Philosophy & Social Criticism, Volume 48, Issue 6, Page 882-903, July 2022. Indigenous conservation through patrimonialization is the product of political and legal decisions made by a non-indigenous agent: the liberal state, using the law to retain a form of bios. We propose that patrimonialization is the device by which liberal states have processed and integrated indigenous claims into a form of bios ultimately designed to safeguard state legal structures. We argue that, to uphold the rule of law in contexts (...) of struggle and resistance that challenge the very understanding of the law, states respond by wielding the law in the form of the rule by law, that is, pushing the law to the limit to give normative content to the criteria by which the state conducts its affairs, without straying from the individual rights framework. We hold that the rule by law is an operation that defines the patrimonialization of indigenous peoples. It increases their visibility while imposing limits on political action to keep them from becoming sui juris subjects capable of breaching the distinction between zoe and bios. In this article, we try to understand the political–ideological intent of these decisions, the intentions beyond the letter of the law of patrimonialized peoples. (shrink)

A discussão sobre a existência ou não da Filosofia Africana, associada à negação do direito à Filosofia caracterizou seis décadas: 1940-2000. A necessidade de apagar o espectro que as representações ocidentais (europeias) atribuem à África foi, de certa forma, respondida com várias publicações. O presente artigo pretende mostrar que existiram, também, pensadores individuais, preciamente no antigo Kôngo.

Pourquoi s'interroger sur la possibilité de l'existence d'une philosophie au Chili? Voici la question traitée ici, en prenant comme axe le travail intellectuel du philosophe chilien Jorge Eduardo Rivera, décédé en janvier 2017, après l'écriture de cet ouvrage. Jorge Eduardo Rivera représente parfaitement le travail philosophique et universitaire. Celui qui se réalise dans le plus grand silence, hors de toute stridence ou de toute mode. Etranger au raffut des bavardages qui nous inonde. Une méditation sobre, loin de toute bouffonnerie. Peut-être (...) est-ce cela qui amena Rivera à décrire simplement et profondément des zones inconnues, éclairées par une parole qui, sans être poétique, nous renvoie à l'être en tant que tel et sous toutes ses formes. Ce livre présente l'exercice philosophique de Jorge Eduardo Rivera sous un horizon de réflexion à la fois propre et inspiré de la tradition européenne. Il expose sa biographie et son histoire intellectuelle, les différents espaces dans lesquels sa pensée s'est formée, depuis son noviciat et son scolasticat chez les Pères Français, jusqu'à ses études philosophiques et théologiques en Allemagne et ses rencontres avec Heidegger, Gadamer, Fink, Welte, Von Herrmann et Xavier Zubiri. (shrink)

First, we define the concepts of well-being and happiness at school. Then, we explore well-being at school from the perspective of the teacher-student relationship, both from the point of view of the students and of the teachers. To do this, the main results of two studies carried out in 2019 and 2020, mainly in Quebec, are presented. Finally, the two perspectives, that of the pupils and that of the teachers, are confronted. The results of our analysis highlight the importance of (...) the teacher-student relationship both in the student's school experience and in the teacher's professional practice. The affective nature of the relationship seems to occupy a major place. Suggestions and recommendations for optimizing the quality of the teacher-student relationship, for the happiness of learning or teaching, are proposed. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage est dans la continuite de la reflexion de Santiago Espinosa, qui etend ses vues sur la musique a l'art en general, et qui aborde des sujets plus vastes comme la science physique (l'auteur fait observer que les scientifiques contemporains adoptent la perspective critiquee des lors qu'ils cherchent a faire une image de l'univers). A cette perspective, Espinosa oppose la perception auditive, plus prompte a saisir le mouvement et le changement, non susceptible par surcroit d'en faire une (...) image ou meme une chose. Il fait remarquer l'interet de certains philosophes pour l'intuition du silence de l'interpretation, aucune chose ne pouvant etre le signe (ou l'image) d'une autre, n'etant que ce qu'elle est, ou plutot devient. Il revient enfin a la mise en rapport de la perspective imaginative et les affections de l'angoisse, la melancolie et la nausee afin de montrer que ces dernieres relevent parfois de l'illusion que les choses semblent, dans la mesure ou elles sont prises pour des images, se repeter sans cesse. Pour l'ouie, sensible a la singularite de ce qui passe, tout ce qui arrive est en revanche d'une surprenante nouveaute, ce qui, pour l'affirmateur de la realite, peut se reveler etre aussi une source de joie. (shrink)

