S’appuyant sur trois enquêtes de terrain qui portent sur le façonnage d’êtres numériques, le présent article traite des relectures méthodologiques que l’on peut faire de trois contributions de Latour à l’enquête ethnographique. 1. Il montre que l’accent mis sur les séquences d’action permet d’engager une enquête systématique qui rend compte de trajectoires. 2. Il avance que le concept d’actant sensibilise à l’éventail des entités agissantes qui infléchissent ces trajectoires, de même qu’au peuplement de situations apparemment inoccupées. 3. Il soutient que (...) les concepts d’association, de traduction et de médiation permettent de connecter différentes situations et actions localisées. Ultimement, ces trois apports éclairent les agencements et les réagencements.Rooted in three fieldwork studies that examine the shaping of digital information, this article discusses new methodological readings of three of Latour’s contributions to ethnographic inquiry. 1. It shows that focusing on sequences of action allows one to engage in a systematic investigation that accounts for trajectories. 2. It proposes that the concept of actant makes one aware of the whole set of active entities that influence these trajectories on the one hand, and the populating of apparently empty situations on the other. 3. It maintains that the concepts of association, translation, and mediation make it possible to connect various localized situations and actions. Ultimately, these three contributions shed light on arrangements and rearrangements. (shrink)

In a recently published paper, we argued that theories of cultural evolution can gain explanatory power by being more pluralistic. In his reply to it, Dennett agreed that more pluralism is needed. Our paper’s main point was to urge cultural evolutionists to get their hands dirty by describing the fine details of cultural products and by striving to offer detailed and, when explanatory, varied algorithms or mechanisms to account for them. While Dennett’s latest work on cultural evolution does marvelously well (...) on the first point, it has only whet our appetite on the second. Accordingly, the present paper aims to show what an evolutionary explanation of culture that takes the variety of cultural evolution mechanisms seriously would look like. We will focus on the cultural evolution of social epistemic mechanisms and we will propose that Darwinian algorithms should be complemented with a cultural analogue of the error reduction mechanism proposed to account for human cognition, with a particular emphasis on the necessity to build independencies between different sub-systems in charge of tracking states of the world. To illustrate our point, we will present how the evolution of the legal system as epistemic systems can be understood as a process of building increasingly better independencies and how various criticisms of the actual legal system calls for building even more of them. (shrink)

The introduction by Dirac of a new aether model based on a stochastic covariant distribution of subquantum motions (corresponding to a “vacuum state” alive with fluctuations and randomness) is discussed with respect to the present experimental and theoretical discussion of nonlocality in EPR situations. It is shown (1) that one can deduce the de Broglie waves as real collective Markov processes on the top of Dirac's aether; (2) that the quantum potential associated with this aether's modification, by the presence of (...) EPR photon pairs, yields a relativistic causal action at a distance which interprets the superluminal correlations recently established by Aspect et al.; (3) that the existence of the Einstein-de Broglie photon model (deduced from Dirac's aether) implies experimental predictions which conflict with the Copenhagen interpretation in certain specific testable interference experiments. (shrink)

After reviewing the literature on current knowledge about consciousness in humans, we present a state-of-the art discussion on consciousness and related key concepts in animals. Obviously much fewer publications are available on non-human species than on humans, most of them relating to laboratory or wild animal species, and only few to livestock species. Human consciousness is by definition subjective and private. Animal consciousness is usually assessed through behavioural performance. Behaviour involves a wide array of cognitive processes that have to be (...) assessed separately using specific experimental protocols. Accordingly, several processes indicative of the presence of consciousness are discussed: perception and cognition, awareness of the bodily-self, self-related knowledge of the environment (including social environment). When available, specific examples are given in livestock species. Next, we review the existing evidence regarding neuronal correlates of consciousness, and emphasize the difficulty of linking aspects of consciousness to specific neural structures across the phyla because high-level cognitive abilities may have evolved independently along evolution. Several mammalian brain structures (cortex and midbrain) are involved in the manifestations of consciousness, while the equivalent functional structures for birds and fishes would likely be the pallium/tectum and midbrain. Caution is required before excluding consciousness in species not having the same brain structures as the mammalian ones as different neural architectures may mediate comparable processes. Finally, specific neurophysiological mechanisms appear to be strongly linked to the emergence of consciousness, namely neural synchrony and neural feedback. Considering the limited amount of data available and the few animal species studied so far, we conclude that different manifestations of consciousness can be observed in animals but that further refinement is still needed to characterize their level and content in each species. Further research is required to clarify these issues, especially in livestock species. (shrink)

