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Per Sandin [49]Pers Sandin [1]
  1.  70
    Is the Precautionary Principle a Midlevel Principle?Per Sandin & Martin Peterson - 2019 - Ethics, Policy and Environment 22 (1):34-48.
    In this article, we defend two claims about the precautionary principle. The first is that there is no ‘core’ precautionary principle that unifies all its different versions. It is more plausible to think of the different versions as being related to each other by way of family resemblances. So although precautionary principle x may have much in common with precautionary principle y, and y with z, there is no set of necessary and sufficient conditions that unify all versions of the (...)
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  2.  52
    Moral “Lock-In” in Responsible Innovation: The Ethical and Social Aspects of Killing Day-Old Chicks and Its Alternatives.Payam Moula & Per Sandin - 2015 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 (5):939-960.
    The aim of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework that will help in understanding and evaluating, along social and ethical lines, the issue of killing day-old male chicks and two alternative directions of responsible innovations to solve this issue. The following research questions are addressed: Why is the killing of day-old chicks morally problematic? Are the proposed alternatives morally sound? To what extent do the alternatives lead to responsible innovation? The conceptual framework demonstrates clearly that there is a (...)
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  3. The Precautionary Principle and the Concept of Precaution.Per Sandin - 2004 - Environmental Values 13 (4):461 - 475.
    The precautionary principle is frequently invoked in environmental law and policy, and the debate around the principle indicates that there is little agreement on what 'taking precautions' means. The purpose of the present paper is to provide an improved conceptual foundation for this debate in the form of an explication of the concept of precaution. Distinctions between precaution and two related concepts, prevention and pessimism, are briefly discussed. The concept of precaution is analysed in terms of precautionary actions. It is (...)
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  4.  51
    Collective Military Virtues.Per Sandin - 2007 - Journal of Military Ethics 6 (4):303-314.
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  5. Common-sense precaution and varieties of the precautionary principle.Per Sandin - 2007 - In Tim Lewens (ed.), Risk: Philosophical Perspectives. New York: Routledge.
     
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  6. The Last Man Argument Revisited.Martin Peterson & Per Sandin - 2013 - Journal of Value Inquiry 47 (1-2):121-133.
  7.  54
    Evaluating Ethical Tools.Payam Moula & Per Sandin - 2015 - Metaphilosophy 46 (2):263-279.
    This article reviews suggestions for how ethical tools are to be evaluated and argues that the concept of ethical soundness as presented by Kaiser et al. is unhelpful. Instead, it suggests that the quality of an ethical tool is determined by how well it achieves its assigned purpose. Those are different for different tools, and the article suggests a categorization of such tools into three groups. For all ethical tools, it identifies comprehensiveness and user-friendliness as crucial. For tools that have (...)
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  8.  25
    The Human Glance, the Experience of Environmental Distress and the “Affordance” of Nature: Toward a Phenomenology of the Ecological Crisis.Payam Moula & Per Sandin - 2015 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 (5):925-938.
    The problem we face today is that there is a huge gap between our ethical judgments about the ecological crisis on the one hand and our ethical behavior according to these judgments on the other. In this article, we ask to what extent a phenomenology of the ecological crisis enables us to bridge this gap and display more ethical or pro-environmental behavior. To answer this question, our point of departure is the affordance theory of the American psychologist and founding father (...)
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  9.  26
    Commentary on Koplin and Wilkinson.Per Sandin - 2019 - Journal of Medical Ethics 45 (7):455-456.
    Anthropocentrism—the idea that humans are the most important beings there are—comes in many guises. One version of anthropocentrism states that only humans have full moral status. Those who argue for such a position usually refer to some trait that confers moral status and that only humans have. Suggestions include linguistic ability, self-awareness or rationality. However, regardless of what trait one picks it will not track the line between Homo sapiens and other species. You will always be able to find some (...)
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  10.  44
    Public Perceptions of the Ethics of In-vitro Meat: Determining an Appropriate Course of Action.Payam Moula & Per Sandin - 2015 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 (5):991-1009.
