Jacques Derrida is, in the words of the_ New York Times_, "perhaps the world's most famous philosopher—if not the only famous philosopher." He often provokes controversy as soon as his name is mentioned. But he also inspires the respect that comes from an illustrious career, and, among many who were his colleagues and peers, he inspired friendship. _The Work of Mourning_ is a collection that honors those friendships in the wake of passing. Gathered here are texts—letters of condolence, memorial essays, (...) eulogies, funeral orations—written after the deaths of well-known figures: Roland Barthes, Paul de Man, Michel Foucault, Louis Althusser, Edmond Jabès, Louis Marin, Sarah Kofman, Gilles Deleuze, Emmanuel Levinas, Jean-François Lyotard, Max Loreau, Jean-Marie Benoist, Joseph Riddel, and Michel Servière. With his words, Derrida bears witness to the singularity of a friendship and to the absolute uniqueness of each relationship. In each case, he is acutely aware of the questions of tact, taste, and ethical responsibility involved in speaking of the dead—the risks of using the occasion for one's own purposes, political calculation, personal vendetta, and the expiation of guilt. More than a collection of memorial addresses, this volume sheds light not only on Derrida's relation to some of the most prominent French thinkers of the past quarter century but also on some of the most important themes of Derrida's entire oeuvre-mourning, the "gift of death," time, memory, and friendship itself. "In his rapt attention to his subjects' work and their influence upon him, the book also offers a hesitant and tangential retelling of Derrida's own life in French philosophical history. There are illuminating and playful anecdotes—how Lyotard led Derrida to begin using a word-processor; how Paul de Man talked knowledgeably of jazz with Derrida's son. Anyone who still thinks that Derrida is a facetious punster will find such resentful prejudice unable to survive a reading of this beautiful work."—Steven Poole, _Guardian_ "Strikingly _simpa_ meditations on friendship, on shared vocations and avocations and on philosophy and history."—_Publishers Weekly _. (shrink)

Veils -- Boxes -- Tables -- Visit -- Joy.

The existence of a genetic program of development was proposed by molecular biologists in the nineteen-sixties. Historians and philosophers of science have since thoroughly criticized this notion. To fully appreciate its significance, it is interesting to consider the research which was pursued during this period by molecular biologists who proposed this notion. This study focuses on François Jacob's work and on the model of development supported by his lab in the early seventies, the T-complex model. This episode of Jacob's scientific (...) activity has since been forgotten. Characterization of this model shows that the notion of program was used in a metaphoric way and that it did not put any constraint on the work pursued in the lab at that time. Some attention is devoted to the origin of this metaphor in the context of the nineteen-seventies. (shrink)

Between 1975 and 1985 a series of experiments demonstrated that cancer, whatever its causative agent, is due to the activation, by modification or overexpression, of a family of genes highly conserved during evolution, called the cellular oncogenes. These genes participate in the control of cell division in every living cell. Their products belong to the regulatory network relaying external signals from the membranes towards the nucleus and allowing cells to adapt their division rate to the demand of the organism. These (...) discoveries constitute what may be called the 'oncogene paradigm'. Although the existence of cellular oncogenes, assumed in early models of oncogenesis, was demonstrated as early as 1976, we will show in this article that this discovery was not sufficient for the development of the new paradigm. We will describe its slow and complex formation between 1980 and 1985 followed by its rapid acceptance by the scientific community. (shrink)

Relations between physics and biology have been always difficult. One reason is that physical approaches to the phenomena of life have frequently been conceived by their authors as alternatives to biological explanations. My argument is that molecular descriptions and explanations have been pushed so far that they have reached their limits: these limits constitute a favourable niche in which physical explanations can develop. I will focus on the field of molecular and cell biology and give many examples of these recent (...) physical studies made possible by the precision of molecular observations. The nature of these niches is probably diverse. I consider that it is too early to have a global view of the interactions between biological and physical explanations, and to organize them into different categories. Such interactions are not new within the life sciences: the history of biology reveals a complex, permanently moving landscape of interactions between biological and physical explanations. (shrink)

