O presente trabalho trata da relevância da justiça para a crítica/justificativa do Direito, enquanto forma de estruturar as instituições sociais. Tendo Uma Teoria da Justiça como foco, a questão central neste ensaio é: como Rawls mobiliza os conceitos jurídicos? O objetivo geral é dialogar com os elementos centrais da obra de Rawls buscando compreender qual o papel do Direito no argumento em defesa da justiça como equidade. Para tanto, primeiro, retoma-se sucintamente os objetivos gerais pretendidos por Rawls com a teoria (...) elaborada. Em seguida, articula-se o uso de conceitos jurídicos com os objetivos pretendidos pelo autor em cada uma das três partes, para, então, enfatizar a serventia da justiça como equidade e da teoria política normativa aos juristas. Percorridos esses passos, defende-se a seguinte hipótese: o Direito é um elemento central na Teoria da Justiça de Rawls. Como desdobramento da hipótese, defende-se que para sustentar seu argumento central e desenvolver os principais elementos conceituais de sua obra, Rawls precisou recorrer aos conceitos jurídicos. (shrink)

This paper aims to map the different theoretical options related to the Precautionary Principle (PP). Great part of the literature on it can be systematized by answering to three different questions: is there a basic structure in the PP? If so, in which interpretation of the PP does this structure express itself? Finally, are its damage or knowledge conditions fixed or adjustable? The first question separates realist from non-realist approaches. The second question allows us to discriminate monist, dualist, or pluralist (...) positions in relation to the three interpretations of the PP: decision rule, procedural requirement, or epistemic rule. Finally, the third question distinguishes rigid from non-rigid formulations of the principle. Based on this mapping, one can not only navigate through the different formulations of the PP present both in official documents and in specialized literature, but also deflect some of its common objections, and understand Hans Jonas’ eventual connection with PP. Notwithstanding, this mapping does not capture other important themes attached to PP, which motivates a final distinction between narrow and broader forms of PP. (shrink)

The following paper puts the history of race and colonialism in conversation with the history of the concept of energy. The objective is to understand what a critical decolonial perspective can teach us about the central role that energy plays in western culture, materially and epistemologically. I am interested in how this approach to political, epistemological, and ontological questions demands that we reconceptualize energy to account for the historical particularity of the concept and the phenomena of history and intersubjectivity, which (...) are eschewed in a purely materialistic and quantitative conception of energy. We will see how energy has been complicit in the racialization of black and indigenous bodies, and how the privileged place that the concept of energy has occupied in the canon of western physics has served to obscure the theological, metaphysical, and cultural assumptions that constitute it. (shrink)

Author: Ioanna Bartsidi (Université Paris Nanterre). Translated by Pedro Sepúlveda Zambrano (UCSH). Gérard Gérard Lebrun (1930-1999) fue un historiador de la filosofía francés y estudioso de Hegel influido por el estructuralismo y la epistemología histórica francesa. Su libro de 1972 La patience du concept marcó el campo de los estudios hegelianos y se convirtió en un referente para las lecturas «no metafísicas» contemporáneas de Hegel en Francia. Insistiendo en la oposición entre discurso representacional y especulativo, Lebrun presenta el pensamiento (...) de Hegel como una filosofía no dogmática, a-sistemática y antifundacionalista de la creación de sentido. Para comprender plenamente lo que está en juego en la interpretación postestructuralista de Lebrun sobre Hegel, este trabajo propone comprenderla como una respuesta al antihegelianismo vehemente de los grandes filósofos franceses de los años 1960 y 1970. Para ello, en primer lugar, intento situar La patience du concept en su contexto filosófico a partir de una lectura comparada del Prefacio de Louis Althusser a Para leer El capital (1965) de Louis Althusser y El orden del discurso (1971) de Michel Foucault. Sostengo que la conceptualización de Lebrun de «lo especulativo hegeliano» como discurso pretende defender a Hegel contra las acusaciones de logocentrismo. Por último, subrayo el uso que Lebrun hace del concepto althusseriano de «corte epistemológico» contra el propio Althusser, en lo que considero un intento de formular una crítica del antihegelianismo como ideología «predicativa». (shrink)

Der Denkweg Hegels kann als ein Bildungsprozess von Einheitsbegriffen angesehen werden. Dieser Weg lässt sich in zwei Phasen einteilen: eine spekulative und eine vorspekulative Phase. Die These dieses Aufsatzes besteht darin, dass der Begriff der Einheit sich innerhalb beider Phasen jenes Denkweges entwickelte und dabei die gleichen allgemeinen Formen annimmt. Von daher kann der Weg dieses Denkens durch einen Doppel-Begriff, den der spekulativen und den der vorspekulativen Einheit, rekonstruiert werden. Im Blick auf das Ganze lässt sich also sagen, dass beide (...) Phasen am Ende durch die fundamentale Entscheidung Hegels eines „Eingreifens in das Leben der Menschen“ verbunden sind. Und die letzte Form der Einheit in der spekulativen Phase – die der absoluten Idee – wird dementsprechend eine gewisse aufgehobene Bewegung der Subjektivität und der Objektivität sein, an der sich die Einheit als Freiheit zeigt. (shrink)