Resumen Este escrito es fruto de una investigación documental y bibliográfica realizada en el Archivo General del Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano. Busca presentar una síntesis del impulso que ha realizado el CELAM en orden al diálogo interreligioso. Este no ha sido un camino fácil y aún hay mucho por hacer. No obstante, en el ámbito de la Iglesia Católica, el CELAM ha sido un permanente animador de las orientaciones de los obispos en esta temática, plasmadas en el Concilio Vaticano II y (...) las Conferencias Generales del Episcopado Latinoamericano.This paper is the product of documentary and bibliographic research in the General Archives of the Latin American Bishops’ Council and it endeavors to provide a synthesis of the efforts that CELAM has made in regard to interreligious dialogue. This has not been an easy path to follow and there is still much more yet to be done. However, in the context of the Catholic Church, CELAM has been a persistent dynamic force, encouraging bishops on this topic, according to the guidelines found in the documents of Vatican II and the General Conferences of Latin American Bishops. (shrink)

Faced with an Alexandrian (Arian) anthropology of Neoplatonic inspiration, Eustathius adopts a strong position in several statements that is similar to astoic Aristotelianism of the 4th century. Nevertheless, Eustathius's reflection is more genuinely theological, than it is reflective of any particular philosophical trend. For him, the human body is a dynamic concept which finds its full meaning in light of the history of salvation, wherein the incarnate and glorified Logos, the second Adam, brings to completion the perfection and incorruptibility of (...) the humble body formed from clay in the first Adam, the protoplast. (shrink)

L'œuvre de Clément Rosset cherche à établir une 'théorie du réel', comprenant par là avant tout une critique de l'illusion. Trois figures principales n'ont de cesse de revenir du premier au dernier de ses livres : le réel, le double, la joie. Ces trois concepts ont cependant prêté aux malentendus les plus farfelus, en dépit de l'écriture claire et lumineuse de Rosset : les commentaires que son œuvre suscite çà et là donnent souvent l'impression de passer à côté de l'essentiel, (...) de ne retenir de ces trois figures que le son creux de leur nom. Cet essai tente de montrer au contraire la spécificité de la 'philosophie tragique' de Rosset, en la prenant pour une tentative cohérente et rigoureuse d'aborder l'expérience humaine du désir qui rende compte de la paradoxale et énigmatique joie de vivre"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

A reflection on how to teach philosophy with the help of theatrical techniques and scenic interpretation tools, building an allegorical environment for the presentation of philosophical content. Considering Plato's explanation of the allegory of the cave, where he starts from 'appears' or 'imagines' and describes his narrative, in a complete way, in a theatrical approach to use the imagination of his listeners. And thus building a scene, a representation of what he wanted to teach his interlocutors. In addition to reflecting (...) on contemporary caves, built in the rooms of young people, who are isolated, attentive only to the images produced on cell phone and computer screens, without being sure about the veracity of the information received in these 'walls' of modern caves. Also following the approaches and paths of Deleuze and Foucault in their considerations on the constructions relevant to the study of philosophy and its learning, this article aims at this reflection as a contribution to the art of theatre, the 'teatron', the place for to see. And to see how this seeing is a metaphorical perspective, something that is also a philosophical question, both in the direct and in the metaphysical sense. In addition to being a matter of experience made possible by immersion in the world of ideas and imagination, in a reflective, pragmatic way and with a view to learning and teaching philosophy. (shrink)

De ce qui existe -- De ce qui n'existe pas -- De l'interprétation.

El texto aborda la existencia de una tradición filosófica conocida como “conocimiento del hacedor”, que sostiene que conocer implica crear o producir lo que se conoce. Esta concepción experimenta un cambio significativo en el siglo XVII. La identidad entre la verdad y el hacer, que durante la Edad Media caracterizaba el conocimiento de Dios, se convierte en la marca del conocimiento humano. Danilo Marcondes ubica esta tradición en la problemática escéptica de la Modernidad. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar si (...) esta perspectiva es solo una de las múltiples variantes posibles o si representa adecuadamente la contextualización de la tradición como expresión pura del escepticismo moderno. (shrink)

