This volume brings together contributions from distinguished scholars in the history of philosophy, focusing on points of interaction between discrete historical contexts, religions, and cultures found within the premodern period. The contributions connect thinkers from antiquity through the Middle Ages and include philosophers from the three major monotheistic faiths-Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. By emphasizing premodern philosophy's shared textual roots in antiquity, particularly the writings of Plato and Aristotle, the volume highlights points of cross-pollination between different schools, cultures, and moments in (...) premodern thought. Approaching the complex history of the premodern world in an accessible way, the editors organize the volume so as to underscore the difficulties the premodern period poses for scholars, while accentuating the fascinating interplay between the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin philosophical traditions. The contributors cover many topics ranging from the aims of Aristotle's cosmos, the adoption of Aristotle's Organon by al-Farabi, and the origins of the Plotiniana Arabica to the role of Ibn Gabirol's Fons vitae in the Latin West, the ways in which Islamic philosophy shaped thirteenth-century Latin conceptions of light, Roger Bacon's adaptation of Avicenna for use in his moral philosophy, and beyond. The volume's focus on "source-based contextualism" demonstrates an appreciation for the rich diversity of thought found in the premodern period, while revealing methodological challenges raised by the historical study of premodern philosophy. Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions is a stimulating resource for scholars and advanced students working in the history of premodern philosophy. (shrink)

Швидкий технологічний прогрес спричинив зрушення інтересів науковців з усього світу в бік когнітивної науки та інформатики, що, безперечно, вплинуло на формування нового типу мислення. Логіка, як наука про специфічний логічний тип людського мислення, не може залишитися осторонь. У статі проаналізовано методологічні засади когнітивістики та дуальність самої науки логіки, які відкривають перспективи їх співпраці. Для цього автор робить історико-методологічний розгляд обох дисциплін. Доводиться, що, з одного боку, формальна логіка багато вкладає в розвиток штучних формалізованих мов, які активно застосовуються для програмування Штучного (...) Інтелекту, а з іншого – неформальна логіка, як і когнітивістика, займається вивченням природньої мови, що дає їй можливість наблизитися до реального людського мислення. Показано, в який спосіб логіка, застосувавши для вивчення реального процесу мислення людей методологічну базу когнітивістики, може розширити межі своїх досліджень з теоретичного поля до практично-експериментального. (shrink)

The author stands that thinking by analogy is a natural instrument human have because of the mirror neurons in our brain. However, is it that infallible to rely on? How can we be sure that our hidden biases will not harm our reflections? Implicit Association Bias (IAB), for instance, is a powerful intruder that affects our understanding, actions, and decisions on the unconscious level by cherishing the stereotypes based on specific characteristics such as ethnicity, sex, race, and so on. To (...) check if there is a correlation between the IAB effect and the people’s capacity to reason logically, the author had created an online-survey. The focus was on analogical reasoning and IAB tests concerning the question of gender equality in science and everyday life and age prejudices. (shrink)

In the study, the phenomenon of academic plagiarism is considered a result of creative scientific activity, which exists in a certain institutional design and is immersed in the appropriate environment and economic, socio-political circumstances. The study uses philosophical principles as a method—humanistic, historical, comprehensiveness and determinism, system and practice, specificity and activity. The historical retrospective shows that theft and misappropriation of other people’s intellectual property existed already in ancient societies. The prevalence of the phenomenon and the ambiguity of its interpretation (...) inspired us to explore academic plagiarism in its various aspects. (shrink)

