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Nicholas Evans [20]Nicholas G. Evans [16]Nicholas Greig Evans [3]Nicholas D. Evans [2]
Nicholas H. Evans [1]
  1. The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science.Nicholas Evans & Stephen C. Levinson - 2009 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32 (5):429-448.
    Talk of linguistic universals has given cognitive scientists the impression that languages are all built to a common pattern. In fact, there are vanishingly few universals of language in the direct sense that all languages exhibit them. Instead, diversity can be found at almost every level of linguistic organization. This fundamentally changes the object of enquiry from a cognitive science perspective. This target article summarizes decades of cross-linguistic work by typologists and descriptive linguists, showing just how few and unprofound the (...)
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  2. Reconciling Regulation with Scientific Autonomy in Dual-Use Research.Nicholas G. Evans, Michael J. Selgelid & Robert Mark Simpson - 2022 - Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 47 (1):72-94.
    In debates over the regulation of communication related to dual-use research, the risks that such communication creates must be weighed against against the value of scientific autonomy. The censorship of such communication seems justifiable in certain cases, given the potentially catastrophic applications of some dual-use research. This conclusion however, gives rise to another kind of danger: that regulators will use overly simplistic cost-benefit analysis to rationalize excessive regulation of scientific research. In response to this, we show how institutional design principles (...)
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  3. Moving Through Capacity Space: Mapping Disability and Enhancement.Nicholas Greig Evans, Joel Michael Reynolds & Kaylee R. Johnson - 2021 - Journal of Medical Ethics 47 (11):748-755.
    In this paper, we highlight some problems for accounts of disability and enhancement that have not been sufficiently addressed in the literature. The reason, we contend, is that contemporary debates that seek to define, characterise or explain the normative valence of disability and enhancement do not pay sufficient attention to a wide range of cases, and the transition between one state and another. In section one, we provide seven cases that might count as disability or enhancement. We explain why each (...)
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  4. Great expectations—ethics, avian flu and the value of progress.Nicholas G. Evans - 2013 - Journal of Medical Ethics 39 (4):209-213.
    A recent controversy over the US National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity's recommendation to censor two publications on genetically modified H5N1 avian influenza has generated concern over the threat to scientific freedom such censorship presents. In this paper, I argue that in the case of these studies, appeals to scientific freedom are not sufficient to motivate a rejection of censorship. I then use this conclusion to draw broader concerns about the ethics of dual-use research.
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  5. How Do We Justify Research into Enhanced Warfighters?Blake Hereth, Nicholas G. Evans, Jonathan D. Moreno & Michael Gross - 2024 - Journal of Law and the Biosciences 11 (2):1-13.
    State militaries have strong interests in developing enhanced warfighters: taking otherwise healthy service personnel (soldiers, marines, pilots, etc.) and pushing their biological, physiological, and cognitive capacities beyond their individual statistical or baseline norm. However, the ethical and regulatory challenges of justifying research into these kinds of interventions to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of enhancements in the military has not been well explored. In this paper, we offer, in the context of the US Common Rule and Institutional Review Board framework, (...)
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  6.  35
    Kinship Revisited.Nicholas Evans, Stephen Levinson & Kim Sterelny - 2021 - Biological Theory 16 (3):123-126.
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  7.  36
    The ethics of biosafety considerations in gain-of-function research resulting in the creation of potential pandemic pathogens: Table 1.Nicholas Greig Evans, Marc Lipsitch & Meira Levinson - 2015 - Journal of Medical Ethics 41 (11):901-908.
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  8.  20
    Kin Against Kin: Internal Co-selection and the Coherence of Kinship Typologies.Sam Passmore, Wolfgang Barth, Kyla Quinn, Simon J. Greenhill, Nicholas Evans & Fiona M. Jordan - 2021 - Biological Theory 16 (3):176-193.
    Across the world people in different societies structure their family relationships in many different ways. These relationships become encoded in their languages as kinship terminology, a word set that maps variably onto a vast genealogical grid of kinship categories, each of which could in principle vary independently. But the observed diversity of kinship terminology is considerably smaller than the enormous theoretical design space. For the past century anthropologists have captured this variation in typological schemes with only a small number of (...)
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  9. A Transformative Trip? Experiences of Psychedelic Use.Logan Neitzke-Spruill, Caroline Beit, Jill Robinson, Kai Blevins, Joel Reynolds, Nicholas G. Evans & Amy L. McGuire - 2024 - Neuroethics 17 (33):1-21.