'Computationalism' is a relatively vague term used to describe attempts to apply Turing's model of computation to phenomena outside its original purview: in modelling the human mind, in physics, mathematics, etc. Early versions of computationalism faced strong objections from many (and varied) quarters, from philosophers to practitioners of the aforementioned disciplines. Here we will not address the fundamental question of whether computational models are appropriate for describing some or all of the wide range of processes that they have been applied (...) to, but will focus instead on whether `renovated' versions of the \textit{new computationalism} shed any new light on or resolve previous tensions between proponents and skeptics. We find this, however, not to be the case, because the 'new computationalism' falls short by using limited versions of "traditional computation", or proposing computational models that easily fall within the scope of Turing's original model, or else proffering versions of hypercomputation with its many pitfalls. (shrink)

Le grand maitre des apparences, Baltasar Gracián, dit que ce qui ne se voit pas est comme s'il n'était pas. Il n'a sans doute pas livré là, peut-être par prudence, le fond de sa pensée : ce qui ne se perçoit pas n'existe pas. Telle est la thèse en tout cas du présent traité.

Widespread conceptions of practical reasoning confront us with a choice between its practicality and its objectivity: between its efficacious, world-changing character and its accountability to objective rational standards. This choice becomes unnecessary, I argue, on an alternative view embodied by the thesis that the conclusion of practical reasoning is an action. I lay bare and challenge the assumptions underlying the rejection of that thesis and outline a defense of its picture of practical reasoning against common objections. On such a picture, (...) practical reasoning provides a principle not externally imposed upon an action but rather constitutive of it. (shrink)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo dilucidar la función que cumple el temor reverencial en el Leviatán de Thomas Hobbes y en la Ciencia Nueva de Giambattista Vico como principio del mundo civil. Se centra la atención en la imaginación y en la religión como elementos fundantes de las instituciones humanas, analizando sus implicaciones.Palabras clave: Vico, Hobbes, política, temor, “terror”.This article aims to elucidate the role of ‘awe’ in Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan and in Giambattista Vico’s Scienza Nuova as a principle of (...) civilian world. The focus is on imagination and religion as foundational elements of human institutions, analyzing its implications.Keywords: Vico, Hobbes, politics, fear, “awe”. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma reflexão sobre uma metodologia para analisar a relação entre pós-modernidade e comunicação. Com isso, busca fortalecer um método que pode auxiliar na compreensão da organização da sociedade pós-moderna, relacionada ao uso de dois meios de comunicação. Para atender a esses objetivos, pretendemos partir das visões de Marshall Mcluhan, estudamos dois meios de comunicação; Michael Foucault, sua Arqueologia do Saber constitui dois paradigmas de uma época; e por Giorgio Agamben e seu método baseado na (...) relação entre paradigma, arqueologia e matéria. Este debate torna-se relevante para que seja possível desenvolver um método científico das Ciências da Comunicação que questione o contexto contemporâneo de dois saberes académicos. (shrink)

Aristotle famously distinguishes between merely doing a virtuous action and acting in the way in which a virtuous person would. Against an interpretation prominent in recent scholarship, I argue that ‘acting virtuously,’ in the sense of exercising a virtue actually possessed, is prior to ‘virtuous action,’ understood generically. I propose that the latter notion is best understood as a derivative abstraction from the former, building upon a reading of a neglected distinction between per se and coincidentally just action in Nicomachean (...) Ethics 5, and thus shed light on the meaning and philosophical significance of the priority of acting from virtue. (shrink)

La concepción de _disciplina_ y la reflexión sobre las disciplinas liberales en la filosofía temprana de Agustín se encuentran mayormente en su obra _De ordine_. Allí, el Hiponense describe la sabiduría de las artes liberales como modesta y sucinta, de modo más prescriptivo que descriptivo. Por otra parte, en _Retractationes_, el autor reseña su proyecto de volver a pensar las disciplinas liberales dedicando una obra a cada una de ellas. Esta empresa inconclusa dio lugar a una obra sobre la gramática, (...) perdida en tiempos de Agustín, y otra sobre la música. En _De musica_, Agustín describe el funcionamiento de la sensibilidad y su articulación con la racionalidad que culmina en el reconocimiento de Dios en el alma. Intentaremos mostrar cómo la dimensión psicológica del funcionamiento de la sensibilidad permite volver sobre el concepto de disciplina y comprender las disciplinas liberales mediante el desarrollo de una de ellas en particular tomando como eje el acercamiento a lo divino por la vía racional. (shrink)