The case for an eco-emancipatory politics to release the Earth from human domination and free us all from lives that are both exploitative and exploited Human domination of nature shapes every aspect of our lives today, even as it remains virtually invisible to us. Because human beings are a part of nature, the human domination of nature circles back to confine and exploit people as well—and not only the poor and marginalized but also the privileged and affluent, even in the (...) world’s most prosperous societies. Although modern democracy establishes constraints intended to protect people from domination as the arbitrary exercise of power, it offers few such protections for nonhuman parts of nature. The result is that, wherever we fall in human hierarchies, we inevitably find ourselves both complicit in and entrapped by a system that makes sustainable living all but impossible. It confines and exploits not only nature but people too, albeit in different ways. In Eco-Emancipation, Sharon Krause argues that we can find our way to a better, freer life by constraining the use of human power in relation to nature and promoting nature’s well-being alongside our own, thereby releasing the Earth from human domination and freeing us from a way of life that is both exploitative and exploited, complicit and entrapped. Eco-emancipation calls for new, more-than-human political communities that incorporate nonhuman parts of nature through institutions of representation and regimes of rights, combining these new institutional arrangements with political activism, a public ethos of respect for nature, and a culture of eco-responsibility. (shrink)

Teaching the art of profession-related communication to students of non-linguistic study fields allows instructors to explain their students how to keep up the conversation using facts, data, concepts etc. specific to the area of their future profession. It activates the acquisition processes as well as increases students' motivation to study. The formation of oral monologue speaking skills in students of non-linguistic study fields is one of the tasks within the course of Foreign ( English) Language for Specific Purposes.This process is (...) associated with certain difficulties, which can inhibit learning and demotivated students to study. Among strategies and techniques aiding learning that can be used to improve performance and study outcomes during the course and can be implemented for the enhancement of speaking on occupation-related topics, the mind mapping technique is of specific relevance. It can serve as an interesting and useful tool serving to enhance quality of oral speaking skills in students majoring in Psychology as the representatives of non-linguistic study fields. The article analyses the carried out research concerning the facilitating impact of mind mapping on the oral speech performance of Psychology students. The study hypothesis implies that the use of the mind-mapping technique in the process of preparing for and presenting the talk in the study sessions enhances students' oral monologue speech performance. In order to check the hypothesis, we have conducted the experiment in Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy at the Department of Psychology. The study involved 46 first-year students, including 34 female and 12 male participants. The respondents were randomly assigned to the experimental mind-mapping group of 23 students ( including 6 males) and the control group of 23 students ( including 6 males as well). The students in the experimental group were involved into the experiment using the mind-mapping technique during their study, and the students in the control group continued their study in the usual way. The hypothesis was confirmed. The mind map use stimulates activity of both brain hemispheres, thus making it easier for students to memorize thematic vocabulary, follow the logical sequence of the talk when speaking. The research findings have shown the effectiveness of implementing the mind-mapping technique into the university course teaching English for Specific Purposes to develop, advance and master students' professional communicative competence. Consistent use of mind maps will also promote the educational process efficiency and have positive effects on the general formation of competitive skilled specialists. (shrink)

Everybody is Doing Beauty (which refers to the German word Schönheitshandeln) - women use make-up daily and men shave. The first section of this paper deals with the differentiation of the various forms of Doing Beauty. On the one hand some of these actions are part of the daily routine and carried out in a rather unconscious way. On the other hand there are a number of actions where the result is durable, intended and product of a rational process. However (...) they have one thing in common: Doing Beauty means both portraying yourself and securing one’s identity. In the following the focus is on the motives for it: conformity and individuality the pursuit or refusal of the prevailing beauty ideal. Several gender-specific hypotheses are derived from these theoretical implications, for example: Females are more critical of their own body and therefore, attain a higher degree of Doing Beauty. In contrast, men are more content with themselves, which is also reflected by the extent and manner of their Doing Beauty. These differences are to be found for activities in a daily routine as well as a product of a rational process. The discrepancies between the sexes are evaluated with a student sample (N=621). The quantitative analyses dearly show the different levels of involvement in these actions. In fact females are more critical of their bodies, their amount of time spend on Doing Beauty habitually is larger, their consideration of durable actions is more pronounced as well as they perform these actions more often. (shrink)