We introduce a new class of real-valued monotones in preordered spaces, injective monotones. We show that the class of preorders for which they exist lies in between the class of preorders with strict monotones and preorders with countable multi-utilities, improving upon the known classification of preordered spaces through real-valued monotones. We extend several well-known results for strict monotones (Richter–Peleg functions) to injective monotones, we provide a construction of injective monotones from countable multi-utilities, and relate injective monotones to classic results concerning (...) Debreu denseness and order separability. Along the way, we connect our results to Shannon entropy and the uncertainty preorder, obtaining new insights into how they are related. In particular, we show how injective monotones can be used to generalize some appealing properties of Jaynes’ maximum entropy principle, which is considered a basis for statistical inference and serves as a justification for many regularization techniques that appear throughout machine learning and decision theory. (shrink)

We study versions of limit models adapted to the context of metric abstract elementary classes. Under categoricity and superstability-like assumptions, we generalize some theorems from 7, 15-17. We prove criteria for existence and uniqueness of limit models in the metric context.

The enactive approach and the skilled intentionality framework are two closely related forms of radical embodied cognition that nonetheless exhibit important differences. In this paper, I focus on a conceptual disparity regarding the normative character of action and perception. Whereas the skilled intentionality framework describes the norms of action and perception as the capacity of embodied agents to become attuned (i.e., skilled intentionality) to preestablished normative frameworks (i.e., situated normativity), the enactive approach describes the same phenomenon as the enactment of (...) norms (i.e., as sense-making) at different levels of organization that go from individual biological agents to linguistic encounters. I will argue that although both accounts accurately recognize important features of the norms of action and perception, they also have significant shortcomings. Norm-attunement accurately sees normative, ecological frameworks as the necessary set of constraints for the existence of norms at play in sociocultural bodily practices, but it fails to acknowledge the temporal and open-ended character of these norms and frameworks. Norm-enactment, by contrast, acknowledges that norms of action and perception are temporally open-ended, but fails to explicitly recognize that environmental normative frameworks are necessary for the enactment and development of all sort of norms in the interactional domain of an agent-environment system. To overcome these problems, I propose an enactive-ecological approach to norms of action and perception. This approach consists in describing norm-enactment as a result of a developmental process I call norm-development. This process describes the enactment of norms from the background of ecological, normative frameworks. These frameworks are norms enacted in the past of the interactional history of the agent-environment system that remain open to new configurations (new norms) in the present. To clarify conceptually norm-development, I appeal to Merleau-Ponty’s descriptions of norms of perception, and more particularly to his concept of spatial levels. Like the enactive approach, Merleau-Ponty recognizes that perceptual norms emerge in the interactional history of the agent-environment system, but he also posits that ecological, normative frameworks, that he calls levels, enable and constrain the emergence of perceptual norms and its development. (shrink)

The formation of the moral point of view in Bernard Williams’ work might be understood as taking place between two central concepts: the individual and the community. It is through the tension between these two poles that some form of knowledge is acquired. In Williams’ work, the individual virtue takes the name of authenticity, and the communitarian knowledge is, importantly, ethical confidence. A philosophical peer of Williams, Alasdair MacIntyre, has dealt with the same question, although in very different ways. They (...) are usually taken to be philosophical rivals in many respects, especially regarding their political views, their views on religion and their thoughts on Aristotle. But if we look deeper into their claims, we should discover that not only do they have similar ethical concerns, as their responses to those concerns are not, in essence, as different as they seem. My purpose with this paper, however, is not to deny the important differences between the two philosophers, but rather to make conspicuous Williams’ demanding ideas on the formation of the moral point of view by (1) connecting significant portions of his work and (2) contrasting his ideas with that of a philosophical “rival,” namely by interpreting MacIntyre’s own declarations on Williams’ work. It will stand out that both philosophers’ motivation to do ethics is to grant an equilibrium between the individual conscience and the moral knowledge that is acquired within a community. (shrink)

It is still a matter of controversy whether the Principle of the Common Cause can be used as a basis for sound causal inference. It is thus to be expected that its application to quantum mechanics should be a correspondingly controversial issue. Indeed the early 90’s saw a flurry of papers addressing just this issue in connection with the EPR correlations. Yet, that debate does not seem to have caught up with the most recent literature on causal inference generally, which (...) has moved on to consider the virtues of a generalised PCC inspired condition, the so called Causal Markov Condition. In this paper we argue that the CMC is an appropriate benchmark for debating possible causal explanations of the EPR correlations. But we go on to take issue with some pronouncements on EPR by defenders of the CMC. (shrink)

O presente artigo pretende resumir e interrogar o conceito de “pessoa” na filosofia de Paul Ricœur (1913-2005) a partir do texto _Note sur la personne _(_Nota sobre a pessoa_). Esse texto foi publicado em 1936 na revista teológica _Le Semeur _(_O Semeador_), um pequeno ensaio no qual Ricœur visa apontar o valor conceitual que a noção de pessoa possui, além de apresentar as características constituintes dessa noção.