La objeción que Simmias formula en el Fedón (85e-86d) responde al tercer argumento presentado por Sócrates acerca de la inmortalidad del alma, a saber, el argumento de la afinidad (78b-84b). Allí Simmias sugiere que el alma es una especie de armonía. Como la armonía desaparece tras la destrucción de la lira, entonces hay que afirmar que el alma desaparece tras la destrucción del cuerpo. O bien, habría que afirmar que la armonía sobrevive a la destrucción de la lira, lo cual (...) es absurdo. Ante la objeción, Sócrates formula tres refutaciones que se dirigen específicamente contra la tesis del alma como armonía. Proponemos que ἁρμονία debe entenderse como afinación para comprender el sentido de la objeción de Simmias y de las refutaciones de Sócrates. Esta tesis del alma como ἁρμονία fue atribuida mayormente al pitagorismo, especialmente a Filolao. No obstante, si se entiende el término ἁρμονία como afinación, se presentan problemas teóricos para aceptar la atribución. (shrink)

El concepto de igualdad articula el análisis de Agustín de Hipona en su diálogo De musica. Agustín comienza por el estudio técnico del ritmo de los versos latinos con la función de organizar los pies métricos de acuerdo con su cercanía a la igualdad. La cercanía a la igualdad es el criterio de la delectación, entendida como respuesta de los sentidos ante las proporciones simples. El análisis racional de la experiencia estética da lugar al ascenso del alma hacia Dios, identificado (...) como fundamento de la belleza y de la delectación por las cosas proporcionadas y bellas. Este pasaje de la teoría musical a la filosofía de la música con alcances teológicos articula una teoría estética que aborda la experiencia estética y la reflexión sobre esta experiencia. Sostendremos que los tres momentos del diálogo permiten comprender el concepto de aequalitas de acuerdo con tres perspectivas: aritmética, estética y teológica. La igualdad aritmética es la relación entre dos cantidades iguales. La igualdad estética refiere a las relaciones entre las cantidades de la realidad temporal en tanto que son percibidas y respecto de su belleza. Por último, la igualdad teológica es una igualdad suprema, divina y ajena a la multiplicidad. (shrink)

In order to discuss the relations between history and theory on Aristotle, this paper analyses the internal structure of an Aristotle’s work, The Athenian Constitution, and tries to evaluate – in this same work (but also with regard to Aristotle’s Politics) – which kind of bonds between history and theory turn out to be seen if one speculates the formation of the theory based on political facts and, conversely, the arrangement of the facts based on political theorizing. This frame enables (...) the author to conclude that Aristotle formulates his political theory taking into account historical evidences and that he incorporates them in his considerations on the natural and social evolution of the Polis. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to show that Thomas Hobbes suggests an original understanding of the doctrine of the discernment of spirits in the Leviathan. I claim that, from a radical reading of the concepts of spirit and prophecy in the Bible, the philosopher of Malmesbury proposes a discernment of allegiances as a way to control prophecy inside the State.

Aristotle’s soul is a first principle (an ‘efficient cause’) of every vital change in an animal, in the way that a craft is a cause of its product’s coming-to-be. We argue that the soul’s causal efficacy cannot therefore be reduced to the formal constitution of vital phenomena, or to discrete interventions into independently constituted processes, but involves the exercise of vital powers. This reading does better justice to Aristotle’s conception of craft as a rational productive disposition; and it captures the (...) soul’s continuous causal role as that which brings about all forms of vital change and underwrites their unity. (shrink)

¿Pueden dos objetos ocupar completamente el mismo espacio durante toda su existencia? La teoría estándar nos dice que sí, siempre y cuando pertenezcan a sortales diferentes; esto ocurre cuando un objeto constituye a otro. Sin embargo, para evitar los objetos espacio-temporalmente coincidentes se han propuesto muchas hipótesis, que no han alcanzado consenso. Un modo inexplorado de responder negativamente a la pregunta es aceptar que si un objeto constituye a otro sólo existe el constituido. Eso implica aceptar la existencia intermitente, cuya (...) plausibilidad se defiende aquí a la vez que se estudia su fundamento. Esta noción ha de fundarse en la sub-sistencia del objeto constituyente cuando existe sólo el constituido, y en la super-sistencia del objeto constituido cuando éste ya no existe pero sigue existiendo el constituyente bajo ciertas condiciones. (shrink)