Diversity is an undeniable fact of nature, and there is now evidence that nature did not stop generating diversity just before “designing” the human brain :15,468–15,473. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509654112, 2015). If neurodiversity is a fact of nature, what about neurodivergence? Although the terms “neurodiversity” and “neurodivergence” are sometimes used interchangeably, this is, we believe, a mistake: “neurodiversity” is a term of inclusion whereas “neurodivergence” is a term of exclusion. To make the difference clear, note that everyone can be said to be neurodiverse, (...) but that it is almost impossible for everyone to be neurodivergent. Neurodivergence is, we claim here, a fact of society. Neurodivergent individuals are those whose cognitive profile diverges from an established cognitive norm, a norm that is not an objective statistical fact of human neurological functioning but a standard established and maintained by socio-political processes. In this paper, we describe the socio-political mechanisms that build neurodivergence out of neurodiversity which, inspired by Mihai :395–416. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41296-017-0186-z, 2018), we call “epistemic and cognitive marginalization”. First, we extend the traditional concept of neurodiversity, which we believe too closely tied to a neuroreductionist conception of cognition, to that of “extended neurodiversity,” thereby viewing neurodiversity through the lens of 4E cognition. Considering that human cognition depends on epistemic resources, both for their construction and their online dynamic expression, we hypothesize that the differential access to epistemic resources in society, a form of epistemic injustice, is an overlooked mechanism that turns neurodiversity into neurodivergence. In doing so, we shed light on a type of epistemic injustice that might be missing from the epistemic injustice literature: cognitive injustices. (shrink)

In this paper some topics concerning the possibility of describing phenomena of quantum interference in terms of individual particle spacetime trajectories are reviewed. We focus our attention, on the one hand, on the recent experimental advances in neutron and photon interferometry and, on the other hand, on a theoretical analysis of the description of these experiments allowed by stochastic mechanics. It is argued that, even if no conclusive argument is yet at hand in both the theoretical and the experimental fields, (...) the researches of the last 10 years now seem to favor Einstein's and de Broglie's realistic spacetime description and interpretation of quantum mechanics. (shrink)

The algebraic structure of the 8-spinor formalism is discussed, and the general form of the 8-component wave equation, equivalent to the second-order 4-component one, is presented. This allows a canonical formulation that will be the first stage of the future Clebsch parametrization, i.e., a relativistic generalization of the Bohm-Schiller-Tiomno pioneering work on the Pauli equation.

Translator's introduction : At the end of July 2014 there was a week-long workshop held at the Ecole des Mines in Paris, Bruno Latour's former work-place. This was a final workshop, convened by Latour's project, An Inquiry into Modes of Existence, which was not only a book, but a website that was an experiment in interactive metaphysics that had been going on for four years. About 30 participants gathered to workshop and rewrite some key contested areas that had been challenged (...) on the site with discussions and counter-examples. One of the round tables working away during the week, occasionally with changes in personnel, was on Nature. Their job (like the other round tables on Politics, Diplomacy, Religion and Economics) was to ‘reboot’ or reinstitute a concept close to the heart of the Moderns. The assumption was that the traditional concept of nature, as developed through modern European history, would no longer be adequate to a future beset by environmental crises. The main people working on a draft were Didier Debaise, Pablo Jensen, Pierre Montebello, Nicolas Prignot, Isabelle Stengers and Aline Wiame. When they finished the draft, I translated it and it was presented, in French and English, in a final two-day public session at Science Po, to a group of seven international scholars designated as “chargés d'affaires,” or “diplomats from the future” whose job was to assess the results of our labours in terms of how they might be met by Gaia, the ur-representative of future planetary crises. The text, originally under the title of Our “Nature,” was as follows. [Stephen Muecke]. (shrink)

