we take the concept back in time to Greek philosophers and forward onto our own times, we recognize more inclusive forms of materialism (...) as well as complex interplays with non-materialist thought about the place of matter in reality, including Christian philosophy and German idealism. We define philosophical materialism in its most general way both positively (the identification of reality with matter understood as changeability and plurality) and negatively (the negation of disembodied living beings and hypostatized ideas). This inclusive approach to philosophical materialism offers a new light to illuminate a critical history of the concept of matter and materialism from Ancient Greece to the present that is also attentive to scientific developments. By following the most important connections and discontinuities among theoretical frameworks on the idea of matter, we present a general thread that offers a rich and plural, but highly cohesive, field of investigation. Finally, we propose building on rich non-reductionist materialist philosophies, such as Mario Bunge’s systemic materialism and Gustavo Bueno’s discontinuous materialism, to elaborate powerful theoretical alternatives to both physicalism and spiritualism. (shrink)

The influence of age and formal education on the development of moral reasoning in a Spanish sample of students was assessed by using a Spanish translation of Rest's Defining Issues Test. Our results support the hypothesis that moral development is highly related to both variables in our cultural context, although more so with formal education than with age.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Argentina Mexico The Southern Cone The Northern Part of South America and Central America Conclusion References Further Reading.

The methodological turn in the works and investigations of the last years of Michel Foucault’s life can be named as ontology of the present, and combines Kantian critique and Nietzschean genealogy. Thisewe propose here as the horizon of philosophical exercise and the possibilities of its teaching inside the classrooms and out of them. A philosophical practice that has to be characterized by the “care of the self ”, the care of others and the care of the Other, but basically, has (...) to be thought from this spectrum as experience and test. The ontology of the present in Foucault’s Nietzschean-Kantian reading, places the philosophical labor in a new scene, namely, the questioning for the present, the question for an “Us”. Right there lies its ethical and philosophical power as a way of life. (shrink)

This chapter explains some sort of feminist transformation from Snow White to Moana. There are four waves of feminist philosophy which can help us understand the progressing role of Disney princesses since Snow White's debut in 1937. Disney's three waves of princesses reflect the waves of feminism from which they emerge. In subtle but profound ways, Disney princesses have evolved as each wave of feminism has crashed upon the shores of culture. They shift people's focus from reinforcing patriarchy, to challenging (...) it, and finally turning it on its head, redefining their very understanding of what it means to be feminine and masculine. The implication is that equality is not based on making women and men equal to one another, but rather on making them balanced within themselves. Going forward, people can only imagine what the next batch of Disney princesses will offer. (shrink)

This is an interesting reinterpretation of masculine and feminine that speaks to contemporary perspectives on to what extent gender is a spectrum, especially when we consider the fates of all the so‐called "masculine" men in Dune. On one level, in Denis Villeneuve's Dune women become empowered, while the men become emasculated. Examining gender in Dune would be incomplete without a look at Baron Harkonnen, who, in both Frank Herbert's book and in David Lynch's 1984 film, is clearly depicted not just (...) as gay, but as embodying a sort of deviant sexuality. So, it appears that the traditional masculine/feminine gender binary is challenged throughout Villeneuve's part one, with many of the male characters embodying a feminized masculinity and with most of the female characters existing within a feminine imaginary to the point that Dune 's society borders on the androgynous. (shrink)

In The Empire Strikes Back, African American actor Billy Dee Williams turned the trio into a quartet as Lando Calrissian. Novelist and social activist Alice Walker coined and defined colorism as the “prejudicial or preferential treatment of same‐race people based solely on their color,” according to Kimberly Jade Norwood and Violeta Solonova Foreman. For Norwood and Foreman, colorism is concerned with the lightness and darkness of skin tone, with preference given to whiteness. Colorism in the United States took root during (...) the period of slavery, when “coalescence of needs, beliefs, justifications, and practices had the effect of placing white skin at a premium and dehumanizing black skin.” Jennifer Bloomquist writes that there is “a protracted history of Whites creating Black caricatures,” which includes “underdeveloped Black characters” in American entertainment. Boyega overlooks the presence of culture and the representation of other races and ethnicities throughout the Star Wars films and even throughout the various television series. (shrink)