To evaluate how study characteristics and methodological aspects compare based on presence or absence of industry funding, Hughes et al. conducted a systematic survey of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in three major medical journals. The authors found industry-funded RCTs were more likely to be blinded, post results on a clinical trials registration database (ClinicalTrials.gov), and accrue high citation counts.1 Conversely, industry-funded trials had smaller sample sizes and more frequently used placebo as the comparator, used a surrogate as their primary (...) outcome, and had positive results. (shrink)

Resenha de: Blumenbach, J. F. Sobre o impulso de formação e a geração. Tradução, introdução e notas de Isabel Coelho Fragelli. Revisão técnica de Luciana Valéria Nogueira. Santo André: Editora UFABC, 2019.

El planteamiento y las vías de acción que los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la ONU proponen para alcanzar el fin de la pobreza extrema para el año 2030 continúa asumiendo un enfoque “monetarista” basado en el “umbral de renta mínima” (vivir con menos de 2 dólares diarios) y se aleja del enfoque de derechos humanos, expresado en su informe de 2012, avalando la metodología economicista de autores como Sachs, basada en reproducir, para los países pobres, la senda del crecimiento (...) económico que han seguido los países ricos. El presente trabajo pretende, por un lado, poner en evidencia los errores y límites de la concepción economicista y del análisis monetarista de la pobreza y, por otro, indicar las vías propuestas por autores como Sen y Pogge para que pueda verificarse un cambio trascendental de perspectiva que afronte el fenómeno desde la concepción de una vida digna y la satisfacción de los derechos básicos que de ella se derivan. (shrink)

Le présent travail entend établir une interprétation argumentative de la théorie épistémologique dans la philosophie bachelardienne, afin de démontrer l'espace dans lequel s'insèrent ses réflexions sur la psychanalyse dans l'ordre du développement des connaissances scientifiques. Cette approche épistémologique se retrouve dans son ensemble d'œuvres qui constituent ce qu'on appelle l'aspect diurne de l'auteur. Dans ce domaine d'études, nous soulignons l'ouvrage de 1938, intitulé La Formation de l'Esprit Scientifique. Dans ce contexte, nos efforts se concentrent avant tout sur la relation établie (...) entre sa théorie et les aspects conceptuels issus de la psychanalyse dans son origine freudienne. Abordant l'élaboration d'une psychanalyse de la connaissance objective dans l'épistémologie de Bachelard, nous énumérons trois structures théoriques qui nous ont aidés à établir ce pont de connexion avec la psychanalyse, ce sont les notions de: Rupture, Rectification et Obstacle Épistémologique. À partir de la reconstruction de ces trois concepts comme prémisses de l'épistémologie de Bachelard, on développe un approfondissement ultérieur de ces mêmes notions et des relations qu'elles présentent entre les concepts de refoulement et d'inconscient, postulées dans la théorie psychanalytique, ainsi que le changement de portée respectif. de sens que l'auteur applique lié au contexte de la connaissance objective. (shrink)

O texto busca apresentar a recepção da céle-bre peça de Shakespeare em solo alemão, as-sim como as consequências que essa leitura teve em diferentes momentos do que se con-vencionou chamar de Goethezeit.

Este trabajo analiza las argumentaciones de Guillermo de Ockham y Marsilio de Padua en contra de la doctrina de los plenos poderes del papado. Su marco teórico son los debates en torno a la teología política de Carl Schmitt y una contextualización del proceso de centralización y expansión de poderes eclesiales que se conoce como la reforma gregoriana. De forma general, se presentan las posiciones de ambos autores y sus diferencias como un modelo teológico político alternativo al de los canonistas (...) papales que defendían la supeditación casi total del poder temporal al espiritual en cuya cúspide estaba la figura del papa. (shrink)

Trata-se de examinar, a propósito da crítica de Hume ao Ensaio de Ferguson sobre a história da sociedade civil, o alcance e os limites da noção de civilização, tão importante para o pensamento das Luzes que a própria palavra foi forjada, pela primeira vez, nessa época. The aim of the article is to study the scope of the notion of civilization as it occurs in Hume's reading of Ferguson's Essay on history of civil society. The importance of the topic in (...) the philosophy of the Enlightenment is such that the very word was coined in the 18th Century. (shrink)

MORCILLO, MARTA GARCÍA. LAS VENTAS POR SUBASTA EN EL MUNDO ROMANO: LA ESFERA PRIVADA. Barcelona, Universidad de Barcelona, 2005, 372 pp.