Psychiatric research is in crisis because of repeated failures to discover new drugs for mental disorders. Lack of measurement validity could partly account for these failures. If researchers do not actually measure the effects of drugs on the disorders they aim to investigate, one should expect suboptimal treatment outcomes. I argue that this is the case, focusing on depression, and fear & anxiety disorders. In doing so, I show how psychiatric research illustrates a more general phenomenon that I call “validity (...) drift.” A validity drift occurs when, in the course of developing new measurement procedures, researchers end up studying something different from what they originally aimed to study. I analyze the different ways in which scientists attempt to validate procedures for measuring mental disorders for the purpose of testing drugs in animal models. I show how those validation efforts might fail, thereby leading to validity drifts. Overall, this analysis highlights the complex interplay between the development of new measurement procedures, their calibration, and scientific theories of the target phenomena. (shrink)

This book is an English-language translation of a bestselling book in France that explores the relationship between humans and new technologies.

S'inscrivant dans une perspective d'analyse interactionnelle des discours argumentatifs, l'étude comparée des forums interner comme dispositifs de discussion argumentative et du courrier des lecteurs d'un quotidien se développe selon trois axes: la dimension dialogale, la mise en scène de soi et les procédés argumentatifs. Elle montre que ces deux dispositifs constituent des espaces d'expression politique citoyenne, mais que seul le forum peut permettre une discussion argumentative horizontale entre citoyens.As part of an interactional perspective of discourse analysis argumentative, comparative study of (...) forums as intern devices argumentative discussion and letters to the editor of a newspaper develops along three axes: the dialogical dimension, the staging of self and argumentative processes. It shows that these two devices are spaces of citizen political expression, but only the forum can provide a horizontal argumentative discussion among citizens. (shrink)

Old and Middle Assyrian sources dealing with moths Terminology Moth damage Conditions for moth proliferation Prevention Losses and reuse of infested textiles.

L'anarchisme a ses dévots incapables de penser sans le secours du catéchisme fabriqué par l'historiographie dominante du militantisme. Si l'on veut l'envisager en dehors des clous, il faut moins croire la légende que découvrir l'histoire de ce formidable mouvement dans l'histoire. Afin de construire l'anarchie dans les actes et lui donner son actualité, allons au-delà du catéchisme à l'aide d'une théorie contemporaine: le postanarchisme. Cette expression recouvre toute pensée qui conserve un certain nombre des idéaux de l'anarchisme classique, mais les (...) dépasse au profit d'une pensée libertaire contemporaine. Chacun connaît le géant Gulliver et personne n'ignore l'existence des lilliputiens. Si le géant peut être immobilisé au sol, ça n'est pas par le pouvoir macrologique d'un seul, mais par la multiplication micrologique des petits liens. L'addition de petites forces constitue une formidable puissance politique libertaire. Je nomme cette logique "Principe de Gulliver". La révolution ne se fera plus par le haut, dans la violence, avec le sang et la terreur, imposée par le bras armé d'une avant-garde sans foi ni loi, mais par le bas, de façon immanente, contractuelle, pragmatique, pacifique. L'ouvrage s'ouvre sur un "Autoportrait au drapeau noir" qui est une autobiographie sous le signe de l'anarchisme. (shrink)

Einstein’s 1905 paper on special relativity suggests that relativistic mechanics is simply a matter of adjusting Newton’s to make it Lorentz invariant. Einstein, for instance.

Mallarmes madness * You think I'm mad? Someday I'll explain to you that my madness lies elsewhere. Mallarme to H. Cazalis, Mallarme inaugurates: the first ...

A mesure que le XIXe siècle a donné la priorité à l'économie, on a cessé collectivement de vouloir rendre "l'homme meilleur". Mais avec la post-modernité, nouvel avatar d'une domination qui ne supporte plus qu'on lui apporte la contradiction, c'est en nuisant au "meilleur de l'homme" que l'économie poursuit sa conquête mondialisée. Pour ce qui est de cette nuisance particulièrement inconséquente, reconnaissons à la présente époque une efficacité inégalée dans l'Histoire. Quelque chose comme une volonté de mettre effectivement fin à l'Histoire.