The article examines individual German translations of works by Lesia Ukrainka in various genres, which activate the concept of “struggle.” To establish the linguistic and stylistic analogues, coincidences, and diff erences of the translated works, their typological comparison with the original Ukrainian sources was carried out. It was found that key motifs in the works of Lesia Ukrainka, such as aff ection, resilience, courage, confrontation, and great strength of will and spirit are factors that form the concept of “struggle.” The (...) conceptual meanings and axiological values of the concept of “struggle” created by the poetess are: internal strength and independence; free choice, freedom, and liberty; the desire to have freedom and longing for it as the beginning or continuation of the struggle, a sign of insubordination, the spirit of disobedience; the word as a future weapon for the native language and Ukraine; the desire to prevail; the antithesis of death, sad thoughts, obedience, and others. The analysis revealed that there are some linguistic and stylistic diff erences in the analyzed German translations that are related to the peculiarities of German grammar and word formation. The selection of German equivalents sometimes further reinforces the emphasis of the original text. The concept of “struggle” in Lesia Ukrainka’s works in the analyzed translations into German by well-known translators fully reveals the conceptual picture of the author’s works and expands the possibilities of the reception of Ukrainian linguistic culture for German-speaking readers. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is research of various aspects of imitation modeling as effective method of the analysis and optimization of the pricing process on the tourist enterprise. In article the methodology of imitation modeling of the pricing process for a tourist product is investigated. For formation and realization of model of pricing it is offered to use imitation modeling which allows to receive the expected size of the price under various operating conditions of the tourist enterprise. It is (...) shown that imitation modeling of economic process contains 7 main stages: the formulation of a problem and definition targets than imitation research; development of conceptual model of the modeling object, formalization of the imitation model, choice of software and control of the imitation model; complex testing of the model; planning and implementation of imitation experiment; analysis of results of modeling. The main purpose of imitation model consists in adjustment of level of the price depending on influence of pricing factors. In article the main advantages of the imitation modeling in comparison with other methods of modeling are marked out. Imitation modeling considers influence of a large number of uncertain factors, which cannot be precisely described by means of analytical models. The methodology of the imitation modeling allows to analysis expensive and not expensive elements of the price of a tourist product. Imitation modeling allows estimating efficiency and productivity of the prices of new level until their introduction at real process. The imitation model allows investigating system of pricing in dynamics and allows change of its functioning at any stage of modeling. It is possible to implementation new variables and conditions into model, to replace values of factors and so forth. The imitation model of pricing process allows uniting models of separate subsystems in one complex model, which considers influence of separate subsystems on behavior of the whole system. Based on the conducted researches advantage of a method of the imitation modeling to optimization of management of the pricing process at the tourist enterprise is proved. (shrink)

The study focuses on the translatability of EU terminology into Ukrainian, with a specific emphasis on the term ‘regulation’. It explores the challenges and considerations involved in translating legal terms, particularly within the context of EU legislative acts. The concept of translatability potential is substantiated in the article. It is seen as language pair-dependent, influenced by the availability of similar legal concepts in the target law system, equivalent terms in the target language, and other factors. The research delves into the (...) levels of translatability potential of legal terms, taking into consideration the existence of identical concepts in the target legal system, the mono- or polysemic semantic structure of the source term, and the established translation practices accepted by legal professionals. Based on these criteria, legal terms are classified into categories of high, upper-medium, lower-medium, and low translatability potentials. The article applies these criteria to analyse the translatability potential of the term ‘EU regulation’ in Ukrainian legal discourse. The distinction between legal terms and legal concepts are highlighted, and the concepts are considered to be mental representations associated with linguistic units. The corpus method and concept analysis are employed to analyse the impact of the context on the actualisation of specific components of semantic structure and, correspondingly, specific concepts. The use of the terms in ordinary and legal discourse is under analysis, as well as different Ukrainian translations of ‘regulation’ for each concept it manifests. Finally, the semantic structures of the term ‘EU regulation’ and its Ukrainian translation ‘peглaмeнт (rehlament)’ are compared to reveal the semantic shifts caused by translation. The concept and semantic analyses are conducted to explore the realisation of the translatability potential and see if the best option provided by the potential of the term was selected to meet the high requirements of legal translation. (shrink)

