"When misfortune kills citizens by stripping them of their material well-being, this discomfort is called poverty." In the current landscape, populism spreads across America and Europe. A lucid and argued warning about the discontent in which we live and the one that awaits us.

In “The Gettier Problem and Legal Proof,” I argue that epistemic conditions that undermine knowledge in Gettier-type cases also potentially undermine legal verdicts. For this reason, I argue, there is a deeper connection between knowledge and legal proof than is typically presupposed or argued for in the scholarly legal literature. To support these claims, I present several examples illustrating how conditions that render epistemically justified beliefs merely accidentally true (and thus disqualify them as cases of genuine knowledge) may also render (...) evidentially well-supported verdicts merely accidentally true for similar reasons. Such “Gettierized” verdicts, I contend, fail to realize the epistemic goal or aim of legal proof. Thus I conclude there, legal proof includes something like a knowledge requirement—in the sense that legal verdicts aim not only at truth and sufficient evidential support but also, as with knowledge, at an appropriate connection between their truth and justifying evidential support. (shrink)

La utilización de las nociones de “conservador” y “progresista” en las ciencias sociales (y en la opinión pública) ha llegado a configurar dos ideologías políticas. En este número se tratan, a partir de Kant, diversos sentidos de tales nociones en el contexto actual: la perspectiva de la Economía constitucional de Buchanan, la concepción de la sociedad abierta de Popper, la teoría de la justicia de Rawls y la concepción filosófica de la vida social y política de Ortega y Gasset.

En este artículo describiremos la vitalidad del sistema fonológico del mapudungun hablado por escolares pewenches de la Provincia del Biobío, VIII Región. Específicamente, nos hemos propuesto: a) Determinar los fonos/fonemas, y su fonotaxis, que se relevan como indicadores de vitalidad, b) Identificar las transferencias fonético-fonológicas presentes en la fonología del pewenche hablado por estos escolares y c) Interpretar las transferencias encontradas en términos del grado de vitalidad de la fonología de la lengua. La muestra está conformada por un grupo de (...) 20 escolares bilingües de entre 12 y 15 años de edad, que se encuentran cursando 7° y 8° año básico en escuelas rurales pertenecientes a dos comunidades pewenches del valle del Queuco, en la comuna de Alto Biobío. Para la recolección del material fonológico, se aplicó a los participantes una lista léxica de 65 ítems, material que se complementó con la narración oral en mapudungun de un cuento. Según nuestros datos, hemos podido constatar la existencia de una serie de rasgos fónicos en el mapudungun hablado por los escolares pewenches que obedece a la influencia de las estructuras fonológicas del castellano. Sin embargo, el grado y la difusión de los fenómenos de transferencia se desarrollan de manera heterogénea en ambas comunidades en estudio, debido, entre otros factores, a la intensidad del contacto. In this article we will describe the vitality of the phonological system Mapudungun spoken by Pewenche schoolchildren from the Biobío province, VIII Region. We intend: a) To determine the phones/phonemes, and their phonotactics, which are revealed as vitality markers. b) To identify the phonetic-phonological transferences which are present in the Pewenche spoken by these schoolchildren, and, c) To interpret the transferences found in terms of the degree of the language phonological vitality. The sample is composed of 20 bilingual schoolchildren from 12 to 15 years old, who are in 7th and 8th grade in rural primary schools belonging to two Pehuenche comunities from Valle del Queuco, in the city of Alto Biobío. To collect the phonological material, we applied a 64-item lexical list, which was complemented with the oral narration of a tale in Mapudungun. According to our data, we have been able to verify the existence of a series of phonic features in the Mapudungun spoken by Pewenche schoolchildren, which originate because of the influence of the Spanish phonological structure. However, the degree and spread of the transference phenomena develop in a heterogeneous way in both of the studied communities. due to the contact intensity, among other possible factors. (shrink)

En este artículo, estudiaremos la concepción de la verdad en Gilles Deleuze, a partir de su estrecha conexión con las fuerzas reales que producen el pensamiento. Primeramente, rastrearemos algunas claves de la crítica deleuzeana a la representación, centrándonos en su lectura de la filosofía platónica y en su oposición a la “imagen dogmática del pensamiento”. La forma de pensar representativa deriva en una determinada concepción de la verdad, a la que Deleuze se opone radicalmente. Como veremos, no se tratará de (...) negar lo verdadero, sino de ligarlo con una “verdad de la verdad” que determina su valor según las múltiples fuerzas del pensamiento. A modo de conclusión, se distinguirán tres sentidos en la noción deleuzeana de verdad, y se pondrá en duda la suficiencia de los criterios propuestos por su pensamiento para distinguir entre las fuerzas y formas de vida que están detrás de toda verdad. (shrink)

Ensayo sobre la comunicación epistemológica de la razón filosófica y la razón jurídica a la luz del realismo clásico.