    While in vitro animal meat is not yet commercially available, the public has already begun to form opinions of IVM as a result of news stories and events drawing attention to its development. As such, we can discern public perceptions of the ethics of IVM before its commercial release. This affords advocates of environmentally sustainable, healthy, and just diets with a unique opportunity to reflect on the social desirability of the development of IVM. This work draws upon an analysis of (...)
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  11.  61
    Supreme emergencies without the bad guys.Per Sandin - 2009 - Philosophia 37 (1):153-167.
    This paper discusses the application of the supreme emergency doctrine from just-war theory to non-antagonistic threats. Two versions of the doctrine are considered: Michael Walzer’s communitarian version and Brian Orend’s prudential one. I investigate first whether the doctrines are applicable to non-antagonistic threats, and second whether they are defensible. I argue that a version of Walzer’s doctrine seems to be applicable to non-antagonistic threats, but that it is very doubtful whether the doctrine is defensible. I also argue that Orend’s version (...)
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  12.  25
    A Paradox Out Of Context: Harris And Holm On The Precautionary Principle.Per Sandin - 2006 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 15 (2):175-183.
    The precautionary principle is frequently referred to in various momentous decisions affecting human health and the environment. It has been invoked in contexts as diverse as chemicals regulation, regulation of genetically modified organisms, and research into life-extending therapies. Precaution is not an unknown concept in medical contexts. One author even cites the Hippocratic Oath as a parallel to the precautionary principle.
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  13.  45
    Approaches to Ethics for Corporate Crisis Management.Per Sandin - 2008 - Journal of Business Ethics 87 (1):109-116.
    The ethics of corporate crisis management is a seriously underdeveloped field. Among recent proposals in the area, two contributions stand out: Seeger and Ulmer’s (2001) virtue ethics approach to crisis management ethics and Simola’s (2003) ethics of care. In the first part of the paper, I argue that both contributions are problematic: Seeger and Ulmer focus on top management and propose virtues that lack substance and are in need of further development. Simola’s proposal is also fraught with difficulty, since it (...)
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  14.  28
    Are Farmers in Alternative Food Networks Social Entrepreneurs? Evidence from a Behavioral Approach.Payam Moula & Per Sandin - 2015 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 (5):885-902.
    Social entrepreneurship, individual activities with a social objective, is used in this study as a conceptual tool for empirically examining farmers’ participation in alternative food networks. This study verifies whether their participation is driven by the social entrepreneurship dimension to satisfy social and environmental needs. We develop a more inclusive view of how social entrepreneurship is present among farmers participating in AFNs by using a behavioural approach based on three main psychological constructs: attitude, objective, and behaviour. The empirical results show (...)
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  15.  28
    Ethics of Dissent: A Plea for Restraint in the Scientific Debate About the Safety of GM Crops.Payam Moula & Per Sandin - 2015 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 (5):903-924.
    Results of studies that cast doubt on the safety of genetically modified crops have been published since the first GM crop approval for commercial release. These ‘alarming studies’ challenge the dominant view about the adequacy of current risk assessment practice for genetically modified organisms. Subsequent debates follow a similar and recurring pattern, in which those involved cannot agree on the significance of the results and the attached consequences. The standard response from the government—a reassessment by scientific advisory bodies—seems insufficient to (...)
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  16. Has psychology debunked conceptual analysis?Per Sandin - 2005 - Metaphilosophy 37 (1):26–33.
    The philosophical method of conceptual analysis has been criticised on the grounds that empirical psychological research has cast severe doubt on whether concepts exist in the form traditionally assumed, and that conceptual analysis therefore is doomed. This objection may be termed the Charge from Psychology. After a brief characterisation of conceptual analysis, I discuss the Charge from Psychology and argue that it is misdirected.
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  17.  30
    'Cornwallism' and Arguments against Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions.Karin Edvardsson Björnberg, Helena Röcklinsberg & Per Sandin - 2020 - Environmental Values 29 (6):691-711.