Agent Ross's interrogation of Ulysses Klaue doesn't just explain the significance of vibranium, it frames vibranium as “the most valuable metal known to man,” which, in turn, establishes what ends up being a moral dilemma for T'Challa – when Agent Ross gets shot and, later, when T'Challa learns the truth about his father's past. The scene also adds to the fabled mystery that the larger Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) narrative weaves throughout the other films. Although the metal's uses are fictional, (...) the concept and presence of vibranium in Black Panther and the depiction of Wakanda in the larger MCU narrative present some philosophical issues with regard to vibranium's value. While vibranium's use value is important to Wakandans and its exchange value is important to villains like Klaue, another way to understand the value of vibranium is to examine its cultural value. (shrink)

Blue is a significant color in science fiction: Star Trek, Star Wars, Avatar, Marvel, and DC all have aliens, mutants, and superheroes that come in shades from aqua to cerulean to cobalt. In Dune, however, blue is not a skin tone, it is an eye color – not for aliens, but for humans. Specifically, it is meant to visualize and symbolize the Fremen, and anyone who is either addicted to spice or has been around it long enough for their eyes (...) to change. Accordingly, the blue eyes of Zendaya and Duncan‐Brewster are not just visually striking, they are culturally striking, especially in light of contemporary philosophy of intersectionality and critical race theory. Thus, Denis Villeneuve's Dune is not just re‐colored, it is re‐contextualized to fit a twenty‐first‐century awareness regarding diversity and cultural pluralism. (shrink)

In two experiments, we demonstrate that intentional action intuitions vary as a function of whether one brings about or observes an event. In experiment 1a (N?=?38), participants were less likely to judge that they intended (M?=?2.53, 7 point scale) or intentionally (M?=?2.67) brought about a harmful event compared to intention (M?=?4.16) and intentionality (M?=?4.11) judgments made about somebody else. Experiments 1b and 1c confirmed and extended this pattern of actor-observer differences. Experiment 2 suggested that these actor-observer differences are not likely (...) to occur when participants are asked to ?imagine? being an actor. We argue that these results challenge the substantial philosophical and empirical reliance on hypothetical thought examples about intentional action. Our data offer new and necessary methodological avenues for understanding folk intentional action intuitions. (shrink)

Diversas corrientes historiográficas han consolidado su investigación en torno a actores que no habían sido considerados como sujetos históricos. Éste es el caso de las mujeres. Sin embargo, tal avance disciplinar no se ha visto reflejado en el curriculum de Historia. Este trabajo centra su primera exposición en la ausencia de las mujeres como sujeto histórico en la asignatura de Historia de México en la educación secundaria. En un segundo momento, se propone el uso de archivos documentales como un recurso (...) para dar visibilidad a su participación. Finalmente se presenta, una experiencia didáctica aplicada en un grupo de secundaria en la Ciudad de México. (shrink)

Este trabajo persigue reflexionar sobre el estatuto ontológico de la comunidad en base a la figura de Nietzsche como arcano de la apuesta teórica tiqquniana. Así, a partir de las consideraciones que Nietzsche realiza sobre la vida, junto con los diagnósticos que Tiqqun despliega a partir de su _metafísica crítica_, se explorarán algunos de los pliegues del pensamiento de ambos autores tratando de iluminar una cartografía de la no pertenencia que sustituya la lógica identitaria de la comunidad moderna fundamentada en (...) el principio de humanismo. Dicha cartografía no solo persigue agotar el lenguaje político contemporáneo, sino que piensa en una forma política y comunitaria desarrollada desde el _pathos_ de la distancia, el éxtasis y la filosofía política an-árquica. El esfuerzo teórico aquí recogido ilumina y teje la presencia de Nietzsche en el pensamiento de Tiqqun manifestando el anhelo compartido entre ambos autores por desatar prácticas de libertad en la tarea de traer al mundo las vidas que aún están por venir. (shrink)