This article aims to contribute to a critical ontology of social objects. Recent works on collective intentionality and norm-following neglect the question how free agents can be brought to collectively intend to x , although x is not in their own interest. By arguing for a natural disposition to empathic understanding and drawing on recent research in the neurosciences, this article outlines an ontological framework that extends collective intentionality to questions of oppression and status asymmetries. In a contribution to this (...) journal, Wisnewski (2005) unfortunately mischaracterizes the problem of meaning in social criticism. Implementing status problems in studies of collective intentions and construing social facts as both subjective and objective in character helps explain why agents can have persistent "misunderstandings" of social objects. (shrink)

The author reappraises the legacy of Soviet philosopher of language Yuri Lotman and of his Tart—Moscow Semiotic School. She argues that he was neither a dissident nor a servant of the regime, and that he always remained a structuralist.

Wolfgang Krause war einer der Begr nder der deutschsprachigen Runologie. Die Runen sind nicht nur sprachhistorische Zeugnisse; ihre Analyse erschlie t auch das Alltagsleben. Somit geh rt die Runologie zum Nukleus der Kulturwissenschaften am Schnittpunkt Linguistik, Philologie, Arch ologie und Geschichte. Hier werden Krauses wichtigste Schriften versammelt. Die Einleitung arbeitet zudem die Relevanz f r aktuelle wissenschaftliche Fragen heraus.

У статті йдеться про філософсько-практичні проблеми соціальної етики в контексті тенденції «реабілітації практичної філософії» та етизації філософського знання, спричинених переходом від філософії свідомості монологічно-егоцентричної парадигми індивіда до філософії комунікації як розвитку діалогічних комунікативних практик (дискурсів). Розглянуто соціально-історичні зміни, які зумовили новий контекст етичної рефлексії норм і цінностей. Встановлено важливість лінгвістично-герменевтично-прагматично-семіотичного повороту у філософії для конституювання змістового поля соціальної етики, цінності і норми якої імплементуються у соціальних інституціях сучасного інформаційного суспільства. Підкреслено провідну роль комунікації як способу обговорення й обґрунтування значущості цінностей (...) і норм спільного життя та їхнє поширення у повсякденні практики в аспекті розгортання інтерсуб’єктивних зв’язків. Зауважені складності імплементації етичних норм у різноманітні форми соціальності, що потребує розширення застосування прикладних етик. Виявлено функціональний аспект соціальної етики на методологічних засадах принципу універсальної взаємності. Артикульовано, що порозуміння акторів соціальної дії досягається через усвідомлення основних цінностей свободи, справедливості, солідарності, толерантності. Обгрунтовано, що етичний принцип універсальної взаємності як регулятивний чинник людської дії, може ефективно функціонувати за умов конкретних соціальних (дискурсивних) практик, структурними елементами яких постають індивід як учасник інтесуб’єктивної форми життя, і мова як інструмент презентації індивіда з метою порозуміння. (shrink)