Relying mostly on his Agony Argument, Derek Parfit argued against all the theories that take reasons for acting as based on the agent’s attitudes. I use R. M. Hare’s so-called “Conditional Reflection Principle” –here relabeled as “Mirror Principle” – to challenge Parfit’s contention that subjectivists about reasons cannot consistently endorse the view that “we all have a reason to want to avoid, and to try to avoid, all future agony.” Several objections to the Mirror Principle are examined and shown to (...) result from incorrect interpretations of its content. (shrink)

Los logros socioeconómicos alcanzados por Chile en estas últimas décadas, han tenido su correlato en mejoras importantes con relación al desarrollo humano de su población. Sin embargo, surgen dudas respecto de la capacidad de los chilenos, y en general de los países latinoamericanos, para adaptarse a un contexto de sociedad de mercado, donde el Estado ha ido perdiendo su centralidad como eje de la integración social. En este ensayo, el autor nos invita a superar este diagnóstico potenciando la democracia y (...) las posibilidades de ejercer una real ciudadanía participativa, fundada ya no en el verticalismo estatal, sino que en las diversas y variadas formas de la sociedad civil. La propuesta apunta, en definitiva, a rescatar el espacio público más allá del discurso economicista que apunta únicamente a la mantención de un orden social autorregulado. (shrink)

Este artículo se propone analizar las relaciones entre la formación en sociología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires y las prácticas profesionales de sus graduados. A partir de la reconstrucción del proceso de conformación de la Carrera de Sociología y del estudio de las trayectorias laborales de sus graduados, se procura dar cuenta de las tensiones entre la concepción de la disciplina en la que los sociólogos son socializados durante su formación universitaria y el desarrollo de una práctica profesional por (...) fuera de la academia. (shrink)

_Contemporary democracies, despite ideals of citizen participation and equal representation, operate within a complex web of power dynamics that influence political decision-making. This article explores the multifaceted nature of power in contemporary democracies, focusing on the interplay between formal institutional structures, informal networks, and social and economic inequalities. It examines how these factors shape policy agendas, influence policy choices, and ultimately determine the distribution of benefits and burdens. Drawing on diverse theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence, the article argues for a (...) nuanced understanding of power dynamics that challenges simplistic notions of centralized control and acknowledges the fluidity and agency of various actors within the political sphere. Finally, it emphasizes the need for robust democratic institutions, engaged citizenry, and critical analysis of power imbalances to ensure that political decisions reflect the diverse needs and aspirations of the whole populace._. (shrink)

This essay aims to examine whether the Welfare State project has failed and how this apparent failure is intrinsically connected to the rise of citizen discontent. By tracing the historical roots of the Rechtsstaat and its development into the Welfare State, we highlight how the increasing gap between grand promises and their limited fulfillment has fueled widespread discontent. The much-acclaimed Welfare State seems to have transformed itself into a Malaise State, marked by a dual institutional failure: the inability to universalize (...) its promises and the lack of political responses to the social discontent caused by that first incapacity. In this context, what was once considered a collective social desire has become (hyper)individualized within a “turboglobalized” world, inverting the traditional relation in which public improvement had the capacity to positively impact private life. Despite this, the responsibility of governments remains justified, as the transfer of power through democratic elections inherently carries the condition of accountability. However, democracy by itself seems unable to resolve these crises, especially when it comes to the well know populisms that carry out the so-called policies of disconcertment. Traditional institutional structures and power divisions also fall short, as the crisis of liberal democracy transcends national borders, becoming a shared Western dilemma. This scenario presents a paradox: while liberal democracy struggles with its self-created problems, abandoning its core values risks descent into tyranny. How, then, can we bridge the democracy gap while remaining democratic? We identify that a forward-thinking State philosophy, rooted in institutional (re)imagination and a reconstruction of the political and conceptual foundations of power, offers a viable pathway for addressing these impasses and envisioning effective solutions. (shrink)

In this paper we present a semantic analysis of the application of didactic constructivism to chemical education. We show that the psychological basis of constructivism yield, when applied to chemistry, an internalist semantics for the chemical names. Since these names have been presented as typical examples of an externalism for kind terms, a fundamental incompatibility ensues. We study this situation, to conclude that it affects chemical education at every level. Finally, we present a preliminary analysis of this problem from the (...) point of view of physics. (shrink)

A leading authority in contemporary and digital photography places images of the transitions of American cities in the 1980s and 1990s beside Sartre's meditative essays based on an extended visit to America in 1945, in a volume originally published as part of The Aftermath of War.