Se realizó una investigación con el objetivo de elaborar actividades que relacionan los elementos teóricos con la práctica desde la asignatura Defensa Civil, para contribuir a la participación de estudiantes universitarios y habitantes de la comunidad "Los Coquitos" en la prevención, mitigación o solución de los problemas ambientales que la afectan. Se aplicó un pre-experimento que permitió comprobar la efectividad de las actividades desarrolladas. Esta propuesta favoreció la vinculación de la escuela con la comunidad desde la protección del medio ambiente. (...) A research was carried out with the aim of designing tasks that relate theoretical elements with the practice in Civil Defense to contribute to the participation of university students and inhabitants of Los Coquitos community in the prevention, lessening or solution of the environmental problems it faces. A pre-experiment was applied which allowed to test the effectiveness of these tasks. This proposal favored the relation between the school and the community taking into account the environmental protection. (shrink)

The purpose of philosophy is not to soothe our conscience or to make reason “feel at home”; rather, it serves as a toolbox. Some of the questions raised by Deleuze’s thought are: What can we do or experience with philosophy? How can we advance within philosophy? “Becoming Deleuze” entails violating the code of our customary representations, and even the code that Deleuzians attribute to Deleuze. Only then is it possible to reach that “area of indiscernibility” (line of flight) in which (...) we can truly be Deleuzians, by desecrating the “factory” of his concepts, perhaps producing new ones, or, better yet, experiencing the event which takes place beyond all concepts. What else would Deleuze expect from his “disciples”? (shrink)

Se busca rastrear la imagen que Platón tiene de Heráclito y articularla con la estructura argumentativa del Cratilo, para comprender las necesidades textuales a las que responde la doctrina del flujo perpetuo, es decir, la discusión sobre la corrección (ὀρθότης) del nombre. Gracias a la inclusión del testimonio heraclíteo, resulta posible rastrear la presunta consolidación de la tesis sobre los nombres primarios y los secundarios como el eje de la separación entre dos planos de realidad (uno estable y uno móvil) (...) y de la teoría de las Ideas -es decir, como la base de la epistemología platónica presente en los diálogos de madurez-. The article seeks to trace the image Plato has of Heraclitus and connect it with the argumentative structure of the Cratylus in order to understand the textual needs that give rise to the doctrine of perpetual flux, that is, the discussion regarding the correctness (ὀρθότης) of names. The inclusion of Heraclitus's testimony makes it possible to trace the alleged consolidation of the thesis regarding primary and secondary names as the axis of separation between two levels of reality (one stable, the other, changing) and the theory of Ideas -that is, as the basis of Plato's epistemology as set forth in the late dialogues-. (shrink)

La cosmovisión mítica de las sociedades prehispánicas no dio paso a una visión filosófica, como sí sucedió en la sociedad griega. ¿Es viable filosofar hoy desde algún mito precolombino?, la aparente ingenuidad de esta pregunta esconde un conjunto de problemas que es necesario deslindar. En la acepción peyorativa del mito como cuento o historia. ¿Qué es lo que hoy merece convertirse en asunto de una consideración filosófica? Desde Heidegger algunos filósofos entienden que el gran “mito” de la ciencia y la (...) técnica se erige hoy con una pretensión de verdad unilateral que hay que desenmascarar. Sin embargo, el mito en otra acepción tiene como función desocultar lo sagrado, lo originario. Esto es patente en los mitos prehispánicos, el mito da sentido al mundo de la vida. Según Gadamer la razón ilustrada no es la definitiva superación del mito; es acaso “nuestro mito” secular, con sus bondades y sus patologías. Quizá más que superar el mito, sea posible pensarlo como una experiencia que nunca puede dejar de incluir un tipo de racionalidad. (shrink)

Este ensayo expone las ideas fundamentales de la ética pragmática de Rorty, partiendode su crítica de la verdad como representación y la propuesta de la solidaridad en unsentido moral. El autor intenta sentar las bases de una crítica a la ética pragmática yestablece la necesidad de volver a plantear el tema de la persona -desde un cristianismomás “actualizado”- y se formula el problema de la esencia de lo pragmático al interiorde una metafísica que, fundándose un referente simbólico o analógico, supere (...) eldogmatismo y logre inspirar sentimientos como la solidaridad. (shrink)