La figure de l’il y a dans Autrement qu’être témoigne d’une fragilité intrinsèque de la responsabilité chez Lévinas. La réponse du sujet convoqué à cette responsabilité ne peut s’autoriser d’aucune certitude, pas même celle d’être au service du Bien ou d’autrui, plutôt que d’être soumise au non-sens de l’il y a. Selon la lecture proposée ici, une incertitude aussi radicale est la condition même de toute action pratique et politique, qui ne condamne pas celle-ci à l’impuissance, mais l’ouvre au contraire (...) sur un renouvellement et une fécondité qui en font toute l’endurante exigence.In Otherwise than Being, Levinas’ notion of the there is points towards an inherent fragility of all human responsibility. The answer of the responsible subjectivity can’t rely on any certainty, not even that of being well inspired by the Good or by the other, instead of being submitted to the nonsense of the there is. Such a radical uncertainty is to me the condition of all practical and political action. This condition doesn’t condemn us to be powerless, but leads on the contrary to a constant renewal and fecundity of the action, which makes its requiring endurance. (shrink)

Technology is even more than our world, our form of life, our civilization. Technology interacts with the world to change it. Philosophers need to seriously address the fluidity of a smartphone interface, the efficiency of a Dyson vacuum cleaner, or the familiar noise of an antique vacuum cleaner. Beyond their phenomenological description, the emotional experience acquires moral significance and in some cases even supplies ethical resources for the self. If we leave this dimension of modern experience unaddressed, we may miss (...) something of value in contemporary life. Combining European humanism, Anglophone pragmatism, and Asian traditions, Michel Puech pleads for an "ethical turn" in the way we understand and address technological issues in modern day society. Puech argues that the question of "power" is what needs to be reconsidered today. In doing so, he provides a three-tier distinction of power: power to modify the outer world ; power over other humans ; power over oneself. (shrink)

La crise écologique que nous traversons a profondément transformé notre rapport à la nature, au point qu'aux yeux de certains la notion et le mot même de nature seraient devenus inadéquats pour penser la place de l'homme dans le monde à l'ère de l'anthropocène. L'écologie nous invite à nous défaire de l'anthropocentrisme dont notre culture, et notamment la représentation du paysage et l'expression du sentiment de la nature auraient été porteuses. Michel Collot montre que cette hypothèse d'une "fin de (...) la nature" repose sur la conception d'une nature-objet, régie par des lois mécaniques, qui a prévalu un moment dans l'Occident moderne mais que l'évolution récente des sciences de la vie et de la terre, comme celle des sciences humaines et sociales a largement remise en cause. S'il est vrai que la crise écologique, comme le dit Baptiste Morizot, est aussi une crise de la sensibilité, il convient de mobiliser pour y remédier un nouveau sentiment de la nature, que Michel Collot propose de définir comme une écosensibilité. La richesse et la diversité de la production artistique et littéraire qui met en scène et remet en jeu aujourd'hui nos relations avec la nature permet d'échapper à une certaine doxa écologique ou écologiste. Elle nous aide à inventer un nouvel humanisme, qui cesse d'opposer l'homme et la nature, la nature et la culture, au profit de leur interaction féconde. (shrink)

Negative subjective reports such as “I didn’t see the stimulus” can be interpreted as indicating either that the subject didn’t see the stimulus, or as indicating that, while the subject did see the stimulus, the strength of sensory signals associated with the stimulus fell below a conservative criterion for answering “seen”. Determining which of these two interpretations is correct is the criterion problem. I present two ways in which researchers can solve this problem. But there’s more. What I call the (...) “new criterion problem” consists in determining whether criteria effects reflect perceptual changes, or changes in response strategy. Through case studies, I argue that this new version of the problem can be solved as well, although there is currently no systematic way to solve it. I conclude that criterion problems do not constitute good reasons for skepticism about the scientific study of consciousness. (shrink)

