Como em qualquer área do conhecimento, os estudos realizados pelas Ciências das Religiões viram-se marcados por revoluções histórico-paradigmáticas determinantes, que favoreceram o surgimento do método da Fenomenologia da Religião. O objetivo deste trabalho constitui-se, portanto, na tentativa de apresentar esse processo de revolução paradigmática, como também a caracterização do contexto favorável ao seu surgimento. Para tanto, retomaremos momentos históricos, estudiosos importantes e superações metodológicas, procurando conferir destaque ao método fenomenológico de Husserl como o possibilitador das condições de surgimento da fenomenologia (...) do sagrado de Otto, que, por sua vez, põe a experiência religiosa como fenômeno originário suficiente para descrição e avaliação do que nasce da relação do ser humano com o sagrado. A análise fenomenológica proposta por Rudolf Otto, além de superar metodologias de cunho positivista, abriu novos caminhos. Ao introduzir os conceitos de Mysterium tremendum et fascinans , o autor possibilitou aos estudos desenvolvidos na área das Ciências das Religiões, o contato, a valorização e a investigação das experiências puramente antropológicas resultantes da relação entre o humano e o sagrado. Palavras-chave: Husserl, Otto, Fenomenologia.As well as in any area of knowledge, the studies made by the Sciences of the Religions were marked by many determinant historical paradigmatic revolutions, which came to aid the rise of the Religion’s Phenomenology’s method. The goal of this study is to attempt, therefore, not only the presentation of this process of paradigmatic revolution but also to reveal the characterization of the favorable context of its emergence. For all that, we will bring back historical moments and important studious man, methodological overcomes; bestowing in focus Husserl’s phenomenological method as a facilitator of the emergence conditions of Otto’s sacred phenomenology, who in turn, grants the religious experience originating as a sufficient phenomenon to the description and evaluation of what comes from the relationship between the human being and the sacred. The phenomenological analysis proposed by Rudolf Otto, it overcomes positivist methodologies imprint, broke new ground. By introducing the concepts of Mysterium tremendum et fascinans , the author made it possible for studies in the area of Sciences of Religions, contact, recovery and research experiences purely anthropological as a relationship between the human and sacred. Key Words : Husserl, Otto, Phenomenology. (shrink)
Researchers typically attempt to fulfill disclosure and informed consent requirements by having participants read and sign consent forms. The present study evaluated the reading levels of informed consent forms used in psychology research and other fields (medical research; social science and education research; and health, physical education, and recreation research). Two standardized measures of readability were employed to analyze a randomly selected sample (N = 108) of informed consent forms used in Institutional Review Board-approved research projects at a midwestern university (...) during the 1987-1988 academic year. Results indicate that informed consent forms are typically written at a higher reading level than is appropriate for the intended population and that there are no consistently significant differences in readability among areas of research or between college student and noncollege student participants. Due to the unacceptably high reading level of the consent forms, one must question whether participants can comprehend the information contained in the consent forms. (shrink)
Walter Reese-Schäfer, Karl-Otto Apel, Zur Einführung (with an Afterword by Jürgen Habermas), Junis Verlag GmbH, Hamburg 1990, 176pp. DM 17.80 -/- The author, presently a freelance writer published in the newspaper “Die Zeit” and the magazine “Stern,” provides in this small book a clear and concise introduction to sources, themes and conclusions in the philosophy of Karl-Otto Apel. Apel, Emeritus Professor at Frankfurt, and close colleague of Habermas, characterizes his viewpoint as a “transcendental pragmatism” in which a Kantian (...) concern for question regarding “the conditions for the possibility of something,” (p.10) mixes with deontological discourse-ethics, semeiotic themes from Peirce, an approach to fallibilism, the demand for “final justifications” (Letztbegründung) and German hermeneutics. In view of the “density and concentration” of Apel’s texts, which often have a “deterrent effect” upon those not already at home with “the philosophical language game,” it is the announced aim of this book to provide a work of translation and clarification of Apel’s specialized efforts --in effect an orientation to Apel’s work. The book divides into an Introduction, 8 chapters and a summary conclusion --with Habermas’ appreciation, “A Master Builder with Hermeneutic Feeling --The Way of Philosopher Karl-Otto Apel,” bringing up the rear. There is also a bibliography of primary and secondary sources and a short table outlining highlights of Apel’s career. The “Introduction” provides a good overview of the aims of the book and gets one started on central themes. (shrink)
This collection of four essays and an interview contains Habermas's most recent contributions to ethical theory. It expands and clarifies the work on discourse ethics presented in Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action. Here, largely in response to criticisms from contemporary neo-Aristotelians, Habermas underscores the claim of discourse ethics to a preeminent position in contemporary moral philosophy with incisive analyses and refinements of the central concepts of his theory that include important developments in his treatment of practical reason and of the (...) problems of application and motivation.The first essay offers a comprehensive analysis of practical rationality, which establishes a clear demarcation between pragmatic, ethical, and moral questions and a corresponding differentiation between forms of volition and spheres of practical discourse. The centerpiece of the book is a multifaceted defense of the central claims of discourse ethics incorporating masterly critiques of the major competing positions, including those of John Rawls, Bernard Williams, Charles Taylor, Alasdair MacIntyre, Karl-Otto Apel, and Albrecht WellmerThe middle essays defend the basic intention of universalist moral theory in the face of the claims of the neo-Aristotelian ethics of the good and Horkheimer's skepticism toward reason that led him to embrace a religiously inspired ethic of compassion. An interview with Habermas covering such topics as the genesis of discourse ethics, the precise import of some of its more controversial elements, and its interconnections with the theory of communicative actions concludes this important collection.Jürgen Habermas is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Frankfurt. (shrink)