    Opposition against greenhouse gas emissions reductions is strong among some conservative Christian groups, especially in the United States. In this paper, we identify five scripture-based arguments against greenhouse gas mitigation put forward by a core group of Christian conservatives ('the Cornwallists'): the anti-paganism argument, the enrichment argument, the omnipotence argument, the lack of moral relevance argument and the cost-benefit argument. We evaluate to what extent the arguments express positions that can be characterised as climate science denialist and to what degree (...)
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  18.  15
    Better safe than sorry: : Applying philosophical methods to the debate on risk and the precautionary principle.Per Sandin - unknown
    The purpose of the present thesis is to apply philosophical methods to the ongoing debate of the precautionary principle, in order to illuminate this debate. The thesis consists of an Introduction and five papers. Paper I con-cerns an objection to the method of conceptual analysis, the Charge from Psychology. After a brief characterisation of conceptual analysis, I argue that the Charge from Psychology is misdirected. In Paper II, the method of conceptual analysis is applied to the concept of precaution which (...)
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  19.  31
    Empirical Methods in Animal Ethics.Payam Moula & Per Sandin - 2015 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 (5):853-866.
    In this article the predominant, purely theoretical perspectives on animal ethics are questioned and two important sources for empirical data in the context of animal ethics are discussed: methods of the social and methods of the natural sciences. Including these methods can lead to an empirical animal ethics approach that is far more adapted to the needs of humans and nonhuman animals and more appropriate in different circumstances than a purely theoretical concept solely premised on rational arguments. However, the potential (...)
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  20.  29
    Modern Biotechnology, Agriculture, and Ethics.Per Sandin & Payam Moula - 2015 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 (5):803-806.
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  21.  47
    Firefighting Ethics.Per Sandin - 2009 - Ethical Perspectives 16 (2):225-251.
    The ethics of firefighting is a seriously underexplored field. This is unfortunate, since firefighting raises issues of great social importance and has the potential to inform moral theorizing. In the first part of this paper, I explore possible reasons why firefighting ethics has received so little academic attention and argue that it warrants study in its own right. I do so primarily by comparing firefighting ethics to medical ethics, demonstrating their close relationship yet pointing out important differences: firefighting is less (...)
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  22.  27
    How to Label ‘Natural’ Foods: a Matter of Complexity.Per Sandin - 2017 - Food Ethics 1 (2):97-107.
    Food is sometimes labeled as ‘100% natural’ or as containing ‘all natural ingredients’. There is however controversy on how to justify, design and implement such labelling. This paper argues that since naturalness is not one single concept, but several ones, and those concepts typically allow degrees, so that things can be more or less natural, thus, this complexity should be reflected in labelling of foods. There is no obvious way of presenting an aggregate measure of a particular food item’s naturalness, (...)
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  23.  22
    The Ethics of Consumption.Helena Röcklinsberg & Per Sandin - 2016 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 29 (1):1-4.
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  24.  58
    Is Genetically Modified Food Unnatural?Payam Moula & Per Sandin - 2015 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 (5):807-816.
    This paper argues for the following four claims: the terms “natural” and “unnatural” are ambiguous. Genetically modified food is unnatural in some senses of the term “unnatural”. Natural food should be favored over unnatural food in some senses of the terms “natural” and “unnatural”. Genetically modified food is not necessarily unnatural in a sense that would offer a good reason for favoring food that is not genetically modified. The claims are defended by distinguishing four different senses of the terms “natural” (...)
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  25.  34
    Naturalness and de minimis Risk.Per Sandin - 2005 - Environmental Ethics 27 (2):191-200.
    In risk management, de minimis risk is the idea that risks that are sufficiently small, in terms of probabilities, ought to be disregarded. In the context of the distinction between disregarding a risk and accepting it, this paper examines one suggested way of determining how small risks ought to be disregarded, specifically, the natural-occurrence view of de minimis, which has been proposed by Alvin M. Weinberg, among others. It is based on the idea that “natural” background levels of risk should (...)