Cancers rely on multiple, heterogeneous processes at different scales, pertaining to many biomedical fields. Therefore, understanding cancer is necessarily an interdisciplinary task that requires placing specialised experimental and clinical research into a broader conceptual, theoretical, and methodological framework. Without such a framework, oncology will collect piecemeal results, with scant dialogue between the different scientific communities studying cancer. We argue that one important way forward in service of a more successful dialogue is through greater integration of applied sciences (experimental and clinical) (...) with conceptual and theoretical approaches, informed by philosophical methods. By way of illustration, we explore six central themes: (i) the role of mutations in cancer; (ii) the clonal evolution of cancer cells; (iii) the relationship between cancer and multicellularity; (iv) the tumour microenvironment; (v) the immune system; and (vi) stem cells. In each case, we examine open questions in the scientific literature through a philosophical methodology and show the benefit of such a synergy for the scientific and medical understanding of cancer. (shrink)

Throughout the biological and biomedical sciences there is a growing need for, prescriptive ‘minimum information’ (MI) checklists specifying the key information to include when reporting experimental results are beginning to find favor with experimentalists, analysts, publishers and funders alike. Such checklists aim to ensure that methods, data, analyses and results are described to a level sufficient to support the unambiguous interpretation, sophisticated search, reanalysis and experimental corroboration and reuse of data sets, facilitating the extraction of maximum value from data sets (...) them. However, such ‘minimum information’ MI checklists are usually developed independently by groups working within representatives of particular biologically- or technologically-delineated domains. Consequently, an overview of the full range of checklists can be difficult to establish without intensive searching, and even tracking thetheir individual evolution of single checklists may be a non-trivial exercise. Checklists are also inevitably partially redundant when measured one against another, and where they overlap is far from straightforward. Furthermore, conflicts in scope and arbitrary decisions on wording and sub-structuring make integration difficult. This presents inhibit their use in combination. Overall, these issues present significant difficulties for the users of checklists, especially those in areas such as systems biology, who routinely combine information from multiple biological domains and technology platforms. To address all of the above, we present MIBBI (Minimum Information for Biological and Biomedical Investigations); a web-based communal resource for such checklists, designed to act as a ‘one-stop shop’ for those exploring the range of extant checklist projects, and to foster collaborative, integrative development and ultimately promote gradual integration of checklists. (shrink)

L'anthropologie de Nicolas Berdiaeff est une formidable protestation face à la déshumanisation. Nicolas Berdiaeff, philosophe russe de confession orthodoxe, a vécu la chute du tsarisme et la révolution russe. Expulsé de son pays, en 1922, pour des raisons idéologiques, il passera le reste de sa vie en France, à Clamart, près de Paris. Sa vie et sa compréhension de l'être humain sont étroitement liées. C'est à juste raison que Pierre Aubert les suit sans les séparer : il (...) commence par une présentation de la vie de Berdiaeff et décrit la genèse de sa vie spirituelle. Il dessine le cadre philosophique de sa pensée et l'influence de Dostoïevski sur sa vision de l'homme. Il expose enfin l'anthropologie issue de cette somme de vécu et de références intellectuelles et spirituelles. Pierre Aubert insiste sur l'intérêt actuel d'un penseur chrétien confronté à l'athéisme, car c'est dans ce contexte que Berdiaeff redéploie le dessein de Dieu concernant l'être humain. Il valorise le thème biblique de l'homme créé à l'image de Dieu, convaincu qu'il est que nous sommes des êtres non seulement physiques mais aussi spirituels. Réagissant contre l'éclatement consécutif à la modernité, il décrit l'être humain dans sa complexité et son désir d'unité, et souligne sa spécificité comme personne. Selon Berdiaeff, la dépersonnalisation de l'être humain est la conséquence de la non-reconnaissance de sa relation et de sa parenté avec Dieu. L'incarnation de Dieu en Jésus Christ l'amène enfin à méditer sur le mystère de la divino-humanité comme humanisation de l'être humain. Avec Pierre Aubert, on découvre ou redécouvre avec bonheur la belle figure de penseur et de témoin que fut Nicolas Berdiaeff. (shrink)

