The aim of this article is twofold. First, it is a theoretical and empirically based contribution to the branch of research that studies enabling conditions of human sense-making. It demonstrates the value of a coherent ecological framework, based on dialogism and interactivity for the study of sense-making, problem-solving and task performance in naturalistic contexts. Second, it presents a promising method for the analysis of cognitive activities, Cognitive Event Analysis, with which we investigate real-life medical interactions, especially the emergence of insights (...) in procedural task performance in emergency medicine. We show how sense-making and insights are accomplished by medical teams when they integrate cultural expertise, professional skills, inter-bodily dynamics, material constraints and affordances within the environment, i.e. when local co-action is embedded in socio-cultural patterns of behaviour. (shrink)

Diese Arbeit bietet einen ersten systematischen Versuch, Einsichten der kognitiven Linguistik sowie verwandter gebrauchsbasierter Ansätze mit dem Gebiet der linguistischen Humorforschung zu verknüpfen. Ausgangspunkt ist die Basishypothese, dass verbaler Humor gleichzeitig als show case und als test case für kognitiv-linguistische Beschreibungsmodelle dienen kann. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird ausführlich diskutiert, welchen Effekt der Forschungsgegenstand in der Entwicklung kognitiv-diskursiver Ansätze erhalten dürfte und in welchem Maße sich die Grundannahmen dieser Ansätze bereits in der bestehenden linguistischen Humorforschung vorfinden. Im zweiten Teil (...) wird in zwei ausführlich dargelegten Fallstudien eine differenzierte Methodologie eingesetzt, die sich mit spezifischen Fragen bezüglich des semantischen Aufbaus sowie der kognitiven Verarbeitung verbalen Humors befasst. (shrink)

The Anderson Station massacre highlights problems with both sovereignty's fragmentation and biopolitics. Sovereign entities have power over and determine the value of human life. Over and over, Belter life is reduced to bare life. They are exploited and then exterminated when their “usefulness” runs its course. What we often see in these reductions of Belters to bare life is the way that capitalism corrupts—both other sovereign entities and as a sovereign. In The Expanse, the problems with the uncontrolled capitalist sovereign (...) and the influence of capitalism on other sovereign entities are stark. Adding in the aspect of biopolitics, a people considered inferior like the Belters, makes these problems even more stark. Even Ceres police detective Joe Miller says the Belter political organization, the Outer Planets Alliance, is beloved by the people it helped and feared by the ones who got in its way. (shrink)

Den Bildbegriff verwendet die unterschätzte US-amerikanische Philosophin Susanne Langer argumentativ in allen drei Phasen ihres Denkens, ohne den Begriff bildtheoretisch zu fundieren. Versucht man nun diesen Bildbegriff vergleichend mit semiotischen oder phänomenologischen Bildtheorien zu diskutieren, so erlangt ihre Philosophie des Bildes nur dann die erforderliche Stringenz, wenn man die gegenwärtigen Bildtheorien einer grundlegenden Kritik unterzieht. Mit Langer erscheint u.a. Husserls Bildkonstitutionstheorie in einem neuen, aber ursprünglicheren Licht, wodurch sich eine komplementäre Bildtheorie abzeichnet, in der semiotische und phänomenologische Aspekte konstitutiv sind.

Das dreibändige Werk erschliesst ein neues Verständnis des künstlerischen Bildes. Die geläufige Herausstellung des Künstlers als "Schöpfer", seines Tuns als "schöpferisches", wird konsequent auf das Werk gewendet: Dieses muss sich folglich auch in sich selbst als Schöpfung ausweisen. Statt ausserbildliche Realität nur nachzuahmen, entwickelt der echte Künstler im Gestaltungsprozess die erscheinende Wirklichkeit aus der vorgegebenen Bildfläche heraus, lässt sie aus dieser sich neu entfalten, hervorkommen. Nur das ist wahrhaft schöpferisch! Dabei wird die taktile Bildfläche durch Raumillusion nicht einfach annulliert; sie (...) verwandelt sich zu einer imaginären Ebene, die in ihrer Ausspannung zwischen den Bildgrenzen alle sinnlichen Daten in deren spezifischer Erscheinungsweise prägt und "tragend" miteinander vermittelt. So bleibt sie in der Bildwirklichkeit als bedingender Schöpfungsgrund mitgegeben, anwesend. (shrink)

In everyday life and in science we acquire evidence of evidence and based on this new evidence we often change our epistemic states. An assumption underlying such practice is that the following EEE Slogan is correct: 'evidence of evidence is evidence' (Feldman 2007, p. 208). We suggest that evidence of evidence is best understood as higher-order evidence about the epistemic state of agents. In order to model evidence of evidence we introduce a new powerful framework for modelling epistemic states, Dyadic (...) Bayesianism. Based on this framework, we then discuss characterizations of evidence of evidence and argue for one of them. Finally, we show that whether the EEE Slogan holds, depends on the specific kind of evidence of evidence. (shrink)

In this article, we offer an overview of the philosophical and psychological literatures on expertise. Work so far has failed to engage with recent work in embodied and encultured cognition--in particular the notions of interactivity and semiosis. We suggest how bringing these concepts on board reveals new areas of research concerning the philosophy and psychology of expertise. We conclude with a brief synopsis of each paper.