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  26.  35
    The ethics of consumption.Helena Röcklinsberg & Per Sandin (eds.) - 2013 - Wageningen Academic Publishers.
  27.  25
    Principlism and citizen science: the possibilities and limitations of principlism for guiding responsible citizen science conduct.Patrik Baard & Per Sandin - 2022 - Research Ethics 1 (4):174701612211165.
    Citizen science (CS) has been presented as a novel form of research relevant for social concerns and global challenges. CS transforms the roles of participants to being actively involved at various stages of research processes, CS projects are dynamic, and pluralism arises when many non-professional researchers take an active involvement in research. Some argue that these elements all make existing research ethical principles and regulations ill-suited for guiding responsible CS conduct. However, while many have sought to highlight such challenges from (...)
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  28.  14
    Modern Biotechnology, Agriculture, and Ethics.Per Sandin & Zoë Robaey - 2021 - In Deborah C. Poff & Alex C. Michalos (eds.), Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics. Springer Verlag. pp. 1334-1338.
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  29.  21
    A Means-End Chain Approach to Explaining the Adoption of Good Agricultural Practices Certification Schemes: The Case of Malaysian Vegetable Farmers.Payam Moula & Per Sandin - 2015 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 (5):977-990.
    Good agricultural practices certification schemes have been promoted to enhance agricultural sustainability. This study seeks to explain the adoption of GAP certification schemes through an analysis of the role of personal values in guiding such choice. It is a departure from approaches taken in previous studies in the area. Through the laddering interview technique of means-end chain analysis, a hierarchical value map was systematically schematized to illustrate the relationship between adoption of GAP, outcomes, and personal values driving the choice. The (...)
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  30.  34
    Citizens, Consumers and Animals: What Role do Experts Assign to Public Values in Establishing Animal Welfare Standards?Payam Moula & Per Sandin - 2015 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 (5):961-976.
    The public can influence animal welfare law and regulation. However what constitutes ‘the public’ is not a straightforward matter. A variety of different publics have an interest in animal use and this has implications for the governance of animal welfare. This article presents an ethnographic content analysis of how the concept of a public is mobilized in animal welfare journals from 2003 to 2012. The study was undertaken to explore how experts in the discipline define and regard the role of (...)
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  31.  28
    Freedom of Cropping and the Good Life: Political Philosophy and the Conflict Between the Organic Movement and the Biotech Industry Over Cross-Contamination.Payam Moula & Per Sandin - 2015 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 (5):837-852.
    This paper begins by describing recent controversies over cross-contamination of crops in the United States and European Union. The EU and US are both applying the principle of freedom of cropping to resolve these conflicts, which is based on an individualistic philosophy. However, despite the EU and the US starting with the principle of freedom of cropping they have very dissimilar regulatory regimes for coexistence. These contradictory policies based upon the same principle are creating different sets of winners and losers. (...)
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  32.  24
    Of Mice and Men: European Precautionary Standards Challenged by Uncertainty.Payam Moula & Per Sandin - 2015 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 (5):867-883.
    For several years, the official European method for deciding whether or not shellfish were fit for human consumption was the mouse bioassay, which was eventually replaced by chemical testing. In this paper, we examine the process of this change, looking at how devices of social, technical, and organisational risk management were re-negotiated locally, nationally, and across the continent. We also show how the political decision to replace a precautionary standard with a management-vigilance device was the result of various dynamics. These (...)
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  33.  31
    Pragmatist Philosophical Reflections on GMOs.Payam Moula & Per Sandin - 2015 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 (5):817-836.
    This essay examines the public debate about the agricultural biotechnologies known as genetically modified organisms, as that debate is being carried out in its most dichotomizing forms in the United States. It attempts to reveal the power of sharply dichotomous thinking, as well as its limits. The essay draws on the work of Michel Serres, who uses the concept of the parasite to reconstruct or reframe fundamental dichotomies in western philosophy; it attempts a similar reframing of the public debates about (...)