The article examines the national worldview codes as a prerequisite for national revival. The urgency of studying world outlook codes in modern Ukraine is primarily due to the actualization of powerful manipulative anti-Ukrainian processes that often take the form of “hybrid wars”. The purpose of the article is to show how and based on what principles the main national world outlook codes function during important historical transformations. For this purpose, the article investigates two information and cultural fields, which are based (...) on world-view structures of the mythological type – national and imperial myths. These structures have their branched code systems, which are updated and described in the form of mythology, symbols and signs. Two important issues are additionally considered: encoding information through the codes of other systems and the use of different languages for transmitting the message, which may cause its distortion. The components of Ukraine’s image as the main mythological image with the national code base are analyzed. Much attention is paid to describing the basic code in the national unconscious of the Ukrainian people and its differences from the imperial view of the world. The historical retrospective is depicted on the example of the “Cossack era”, the activities of the “Central Council”, the “Time of Independence”, the “Orange Revolution – 2004”, the “Dignity Revolution – 2013–2014”, military operations in the ATO-zone, etc. Modern examples show the influence of actualization of relevant world outlook codes on political, social, and cultural life. The mechanisms of combining and enhancing world outlook codes, actualized in various spheres – politics, religion, culture, in particular, mass culture, social life – are discussed. The author also considers the distribution of influence of these codes on other areas of life for describing the surrounding world by ordinary citizens. The idea of three waves of national revival in modern Ukraine is proposed. Attention is drawn to the possible risks of ceasing the nation-building processes in the present, as well as numerous perspectives should this “wave” be as productive as possible. (shrink)

У статті досліджуються зміст та специфіка впливу медійних текстів на світогляд людини, коли їхні структури актуалізуються за міфологічними принципами. Аналіз проблеми відбувається на основі порівняння спільних і відмінних характеристик масової комунікації і комунікації, яка набуває міфологічних ознак у контексті мас-медійного дискурсу. Відзначається, що у сучасному світі засоби масової інформації виконують основну функцію каналізації почуттів, вражень та очікувань масової свідомості та мають значний вплив на формування соціальних груп та суспільства. На своєму структурному рівні спілкування засоби масової інформації всіх типів використовують міфологічні (...) принципи передавання інформації, а також кодування та розшифрування значень, які мають емоційно важливе навантаження. Важливо зрозуміти принципи того, в який спосіб виражені та приховані значення в текстах ЗМІ вкладаються у світогляд, спрямовують людські дії та коригують людське сприйняття як політичних, так і культурних явищ. У статті досліджено зміст та вплив фокусу, який медіатексти набувають, коли їх структури актуалізуються відповідно до міфологічних принципів.Описуються базові характеристики медійного тексту як комунікативного феномена впливу на світогляд особистості і великі аудиторії. Окрема увага приділена дослідженню взаємовпливу головних структурних особливостей національного, культури, політики і медіа. (shrink)

This report presents the activities of the Oriental Studies Circle, which was founded in 1993 and reborn in 2012 as a scientific and educational organization. Its aim is to do research in such areas as philosophy, culture, and religion of the countries of the Middle and Far East. The leading type of the circle’s work is the lectures made by specialists in Oriental studies, philosophers, representatives of various religious traditions, and travelers.

Ambiguous interpretation of the concept of gender equality has caused problems in understanding and legal support of the concept of gender. This and the global democratic process contribute to the relevance of the issue and generate the need for its thorough study. The article aims to define the essence of the concept “gender,” analyze the legal support of gender policy, and develop proposals for its improvement in Ukraine. In the study, we applied theoretical (analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization) and empirical (observation) (...) methods. The article also uses methods of statistical and comparative analysis, extrapolation, dialectical method, etc. We analyzed the content of gender policy and its consequences and identified the features of its legal support and impact on society. To replace the concepts of gender, gender equality, and its derivatives with “equality of rights of men and women” proved expedient. Proposals for improving the legal support of gender policy in Ukraine were developed. The article has a multidisciplinary nature and will appeal to a broad readership from lawyers to psychologists to raise awareness and competence in this area. (shrink)

Excerpt from Der Systemgedanke bei Kant und Fichte Es ist klar, dass diese ganze machtige Entwicklung der exakten Wissenschaften eine radikale Umwalzung und Neubegrundung der Philosophie zur Folge haben musste. Die neue Gewissheit der Er kenntnis, die hier waltete, die neuen Begriffe und Methoden galt es philosophisch zu begreifen. Diese Aufgabe sprengte den Rahmen der alten aristotelisch-scholastischen Philosophie und fuhrte zu der philosophischen Entwicklung, deren Hohepunkt wir im transzen dentalen Idealismus Kants erblicken. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of (...) thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.". (shrink)