Auteur déjà d’un premier livre sur la doctrine de la réminiscence (Recollection and Expeience : Plato’s Theory of Learning and its Successors, Cambridge, 1995), Dominic Scott donne aujourd’hui, avec ce commentaire exhaustif du Ménon, le fruit de sa longue fréquentation du dialogue. S’agissant d’un commentaire suivi, l’ouvrage s’articule tout naturellement selon les divisions du dialogue lui-même. Après une introduction dans laquelle l’auteur explicite l’esprit dans lequel il aborde le dialogu...

According to the traditional view, meaning presents itself under the form of some kind of identity.

Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Volume 45, Issue 3, Page 301-305, September 2022.

For molecular biologists, the question What is Life?" disappeared in the 1960s to reemerge recently. The reasons for this reemergence will be analysed: they tell us much about the recent transformations of biology, and its present state. This question can be considered as a thermometer, which measures the balance between reductionist vs. holist explanations in biology: when the question disappears, reductionist approaches are dominant; when the question reappears, the reductionist vision is challenged.

Poor ethnology, never where it should be! One could almost believe that in the intellectual comedy it is always condemned to play the role of the incorrigible blundering fool.Take a different view. Thirty years ago it was used for any job going, the indispensable commodity of the cultured milieux of the period. The opinion-shapers perfidiously reduced it to structuralism, which was then running out of steam and scarcely intimidated them any longer. Encouraged by this decline, they affected to believe that (...) ‘structures’ had an empirical existence in society, indeed absolutely anywhere their limitations had made themselves felt for far too long, and that ethnology finally won its freedom at the same time as the various changes in custom and social practice which took place as a result of the huge emancipation movement of May 1968. At once ethnology, the sacred instrument of access — or a smattering of it — was to be found in the media, in the professional training of nurses, the therapies of Bonneuil, the fashion for water-bath deliveries, the electoral campaigns of informed politicians, the ‘spin-offs’ of the Second Vatican Council, and so on. Today, on the other hand, it is to be found nowhere at all, not even among ethnologists, who appear with any intellectual label whatever, but above all not as practitioners of a science. They are the new romantics, the new adventurers, the incredible travellers, all having to do no more than produce a strictly personal experience, or at least states of mind. In short, ethnology passed itself off the first time as a kind of panacea, and the next it was declared no use for anything whatsoever, being at best a pretext for narcissistic effusions and at worst a snare for the naive. The more they would have us believe it can do everything, the more nothing can be done for it. (shrink)

Diogène n'aimait pas Platon, et l'auteur de La République qui commença sa carrière par la lutte et le théâtre sans jamais vraiment y renoncer, le lui rendait bien. Entre ces deux-là, ce fut la haine leur vie durant. Normal, ils campent chacun aux deux extrémités idéologiques, métaphysiques, philosophiques. L'homme au Chien aime la vie, la joie, le réel, le rire, la liberté, l'indépendance, l'individu ; l'homme aux Idées chérit exactement l'inverse : la mort - voir la thanatophilie du Phédon! -, (...) l'ascétisme, les arrière-mondes, la servitude, la dilution des subjectivités dans la communauté. Au-delà des siècles, Diogène et Platon incarnent deux façons d'appréhender le pouvoir, de le considérer et d'en user. Deux anecdotes ramassent leurs conceptions. L'une, célèbre, participe de l'iconographie philosophique classique et met en présence un Diogène qui bronze au Cranéion, une colline de Corinthe couverte de cyprès, et Alexandre, le Prince aux pouvoirs absolus. Alexandre s'adresse à Diogène et lui demande un souhait afin de jouir de l'exaucer. Réponse célèbre de Diogène : " ôtes toi de mon soleil " - ce qui, dans une traduction moins faite pour le marbre de la postérité donne : " tires-toi, tu me fais de l'ombre "... (shrink)