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  34.  48
    (1 other version)Bioethics and Armed Conflict: Moral Dilemmas of Medicine and War, by Michael Gross.Per Sandin - 2008 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 17 (1):131-133.
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  35.  23
    Angela Kallhoff, Marcello Di Paola, and Maria Schörgenhumer, eds.: Plant Ethics: Concepts and Applications.Per Sandin - 2018 - Environmental Ethics 40 (3):303-304.
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  36.  34
    Guest Editors’ Introduction.Per Sandin & Martin Peterson - 2009 - Philosophy of Management 8 (2):1-2.
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  37.  85
    (1 other version)10 moral paradoxes – by Saul Smilansky.Per Sandin - 2009 - Theoria 75 (1):65-66.
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  38.  34
    Plant Ethics: Concepts and Applications.Per Sandin - 2018 - Environmental Ethics 40 (1):95-96.
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  39.  34
    The Moral Black Hole.Per Sandin & Misse Wester - 2009 - Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 12 (3):291-301.
    It is commonly believed that people become selfish and turn to looting, price gouging, and other immoral behaviour in emergencies. This has been the basis for an argument justifying extraordinary measures in emergencies. It states that if emergencies are not curtailed, breakdown of moral norms threaten (‘the moral black hole’). Using the example of natural disasters, we argue that the validity of this argument in non-antagonistic situations, i.e. situations other than war and armed conflict, is highly questionable. Available evidence suggests (...)
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  40.  20
    Technology Neutrality in European Regulation of GMOs.Per Sandin, Christian Munthe & Karin Edvardsson Björnberg - 2022 - Ethics, Policy and Environment 25 (1):52-68.
    In order to responsibly protect certain cherished values, for instance, human or environmental health, privacy, or ‘human dignity’, societies see a need for oversight, guidance and regulation of de...
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  41.  27
    The Profession and the Killer App, or What Environmental Ethicists Might Learn from Bioethics: A Commentary.Per Sandin - 2015 - Ethics, Policy and Environment 18 (3):275-282.
    In terms of output in the form of published work and attraction of resources, bioethics seems to be a more vibrant field than environmental ethics. In this commentary it is argued that bioethics is, in some respect, less humanistic than environmental ethics and that two factors––bioethics’ strong connection to a profession, and its access to an intellectual ‘killer app’––offer ways in which environmental ethicists might learn from the ‘success story’ of bioethics.
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  42.  10
    The Philosophy of the Precautionary Principle.Per Sandin - 2013 - In Armin Grunwald (ed.), Handbuch Technikethik. Stuttgart: Metzler. pp. 151-154.
    Technology, in particular large-scale applications of it, offers enormous benefits. However, it also poses considerable, sometimes potentially catastrophic risks. For complex technical systems, the risks are not always reliably predictable.
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  43.  69
    Virtual child pornography and utilitarianism.Per Sandin - 2004 - Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 2 (4):217-223.
    The most common argument against child pornography is that children are harmed in the process of producing it. This is the argument from abusive production. However, it does not apply to ‘virtual’ child pornography, i.e. child pornography produced using computer technology without involving real children. Autilitarian who wishes to condemn virtual child pornography cannot appeal to the argument from abusive production. I discuss three possible ways out of this: abandoning the intuition that virtual child pornography is wrong, abandoning utilitarianism, or (...)
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  44.  45
    Laws of Fear. [REVIEW]Per Sandin - 2007 - Environmental Ethics 29 (1):107-110.
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  45.  70
    Book Symposium on The Agrarian Vision: Sustainability and Environmental Ethics by Paul B. Thompson: The University Press of Kentucky 2010. [REVIEW]Per Sandin, Erland Mårald, Aidan Davison, David E. Nye & Paul B. Thompson - 2013 - Philosophy and Technology 26 (3):301-320.
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