Legal scholarship exploring the nature of evidence and the process of juridical proof has had a complex relationship with formal modeling. As evident in so many fields of knowledge, algorithmic approaches to evidence have the theoretical potential to increase the accuracy of fact finding, a tremendously important goal of the legal system. The hope that knowledge could be formalized within the evidentiary realm generated a spate of articles attempting to put probability theory to this purpose. This literature was both insightful (...) and frustrating. Much light was shed on the legal system, but it also quickly became evident that the tools of probability theory were in many ways ill-constructed for the task. Fundamental incompatibilities between the structure of legal decision making and the extant formal tools were identified, and it became evident that many of the purported explanations of legal phenomena were internally inconsistent. As a consequence, interest in this type of formal modeling declined, and attention was directed toward different kinds of explanations of the phenomena. Perhaps under the influence of a recent trend toward various types of formal modeling in legal scholarship, a recent burst of articles, rather than attempting to explain the macro structure of trials, which was the previous object of interest, attempts to quantify the probative value of various items of evidence in ways consistent with the formal features of various probability theories, and then to study decision making from that perspective. For example, the value of evidence is often purported to be its likelihood ratio, that is, the probability of discovering or receiving the evidence given a hypothesis (e.g., the defendant did it) divided by the probability of discovering or receiving the evidence given the negation of the hypothesis (the defendant didn't do it). Alternatively, the value of evidence is purported (more contextually) to be the information gain it provides, defined as the increase in probability it provides for a hypothesis above the probability of the hypothesis based on the other available evidence. Both conceptions then assume that all of the various probability assessments conform or ought to conform to the dictates of Bayes' theorem (that maintains consistency among such assessments); empirical studies are then done testing the extent to which this is so and proposing how the law can increase the probability that it is so. The general criticisms of using Bayes' theorem as a formal model of juridical proof are well known and were integral to the last wave of interest in formal modeling of the evidentiary process. This paper thus for the most part puts aside that more general issue, and focuses specifically on mathematical modeling of the value of particular items of evidence. The paper demonstrates that formal modeling has only limited value in explaining the value of legal evidence, much more limited than those constructing and discussing the models assume, and thus that the conclusions they draw about the value of evidence are unwarranted. This is done through a discussion of four recent examples that attempt to quantify evidence relating to, respectively, carpet fibers, infidelity, DNA random-match evidence, and character evidence used to impeach a witness. This article thus makes two contributions. First, and most importantly, it is another demonstration of the complex relationship between algorithmic tools and legal decision making. Second, at a minimum it points out serious pitfalls for analytical or empirical studies of juridical proof. (shrink)

Studies with sacrificial moral dilemmas capture human variation in moral attitudes towards an extreme case of moral conflict between utilitarian and deontological principles. In this moral task, th...

On 31 August 2001 in Lima, Peru, Christian Pardo Reyes started a campaign – operating through events and publications – to introduce a quota system to reflect the need to involve youth at all levels of government power. His organisation became the Internacional Juvenil. To achieve its goals, it established strong relationships with other youth organisations, state agencies and influential political leaders. Here Christian Pardo Reyes tells the story.

La revista “Ciencia Tomista” de algún modo resume la tradición de los dominicos en la Provincia de España. Lo que han vivido y lo que han pensado. Apasionados por buscar la verdad en los surcos de la historia cambiante, han aportado lo mejor que tenían al servicio de la Iglesia y de la sociedad. La riqueza y pluralidad de esta tradición viva, con su versión peculiar en cada etapa del camino según los distintos contextos sociales y eclesiales, recomiendan moderación y (...) modestia en el juicio sobre la misma. Especialmente cuando el que escribe ha bebido y se siente deudor de esa tradición. Consciente de que el tema que me han encomendado desborda lo que pueda redactar en unas páginas, opto por apuntar algunas líneas y ámbitos por donde ha discurrido la tradición dominicana reflejada en la Revista. En un primer punto se ven distintas etapas en el diálogo con el mundo moderno. Un segundo punto propone la encarnación como denominador común en toda la trayectoria de la revista. Un tercer punto sugiere los caminos abiertos en esa tradición de Ciencia Tomista que son indicativos para el futuro de la teología y de la evangelización.“Ciencia Tomista” journal summarizes the Dominicans’ tradition of the Province of Spain. What they lived and thought about. Eager to seek the truth in the furrows of a changing history, they contributed their best to serve the church and society. The richness and plurality of this living tradition with its peculiar version in each stage of the way according to the different, social and ecclesiastical contents, recommend moderation and modesty in judging it. Specially when I drank of that tradition and am indebted to it. Conscious the theme I was commended exceeds what I can write in these pages, I will try to point out the tendencies and limits through which the Dominican tradition, shown in the Journal, flowed. In a first point, different phases can be seen in a dialogue with the modern world. A second point proposes the incarnation as common denominator of the journal whole trajectory. A third point suggests the opened ways in CT journal as indicative of the future of theology and evangelization. (shrink)

Classical propositional logic plays a prominent role in industrial applications, and yet the complexity of this logic is presumed to be non-feasible. Tractable systems such as depth-bounded boolean logics approximate classical logic and can be seen as a model for resource-bounded agents whose reasoning style is nonetheless classical. In this paper we first study a hierarchy of tractable logics that is not defined by depth. Then we extend it into a modal logic where modalities make explicit the assumptions discharged in (...) propositional proofs, thereby expressing blueprints for proofs. A natural deduction system is provided that permits to reason about and manage such proof blueprints. (shrink)

Pickering & Garrod's (P&G's) mechanistic theory of dialogue attempts to detail the psychological processes involved in communication that are lacking in Clark's theory. By relying on automatic priming and alignment processes, however, the theory falters when it comes to explaining much of dialogic interaction. We argue for the inclusion of less automatic, though not completely conscious and deliberate, processes to explain such phenomena.