    Psychedelic experiences are often compared to “transformative experiences” due to their potential to change how people think and behave. This study empirically examines whether psychedelic experiences constitute transformative experiences. Given psychedelics’ prospective applications as treatments for mental health disorders, this study also explores neuroethical issues raised by the possibility of biomedically directed transformation—namely, consent and moral psychopharmacology. To achieve these aims, we used both inductive and deductive coding techniques to analyze transcripts from interviews with 26 participants in psychedelic retreats. Results (...)
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  10. Human Flourishing, Human Dignity, and Human Rights.John Kleinig & Nicholas G. Evans - 2013 - Law and Philosophy 32 (5):539-564.
    Rather than treating them as discrete and incommensurable ideas, we sketch some connections between human flourishing and human dignity, and link them to human rights. We contend that the metaphor of flourishing provides an illuminating aspirational framework for thinking about human development and obligations, and that the idea of human dignity is a critical element within that discussion. We conclude with some suggestions as to how these conceptions of human dignity and human flourishing might underpin and inform appeals to human (...)
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  11.  63
    Did language evolve in multilingual settings?Nicholas Evans - 2017 - Biology and Philosophy 32 (6):905-933.
    Accounts of language evolution have largely suffered from a monolingual bias, assuming that language evolved in a single isolated community sharing most speech conventions. Rather, evidence from the small-scale societies who form the best simulacra available for ancestral human communities suggests that the combination of small societal scale and out-marriage pushed ancestral human communities to make use of multiple linguistic systems. Evolutionary innovations would have occurred in a number of separate communities, distributing the labor of structural invention between populations, and (...)
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  12.  53
    Biosecurity and Open-Source Biology: The Promise and Peril of Distributed Synthetic Biological Technologies.Nicholas G. Evans & Michael J. Selgelid - 2015 - Science and Engineering Ethics 21 (4):1065-1083.
    In this article, we raise ethical concerns about the potential misuse of open-source biology : biological research and development that progresses through an organisational model of radical openness, deskilling, and innovation. We compare this organisational structure to that of the open-source software model, and detail salient ethical implications of this model. We demonstrate that OSB, in virtue of its commitment to openness, may be resistant to governance attempts.
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  13.  50
    Dual-use decision making: relational and positional issues.Nicholas G. Evans - 2014 - Monash Bioethics Review 32 (3-4):268-283.
    Debates about dual-use research often turn on the potential for scientific research to be used to benefit or harm humanity. This dual-use potential is conventionally understood as the product of the magnitude of the harms and benefits of dual-use research, multiplied by their likelihood. This account, however, neglects important social aspects of the use of science and technology. In this paper, I supplement existing conceptions of dual-use potential to account for the social context of dual-use research. This account incorporates relational (...)
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  14.  23
    The Ethics of Neuroscience and National Security.Nicholas Evans - 2021 - Routledge.
    New advances in neuroscience promise innovations in national security, especially in the areas of law enforcement, intelligence collection, and armed conflict. But ethical questions emerge about how we can, and should, use these innovations. This book draws on the open literature to map the development of neuroscience, particularly through funding by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, in certain areas like behavior prediction, behavior modification, and neuroenhancement, and its use in the creation of novel weapons. It shows how advances in (...)
  15.  27
    The social value of candidate HIV cures: actualism versus possibilism.Regina Brown & Nicholas Greig Evans - 2017 - Journal of Medical Ethics 43 (2):118-123.
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  16.  33
    Facebook emotional contagion experiment controversy.David Hunter & Nicholas Evans - 2016 - Research Ethics 12 (1):2-3.
  17.  48
    (1 other version)Routledge Handbook of Ethics and War: Just War Theory in the 21st Century.Fritz Allhoff, Nicholas G. Evans & Adam Henschke (eds.) - 2013 - Routledge.
    This new Handbook offers a comprehensive overview of contemporary extensions and alternatives to the just war tradition in the field of the ethics of war. -/- The modern history of just war has typically assumed the primacy of four particular elements: jus ad bellum, jus in bello, the state actor, and the solider. This book will put these four elements under close scrutiny, and will explore how they fare given the following challenges: -/- • What role do the traditional elements (...)
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  18. Covid-19, equity, and inclusiveness.Nicholas G. Evans, Zackary Berger, Alexandra Phelan & R. D. Silverman - 2021 - British Medical Journal:373:n1631.
