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Philip N. Johnson-Laird [35]Philip Nicholas Johnson-Laird [4]
  1.  24
    Deduction.Philip Nicholas Johnson-Laird & Ruth M. J. Byrne - 1991 - Psychology Press.
    In this study on deduction, the authors argue that people reason by imagining the relevant state of affairs, ie building an internal model of it, formulating a tentative conclusion based on this model and then searching for alternative models.
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  2.  57
    How We Reason.Philip Nicholas Johnson-Laird - 2006 - Oxford University Press.
    Good reasoning can lead to success; bad reasoning can lead to catastrophe. Yet, it's not obvious how we reason, and why we make mistakes. This new book by one of the pioneers of the field, Philip Johnson-Laird, looks at the mental processes that underlie our reasoning. It provides the most accessible account yet of the science of reasoning.
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  3.  35
    Facts and Possibilities: A Model‐Based Theory of Sentential Reasoning.Sangeet S. Khemlani, Ruth M. J. Byrne & Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (6):1887-1924.
    This article presents a fundamental advance in the theory of mental models as an explanation of reasoning about facts, possibilities, and probabilities. It postulates that the meanings of compound assertions, such as conditionals (if) and disjunctions (or), unlike those in logic, refer to conjunctions of epistemic possibilities that hold in default of information to the contrary. Various factors such as general knowledge can modulate these interpretations. New information can always override sentential inferences; that is, reasoning in daily life is defeasible (...)
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  4.  19
    Propositional reasoning by model.Philip N. Johnson-Laird, Ruth M. Byrne & Walter Schaeken - 1992 - Psychological Review 99 (3):418-439.
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  5.  30
    A Priori True and False Conditionals.Ana Cristina Quelhas, Célia Rasga & Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 2017 - Cognitive Science 41 (S5):1003-1030.
    The theory of mental models postulates that meaning and knowledge can modulate the interpretation of conditionals. The theory's computer implementation implied that certain conditionals should be true or false without the need for evidence. Three experiments corroborated this prediction. In Experiment 1, nearly 500 participants evaluated 24 conditionals as true or false, and they justified their judgments by completing sentences of the form, It is impossible that A and ___ appropriately. In Experiment 2, participants evaluated 16 conditionals and provided their (...)
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  6.  29
    Modal reasoning, models, and Manktelow and Over.Philip N. Johnson-Laird & Ruth M. J. Byrne - 1992 - Cognition 43 (2):173-182.
  7.  66
    Procedural semantics.Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 1977 - Cognition 5 (3):189-214.
  8.  43
    Naive Probability: Model‐Based Estimates of Unique Events.Sangeet S. Khemlani, Max Lotstein & Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 2015 - Cognitive Science 39 (6):1216-1258.
    We describe a dual-process theory of how individuals estimate the probabilities of unique events, such as Hillary Clinton becoming U.S. President. It postulates that uncertainty is a guide to improbability. In its computer implementation, an intuitive system 1 simulates evidence in mental models and forms analog non-numerical representations of the magnitude of degrees of belief. This system has minimal computational power and combines evidence using a small repertoire of primitive operations. It resolves the uncertainty of divergent evidence for single events, (...)
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  9. The Mental Model Theory of Conditionals: A Reply to Guy Politzer. [REVIEW]Philip N. Johnson-Laird, Ruth M. J. Byrne & Vittorio Girotto - 2009 - Topoi 28 (1):75-80.
    This paper replies to Politzer’s (2007) criticisms of the mental model theory of conditionals. It argues that the theory provides a correct account of negation of conditionals, that it does not provide a truth-functional account of their meaning, though it predicts that certain interpretations of conditionals yield acceptable versions of the ‘paradoxes’ of material implication, and that it postulates three main strategies for estimating the probabilities of conditionals.
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  10.  40
    Mental models and probabilistic thinking.Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 1994 - Cognition 50 (1-3):189-209.
  11.  78
    Temporal and spatial relations in sentential reasoning.Csongor Juhos, Ana Cristina Quelhas & Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 2012 - Cognition 122 (3):393-404.
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  12. A computational analysis of consciousness.Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 1983 - Cognition and Brain Theory 6:499-508.
  13.  78
    The acquisition of Boolean concepts.Geoffrey P. Goodwin & Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 2013 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17 (3):128-133.
  14.  13
    The three-term series problem.Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 1972 - Cognition 1 (1):57-82.
  15.  13
    Reasoning from Suppositions.Ruth M. J. Byrne, Simon J. Handley & Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 1995 - Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 48 (4):915-944.
    Two experiments investigated inferences based on suppositions. In Experiment 1, the subjects decided whether suppositions about individuals' veracity were consistent with their assertions—for example, whether the supposition “Ann is telling the truth and Beth is telling a lie”, is consistent with the premises: “Ann asserts: I am telling the truth and Beth is telling the truth. Beth asserts: Ann is telling the truth”. It showed that these inferences are more difficult than ones based on factual premises: “Ann asserts: I live (...)
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  16.  70
    Mental models and thought.Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 2005 - In K. Holyoak & B. Morrison (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning. Cambridge University Press. pp. 185--208.
  17.  50
    Précis of Deduction.Philip N. Johnson-Laird & Ruth M. J. Byrne - 1993 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16 (2):323-333.
    How do people make deductions? The orthodox view in psychology is that they use formal rules of inference like those of a “natural deduction” system.Deductionargues that their logical competence depends, not on formal rules, but on mental models. They construct models of the situation described by the premises, using their linguistic knowledge and their general knowledge. They try to formulate a conclusion based on these models that maintains semantic information, that expresses it parsimoniously, and that makes explicit something not directly (...)
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  18.  93
    Basic Emotions in Social Relationships, Reasoning, and Psychological Illnesses.Keith Oatley & Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 2011 - Emotion Review 3 (4):424-433.
    The communicative theory of emotions postulates that emotions are communications both within the brain and between individuals. Basic emotions owe their evolutionary origins to social mammals, and they enable human beings to use repertoires of mental resources appropriate to recurring and distinctive kinds of events. These emotions also enable them to cooperate with other individuals, to compete with them, and to disengage from them. The human system of emotions has also grafted onto basic emotions propositional contents about the cause of (...)
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  19.  64
    Reasoning from double conditionals: The effects of logical structure and believability.Carlos Santamaria, Juan A. Garcia-Madruga & Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 1998 - Thinking and Reasoning 4 (2):97-122.
    We report three experimental studies of reasoning with double conditionals, i.e. problems based on premises of the form: If A then B. If B then C. where A, B, and C, describe everyday events. We manipulated both the logical structure of the problems, using all four possible arrangements (or “figures” of their constituents, A, B, and C, and the believability of the two salient conditional conclusions that might follow from them, i.e. If A then C, or If C then A. (...)
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  20.  21
    Conditionals and possibilities.Ruth Mj Byrne, Philip N. Johnson-Laird, M. Oaksford & N. Chater - 2010 - In M. Oaksford & N. Chater (eds.), Cognition and Conditionals: Probability and Logic in Human Thought. Oxford University Press.
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  21.  42
    Strategies in temporal reasoning.Walter Schaeken & Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 2000 - Thinking and Reasoning 6 (3):193 – 219.
    This paper reports three studies of temporal reasoning. A problem of the following sort, where the letters denote common everyday events: A happens before B. C happens before B. D happens while B. E happens while C. What is the relation between D and EEfficacylls for at least two alternative models to be constructed in order to give the right answer for the right reason. However, the first premise is irrelevant to this answer, and so if reasoners were to ignore (...)
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  22. Mental models of meaning.Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 1981 - In A. Joshi, Bruce H. Weber & Ivan A. Sag (eds.), Elements of Discourse Understanding. Cambridge University Press. pp. 106--126.
     