Стаття являє собою дослідження у сфері природної мови (та мови поетичної) і репрезентує певні спільні аспекти, які містяться у працях Франсуа Реканаті та Юлії Крістєвої, не зважаючи на наявні методологічні розбіжності. Зазвичай, дослідження з поетики відокремлюють власний предмет від предмета аналізу лінгвістичного, зокрема, та – природної мови загалом, оскільки поетичній мові притаманні особливі властивості. Проте автор виходить із переконання, що між дослідженнями текстів художніх творів, попри їхню складну семантику, та виразів природної мови є можливим плідний консенсус. Подібне переконання, що випливає (...) зі співставлення певних фрагментів вчень та понять Крістєвої і Реканаті, дає можливість вгледіти парадоксальну подібність предметів їхніх досліджень або специфіки їхнього опису. Так, розгляд Реканаті, приміром, індексальних виразів не лише не суперечить концепту наративної темпоральності Крістєвої, а й відсилає до єдиного осередку (чи то зазнаваного впливу) підходів, що зумовлює цікавість не так до тексту або виразу, як до фігури мовця. У даному випадку за спільне впливове джерело покладається вчення Ж. Лакана, хоча автор і не вдається до розгорнутого розгляду такої думки, що потребує окремого ґрунтовного дослідження. Проте згадувані у статті теоретичні положення (принаймні, щодо статусу мовця) названих авторів можуть мати сенс у випадку спільного використання як у річищі поетики, так і відносно аналізу виразів природної мови. У цьому сенсі наголос ставиться на використанні теоретичних розробок Крістєвої та Реканаті з погляду зв’язку між ними, що дає можливість обопільно розширити горизонти дослідження мови як такої поза конкретних форм її репрезентації. (shrink)

Psychology ought to describe how and explain why we human beings live our lives as we do, which necessarily comes down to how and why we engage in the actions and have the subjective experiencings that we do. Our physical actions are themselves in part subjective phenomena, because actions are not simply body movements but also essentially involve intentions, beliefs about specific causation, and a sense of voluntariness. Thus, whatever else it is, psychology is inescapably the science of explaining the (...) personally subjective. It is time for psychology to openly embrace its subjective subject-matter as such, which would open up a vast domain still waiting to be systematically studied. 2012 APA, all rights reserved). (shrink)

The article highlights the impact of globalization processes on formation of dominant worldviews and guidelines, as well as ways and means of representing the latter. The state and prospects of studying intertextuality as an important element of modern world discourses in the projection on the national cultural background are studied. Attention is drawn to the high degree of development of both theoretical and applied aspects of intertextuality of discourses by representatives of academic communities of different countries and fields of knowledge, (...) which gave grounds to establish the polydiscursive and interdiscursive nature of the object of analysis. Orientation of domestic experts on parameterization of mainly specific manifestations of intertextuality within certain discourses at the level of isolated intertexts and presence of gaps in the theoretical description of the phenomenon in the context of national specificity is stated. Emphasis is placed on the definite variability of the terminology due to the interdisciplinary nature of discursiveness and, accordingly, intertextuality. A complementary link has been established between postmodernism as the dominant philosophical worldview and the intertextuality of discourses. The specifics of the intertextuality of contemporary Ukrainian literary discourse with regard to various scientific studies are clarified. The concept of “intertextual memory” is introduced and justification of its use is given. The need to apply the term “postmodern intertextuality” in relation to contemporary literary discourse is considered. The common and distinctive features of the manifestation of intertextuality in literary and journalistic discourses are traced. The specifics of intertextuality of Ukrainian journalistic discourse are described. It is established that the precedent character of the communicative act is of exceptional importance for realization of intertextuality in journalistic discourse. (shrink)