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  19. Universals in cognitive theories of language.Paul Smolensky, Emmanuel Dupoux, Nicholas Evans & Stephen C. Levinson - 2009 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32 (5):468.
    Generative linguistics' search for linguistic universals (1) is not comparable to the vague explanatory suggestions of the article; (2) clearly merits a more central place than linguistic typology in cognitive science; (3) is fundamentally untouched by the article's empirical arguments; (4) best explains the important facts of linguistic diversity; and (5) illuminates the dominant component of language's nature: biology.
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  20.  95
    Returning language to culture by way of biology.Bjorn Merker, Nicholas Evans & Stephen C. Levinson - 2009 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32 (5):460-461.
    Conflation of our unique human endowment for language with innate, so-called universal, grammar has banished language from its biological home. The facts reviewed by Evans & Levinson (E&L) fit the biology of cultural transmission. My commentary highlights our dedicated learning capacity for vocal production learning as the form of our language endowment compatible with those facts.
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  21. Walking and Balance Outcomes Are Improved Following Brief Intensive Locomotor Skill Training but Are Not Augmented by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Persons With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.Nicholas H. Evans, Cazmon Suri & Edelle C. Field-Fote - 2022 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 16.
    Motor training to improve walking and balance function is a common aspect of rehabilitation following motor-incomplete spinal cord injury. Evidence suggests that moderate- to high-intensity exercise facilitates neuroplastic mechanisms that support motor skill acquisition and learning. Furthermore, enhancing corticospinal drive via transcranial direct current stimulation may augment the effects of motor training. In this pilot study, we investigated whether a brief moderate-intensity locomotor-related motor skill training circuit, with and without tDCS, improved walking and balance outcomes in persons with MISCI. In (...)
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  22.  34
    Gain-of-function research and model organisms in biology.Nicholas G. Evans & Charles H. Pence - 2024 - Journal of Medical Ethics 50 (3):201-206.
    So-called ‘gain-of-function’ (GOF) research is virological research that results in a virus substantially more virulent or transmissible than its wild antecedent. GOF research has been subject to ethical analysis in the past, but the methods of GOF research have to date been underexamined by philosophers in these analyses. Here, we examine the typical animal used in influenza GOF experiments, the ferret, and show how despite its longstanding use, it does not easily satisfy the desirable criteria for ananimal model. We then (...)
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  23. With diversity in mind: Freeing the language sciences from Universal Grammar.Nicholas Evans & Stephen C. Levinson - 2009 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32 (5):472-492.
    Our response takes advantage of the wide-ranging commentary to clarify some aspects of our original proposal and augment others. We argue against the generative critics of our coevolutionary program for the language sciences, defend the use of close-to-surface models as minimizing cross-linguistic data distortion, and stress the growing role of stochastic simulations in making generalized historical accounts testable. These methods lead the search for general principles away from idealized representations and towards selective processes. Putting cultural evolution central in understanding language (...)
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  24.  24
    Children of Capital: Eugenics in the World of Private Biotechnology.Nicholas G. Evans & Jonathan D. Moreno - 2015 - Ethics in Biology, Engineering and Medicine 6 (3-4):285-297.
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  25.  35
    Can We Justify Military Enhancements? Some Yes, Most No.Nicholas Evans & Blake Hereth - 2022 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 31 (4):557-569.
    The United States Department of Defense has, for at least 20 years, held the stated intention to enhance active military personnel (“warfighters”). This intention has become more acute in the face of dropping recruitment, an aging fighting force, and emerging strategic challenges. However, developing and testing enhancements is clouded by the ethically contested status of enhancements, the long history of abuse by military medical researchers, and new legislation in the guise of “health security” that has enabled the Department of Defense (...)
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  26.  34
    Winning Well by Fighting Well.Adam Henschke & Nicholas G. Evans - 2012 - International Journal of Applied Philosophy 26 (2):149-163.
    Modern warfare has shifted from the traditional conception of states involved in self-defensive wars to include peacekeeping missions, humanitarian intervention, regional stabilisation in the face of natural disasters, and more. A central criterion from just war traditions is the probability of success—given the magnitude of harms that large military operations are expected to cause; there must be some likelihood that the military operation will be successful. However, how likely a given military operation will be is dependent, in part at least, (...)
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  27.  33
    The Routledge Handbook of War and Ethics: Just War Theory in the 21st Century.Fritz Allhoff, Nicholas G. Evans & Adam Henschke (eds.) - 2013 - Routledge.