Tracer le panorama de l'apologétique à l'âge classique n'est pas chose facile, tant sont multiples les perspectives philosophiques et diverses les formes littéraires. La tentation est alors grande d'aligner les monographies. Le colloque de Metz (16-18 octobre 2008), dont sont issues les contributions du présent ouvrage, a choisi d'appréhender cette diversité foisonnante et mouvante en la soumettant à une unique approche, la question du croire. Tenant de l'imaginaire et du rationnel, la foi manifeste l'ambition de réaliser la synthèse du sentiment (...) et de la raison. La théologie pascalienne de la grâce fournit des éléments de réponse pour faire cohabiter ces deux principes, constituant le matériau dont d'innombrables apologies se nourriront pendant plus d'un siècle. De 1650 à 1802, de Pascal à Chateaubriand, en contexte catholique comme en contexte protestant, la réflexion est inlassablement reprise sur la possibilité de rendre raison de sa foi à autrui, comme le demande saint Pierre (1 P 3, 15), alors que les progrès de l'histoire, de l'exégèse biblique ou des sciences de la nature en renouvellent les conditions. Mais peu à peu le sujet s'affirme comme la preuve première : son expérience de la foi, le témoignage qu'il en rend, l'espace de parole qu'il ouvre à l'autre, pour mettre ses idées en débat et engager un possible dialogue, sont les nouveaux moyens de la persuasion et de la conversion. (shrink)

Entré en khâgne pour y devenir traducteur de Virgile et d'Homère, Pierre Magnard reçut de Jean Beaufret l'interpellation de Heidegger, qui fit vaciller ses certitudes et certaine manière d'être chrétien. Ce vacillement le conduisit vers Pascal, dont l'angoisse colore la foi d'une manière inoubliable, lequel Pascal le conduisit à Montaigne, ami de toute une vie. Deux figures en miroir entre lesquelles il lui parut urgent de ne jamais choisir, et auxquelles il consacra beaucoup de son industrie, comme à ces (...) philosophes de la fin de Moyen Age et de la Renaissance que Char eût dit des Matinaux. Un humanisme faisant l'épreuve du néant en l'homme et du silence de Dieu était possible, dont Maître Eckhart et Nicolas de Cues montrent le chemin ; un christianisme aussi, fondé non sur l'usage d'une raison dogmatique mais d'une raison joueuse, laquelle, tout en sachant que c'est le coeur qui lui donne ses principes, se déploiera en toute liberté. Le chemin d'un philosophe, professeur émérite en Sorbonne, jusqu'à la couleur du matin profond. (shrink)

This essay explores the astronomical works of Pierre de Lille, a little-known French participant in the debates on calendar reform during the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–1517). It argues that astrological ideas coupled with eschatological beliefs motivated his astronomical propositions to reform the Julian calendar. De Lille conceived the calendar solar year as a unit of a great cosmic year spanning 7,153 years, the duration that he assigned to the now-obsolete theory of the motion of trepidation of the eighth sphere. (...) Although his use of this astronomical model for astrological speculations about world chronology was not new, de Lille gave an original and bold reply to Pico della Mirandola’s devastating critique of astrology. The astronomical model and its astrological implications were eventually contested at the court and in academia in France, but the alliance of chronology, astrology, and apocalypticism was to play a major role during the second half of the sixteenth century in Lutheran thought. (shrink)