BackgroundIn Sweden, individuals with visual field loss have their driving license withdrawn. The literature clearly indicates that individuals with VFL are unsafe drivers on a group level. However, many drivers with VFL can be safe on an individual level. The literature also suggests that self-perception, beliefs, and insights of one’s own capabilities are related to driving performance. This study had three aims: To investigate self-perceived driving capability ratings for individuals with VFL; to compare these ratings between groups with different medical (...) conditions associated with VFL ; and to relate the self-perception ratings to actual driving performance in an advanced driving simulator.MethodsParticipants comprised 723 individuals whose driver’s license had been withdrawn because of VFL and 92 normally sighted elderly individuals. All participants completed a background survey, rated difficulties with different traffic situations, rated their strengths and weaknesses as drivers, and rated aspects that were important for causing traffic accidents. Of the VFL group participants, 264 also completed a simulator-based driving test that they knew could lead to renewal of their driving license. VFL participants and normally sighted was at the same age when they completed the simulator driving test.ResultsOverall, individuals with VFL rated their capabilities as high on all instruments and scales used, even higher than the elderly normally sighted control group. The only VFL etiology group that rated lower than other groups was the diabetes group. Safety orientation and internal control orientation values were best at discriminating between VFL participants in terms of self-perception of driving performance. Participants categorized as “high” in terms of safety skills and internal control were more modest in their ratings. Finally, participants who passed the simulated driving test did not differ from those who failed, in any of the self-perception measures.ConclusionSelf-perception ratings among individuals with VFL were higher than those of normally sighted elderly individuals. Self-assessed skills did not predict driving performance. Groups with different VFL etiologies rated similarly. Self-ratings of driving abilities cannot be used to assess actual driving performance. Actual driving tests are necessary to discriminate between safe and unsafe drivers with VFL. (shrink)

Die Aristotelische Philosophie als Frage nach der Bewegung.--Retraktationen zu Aristoteles.

En base a una investigación empírica del Movimiento de Estudiantes Secundarios de 2006, este artículo desarrolla algunas consecuencias teóricas que apuntan a explorar en los aspectos culturales que condicionan la constitución de identidades políticas en el Chile actual. En un nivel de mayor abstracción, se plantea la existencia de cuatro transformaciones socioculturales propias de nuestros tiempos, que cambian radicalmente la perspectiva de creación de identidades políticas como se entendieron en el pasado. Ellas son: la reducción de espacios de formación de (...) postura frente a los temas públicos; la ampliación valorativa de la potestad individual en la elección de pertenencias políticas; la erosión de los mapas que permiten hacer sentido del contexto societal y sus procesos de cambio; y la autonomización de la subjetividad. (shrink)

Biographical note: Thomas Alkemeyer (Dr. phil.) ist Professor für Soziologie und Sportsoziologie an der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg. Ulrich Bröckling (Dr. phil.) ist Professor für Kultursoziologie an der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg. Tobias Peter (Dr. rer. pol.) ist wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Institut für Soziologie der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.

This chapter talks about the power of music, how characters in South Park use it in telling stories, and how music conveys ideas in the context of Western philosophy. But South Park does raise questions about music that philosophers— particularly Plato—have dealt with again and again. Despite their flaws, these Greek thinkers' views were instrumental to asking questions about music's impact (often referred to as ethos), its mathematical properties in relation to the universe, and how these two aspects interact with (...) one another. Phil Collins and Asia may not survive history's merciless aesthetic filter, just as the aulos instrument vanished long ago, but where the underlying philosophy is concerned, the issues are timeless. (shrink)

In this article, we discuss expertise by considering the activity of reading. Cognitive scientists have traditionally conceptualised reading as a single, well-defined task, namely the decoding of letter sequences into meaningful sequences of speech sounds. This definition captures a core feature of the reading activity at the computational level, but it is an overly narrow model of how reading behaviour occurs in the real world. We propose a more expansive model of expertise. In our view, expertise in general is best (...) conceptualised as a distributed process that takes place within a cultural-cognitive ecosystem. Our model allows for a more inclusive view of expertise in reading. We argue that reading is better understood as a manifold task domain that admits multiple reasonable criteria for evaluating performance. We draw on ethnographic data to show how our model allows for a wider appreciation of what expertise in reading amounts to in educational contexts. (shrink)

Black Knowledges/Black Struggles: Essays in Critical Epistemology explores the central, but often critically neglected role of knowledge and epistemic formations within social movements for human emancipation. This collection examines the systemic connection that exists between the empirical subordination of "Black" peoples globally and the conceptual negation that subordinates or renders this population invisible within the epistemes of the West. The collection recognizes that as peoples of "Black" African and Afro-mixed descent mobilize against their dehumanized status within Western modernity, they are (...) involved in a struggle that is both contemporary and of long standing, one where local and national battles have a global dimension. The essays in this collection foreground the extent to which liberation from imposed subordination necessarily entails critiques of, challenges to, and counter-formulations against the epistemic formations that work to "naturalize" subordination. The essays in the collection engage primarily with knowledge formations and empirical practices generated from within the discourse of "race," but also in its relation to other socio-human discourses of Western modernity. These essays also analyze the critiques, challenges, and counter-knowledge/epistemic formulations put forth by specific individuals, schools, movements, and/or institutions of the "Black" world. Through these examinations, the collection's authors implicitly point towards, and sometimes explicitly take part in, the formulation of a new kind of critical - but also emancipatory - epistemology. What emerges is a more comprehensive view of what it means to be human, an epistemic construction that can serve as an instrument of liberation rather than subordination. (shrink)