    This new Handbook offers a comprehensive overview of contemporary extensions and alternatives to the just war tradition in the field of the ethics of war.
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  28.  17
    Getting It Wrong: The Medieval Epistemology of Error.Nicholas Evans (ed.) - 1998 - Boston: Brill.
    Deals with the dark side of the medieval theory of knowledge, the pursuit of knowldge in 'wrong' ways, 'common knowledge' and departures from it, wisdom and folly, incomplete knowledge, truth and lies.
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  29. Instability in Stability: Therapeutic and Elaborative Periphrasis in the Dalabon Pronominal Prefix Paradigm.Nicholas Evans - 2012 - In Evans Nicholas (ed.), Periphrasis: The Role of Syntax and Morphology in Paradigms. pp. 53.
     
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  30.  18
    Mundari reciprocals.Nicholas Evans & Toshiki Osada - 2011 - In Reciprocals and Semantic Typology. John Benjamins Pub. Company. pp. 98--115.
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  31.  32
    (1 other version)Mental transportation mediates nostalgia’s psychological benefits.Nicholas D. Evans, Joseph Reyes, Tim Wildschut, Constantine Sedikides & Adam K. Fetterman - forthcoming - Tandf: Cognition and Emotion:1-12.
  32.  37
    On projecting grammatical persons into social neurocognition: A view from linguistics.Nicholas Evans - 2013 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36 (4):419 - 420.
    Though it draws on the grammatical metaphor of person (first, third, second) in terms of representations, Schilbach et al.'s target article does not consider an orthogonal line of evidence for the centrality of interaction to social cognition: the many grammatical phenomena, some widespread cross-linguistically and some only being discovered, which are geared to supporting real-time interaction. My commentary reviews these, and the contribution linguistic evidence can make to a fuller account of social cognition.
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  33.  36
    Reciprocals and Semantic Typology.Nicholas Evans (ed.) - 2011 - John Benjamins Pub. Company.
    That is the central goal of this volume, and it develops and explains new techniques for tackling this question.
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  34.  36
    The Ethics of Social Distancing.Nicholas G. Evans - 2020 - The Philosophers' Magazine 89:96-103.
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  35.  2
    The Knowing ear: an Australian test of universal claims about the semantic structure of sensory verbs and their extension into the domain of cognition.Nicholas Evans - 1998 - Köln: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität zu Köln. Edited by David Wilkins.
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  36.  37
    With great power comes great responsibility: John Forge: The responsible scientist: a philosophical inquiry. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008, pp. 272 US$39.95 HB.Bernard Gert, Nicholas Evans, Heather Douglas & John Forge - 2010 - Metascience 19 (1):29-43.
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  37. Make Them Rare or Make Them Care: Artificial Intelligence and Moral Cost-Sharing.Blake Hereth & Nicholas Evans - 2023 - In Daniel Schoeni, Tobias Vestner & Kevin Govern (eds.), Ethical Dilemmas in the Global Defense Industry. Oxford University Press.
    The use of autonomous weaponry in warfare has increased substantially over the last twenty years and shows no sign of slowing. Our chapter raises a novel objection to the implementation of autonomous weapons, namely, that they eliminate moral cost-sharing. To grasp the basics of our argument, consider the case of uninhabited aerial vehicles that act autonomously (i.e., LAWS). Imagine that a LAWS terminates a military target and that five civilians die as a side effect of the LAWS bombing. Because LAWS (...)
     
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  38.  13
    The semantics of reciprocal constructions across languages.Asifa Majid, Nicholas Evans, Alice Gaby & Stephen C. Levinson - 2011 - In Nicholas Evans (ed.), Reciprocals and Semantic Typology. John Benjamins Pub. Company. pp. 29.
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  39.  65
    Speak No Evil: Scientists, Responsibility, and the Public Understanding of Science. [REVIEW]Nicholas G. Evans - 2010 - NanoEthics 4 (3):215-220.
    In this paper, I will discuss the responsibilities that scientists have for ensuring their work is interpreted correctly. I will argue that there are three good reasons for scientists to work to ensure the appropriate communication of their findings. First, I will argue that scientists have a general obligation to ensure scientific research is communicated properly based on the vulnerability of others to the misrepresentation of their work. Second, I will argue that scientists have a special obligation to do so (...)
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  40. The Irish Annals: Their genesis, evolution and history. [REVIEW]Nicholas Evans - 2009 - The Medieval Review 4.
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