Nous proposons dans cet article une vision critique des entretiens dans lesquels Pierre Hadot a retracé son propre itinéraire philosophique. Il s’agit de montrer que ces textes suivent dans leurs grandes lignes un fil conducteur défini, trouvant son point de départ dans l’expérience dite du « sentiment océanique ». Nous ferons valoir que la manière dont Hadot a traité ce sujet a poussé certains de ses lecteurs à voir dans son intérêt croissant pour le stoïcisme l’effet d’un a priori (...) immanentiste. Nous montrerons que les interprétations que l’on a faites jusqu’ici du récit autobiographique de Pierre Hadot reposent en définitive sur son caractère bergsonien : l’expérience du sentiment océanique joue vraisemblablement dans ce récit le rôle d’une « intuition philosophique ». L’ensemble de cette réflexion permettra de mettre en exergue un autre motif pour la compréhension de la vie de Pierre Hadot, qui réside dans la question de l’interprétation des textes. (shrink)

Le Professeur Pierre Magnard n'a eu de cesse, au cours de son itinéraire intellectuel, où le pédagogue et le chercheur opérèrent toujours en synergie, de révéler, de construire et d'enrichir la tradition philosophique et théologique gréco-latine, notamment à travers l'étude du Néoplatonisme, de travailler à mieux faire connaître les auteurs des quinzième et seizième siècles, comme Nicolas de Cues, Marsile Ficin,Jean Pic de la Mirandole, Michel de Montaigne ou Charles de Bovelles, et d'y entretenir inlassablement la flamme de (...) celui qui demeurera à ses yeux un penseur phare : Blaise Pascal. Constitués en académie platonicienne une pléiade de chercheurs, issus de cet enseignement, a voulu en témoigner par quelques-unes de leurs avancées, manifestant la convergence de leur investigation sans prétendre en couvrir le champ. (shrink)

The essay intends to revisit certain phenomenological themes present in the theoretical work of Pierre Schaeffer, based on his most important and influential book: the Traité des objets musicaux. A French engineer and composer, Schaeffer was the initiator – from the point of view of its musical practice, and its theoretical analysis – of one of the most important musical avant-gardes of the 20th century, musique concrète. The objective of the article will be to consider Schaeffer’s main reference – (...) the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl – and suggest that Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology could be a prism that helps to understand and expand the heterogeneous and incomplete research project the French composer documented extensively in his writings. (shrink)

The death of Montaigne is described in some important documents such as the correspondence between Pierre de Brach, Justus Lipsius and Marie de Gournay, as well as in another letter written by Pasquier. What these «lettres du deuil» do is to reconstruct the philosophical meaning of death, using an entire universe of symbols to represent it. Previously, Montaigne had himself been the only person to witness La Boétie's death, of which he had deconstructed the abstract, merely speculative image in (...) order to emphasize its human dimension. (shrink)

Dans la suite de la prospection de l’été 2013, la campagne de l’année 2014 aux fortifications dites de Philomélos a été consacrée à la réalisation d’un relevé de l’état actuel, permis par des opérations de nettoyage. L’ensemble des vestiges observables de la fortification a été topographié et relevé au pierre‑à‑pierre. Ce travail s’est révélé d’autant plus nécessaire qu’aucun des plans publiés à ce jour ne représente la totalité des vestiges observables. Trois coupes transversales et une coup...

Un spectre hante l’Europe classique, l’antitrinitarisme – et sa variante la plus connue : le socinianisme. L’histoire commence par un double itinéraire européen, de l’Italie catholique et intolérante à la Suisse protestante et non moins intolérante, puis à la Pologne qui représente alors un havre de la liberté de conscience. Lelio Sozzini (1525-1562) s’était enfui de Sienne à Zurich en 1548, mais, traité d’hérétique par Calvin, il avait dû fuir de nouveau en Pologne. Dix ans plus tard, son ne..

From an archaeological point of view, the recognition between religious and gaming activities is very uneasy. This is true also for the so-called Minoan pierres à cupules (or Minoan kernoi or “stone slabs with depressions”) whose most impressive specimen is surely the well known table à offrandes found in the Minoan palace at Mallia. After the most recent works on the subject (by H. Whittaker and N. Hillbom), the interpretation of the pierres à cupules as game board is now prevailing; (...) however, their possible religious function can not be disregarded. The paper aims to check the methodological problems involved in the study of these pierres, starting from the available archaeological evidence. (shrink)