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  23.  67
    Mental models, deductive reasoning, and the brain.Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 1995 - In Michael S. Gazzaniga (ed.), The Cognitive Neurosciences. MIT Press. pp. 999--1008.
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  24.  26
    Rules and illusions: A critical study of Rips's the psychology of proof. [REVIEW]Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 1997 - Minds and Machines 7 (3):387-407.
  25.  41
    What's wrong with grandma's guide to procedural semantics: A reply to Jerry Fodor.Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 1978 - Cognition 9 (September):249-61.
  26.  98
    An end to the controversy? A reply to Rips.Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 1997 - Minds and Machines 7 (3):425-432.
  27.  28
    Mental models or formal rules?Philip N. Johnson-Laird & Ruth M. J. Byrne - 1993 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16 (2):368-380.
  28.  16
    Conditionals and probability.Vittorio Girotto & Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 2010 - In M. Oaksford & N. Chater (eds.), Cognition and Conditionals: Probability and Logic in Human Thought. Oxford University Press. pp. 103--115.
  29.  2
    Models of Visuospatial Cognition.Manuel de Vega, Margaret Jean Intons-Peterson, Philip N. Johnson-Laird, Michel Denis & Marc Marscharck - 1996 - Oxford University Press USA.
    This second volume in the Counterpoints Series focuses on alternative models of visual-spatial processing in human cognition. The editors provide a historical and theoretical introduction and offer ideas about directions and new research designs.
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  30.  12
    How is meaning mentally represented.Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 1988 - In Umberto Eco (ed.), Meaning and Mental Representations. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 496--99.
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  31. Human thinking and mental models.Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 1990 - In K. A. Mohyeldin Said, W. H. Newton-Smith, R. Viale & K. V. Wilkes (eds.), Modelling the Mind. Clarendon Press. pp. 155--170.
     
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  32. Mental illnesses are emotional disorders.Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 2021 - In Valentina Cardella & Amelia Gangemi (eds.), Psychopathology and Philosophy of Mind: What Mental Disorders Can Tell Us About Our Minds. Routledge.
     
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  33.  55
    Flying bicycles: How the Wright brothers invented the airplane. [REVIEW]Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 2005 - Mind and Society 4 (1):27-48.
    This paper explores the ways in which Wilbur and Orville Wright thought as they tackled the problem of designing and constructing a heavier-than-air craft that would fly under its own power and under their control. It argues that their use of analogy and their use of knowledge in diagnostic reasoning lies outside the scope of current psychological theories and their computer implementations. They used analogies based on mental models of one system, such as the wings, to help them to develop (...)
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  34.  14
    Strategies in sentential reasoning.Yingrui van Der HenstYang & Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 2002 - Cognitive Science 26 (4):425-468.
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  35. Numbers l-2.Philip N. Johnson-Laird, Eldar Shafir, Itamar Simonson, Amos Tversky, P. Legrenzi, V. Girotto, Pn Johnson-Laird, Edward E. Smith, Daniel Osherson & Nancy Pennington - 1993 - Cognition 49 (297):297.
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  36.  5
    How the mind thinks.Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 1993 - In George A. Miller & Gilbert Harman (eds.), Conceptions of the Human Mind: Essays in Honor of George A. Miller. L. Erlbaum Associates.