97 found
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  1. Neural reuse: A fundamental organizational principle of the brain.Michael L. Anderson - 2010 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 (4):245.
    An emerging class of theories concerning the functional structure of the brain takes the reuse of neural circuitry for various cognitive purposes to be a central organizational principle. According to these theories, it is quite common for neural circuits established for one purpose to be exapted (exploited, recycled, redeployed) during evolution or normal development, and be put to different uses, often without losing their original functions. Neural reuse theories thus differ from the usual understanding of the role of neural plasticity (...)
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  2. Machine Ethics.Michael Anderson & Susan Leigh Anderson (eds.) - 2011 - Cambridge Univ. Press.
    The essays in this volume represent the first steps by philosophers and artificial intelligence researchers toward explaining why it is necessary to add an ...
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  3. Embodied cognition: A field guide.Michael L. Anderson - 2003 - Artificial Intelligence 149 (1):91-130.
    The nature of cognition is being re-considered. Instead of emphasizing formal operations on abstract symbols, the new approach foregrounds the fact that cognition is, rather, a situated activity, and suggests that thinking beings ought therefore be considered first and foremost as acting beings. The essay reviews recent work in Embodied Cognition, provides a concise guide to its principles, attitudes and goals, and identifies the physical grounding project as its central research focus.
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  4. Mining the Brain for a New Taxonomy of the Mind.Michael L. Anderson - 2015 - Philosophy Compass 10 (1):68-77.
    In this paper, I summarize an emerging debate in the cognitive sciences over the right taxonomy for understanding cognition – the right theory of and vocabulary for describing the structure of the mind – and the proper role of neuroscientific evidence in specifying this taxonomy. In part because the discussion clearly entails a deep reconsideration of the supposed autonomy of psychology from neuroscience, this is a debate in which philosophers should be interested, with which they should be familiar, and to (...)
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  5. Eroding the Boundaries of Cognition: Implications of Embodiment 1.Michael L. Anderson, Michael J. Richardson & Anthony Chemero - 2012 - Topics in Cognitive Science 4 (4):717-730.
    To accept that cognition is embodied is to question many of the beliefs traditionally held by cognitive scientists. One key question regards the localization of cognitive faculties. Here we argue that for cognition to be embodied and sometimes embedded, means that the cognitive faculty cannot be localized in a brain area alone. We review recent research on neural reuse, the 1/f structure of human activity, tool use, group cognition, and social coordination dynamics that we believe demonstrates how the boundary between (...)
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  6.  62
    Précis of After Phrenology: Neural Reuse and the Interactive Brain.Michael L. Anderson - 2016 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 39:1-22.
    Neural reuse is a form of neuroplasticity whereby neural elements originally developed for one purpose are put to multiple uses. A diverse behavioral repertoire is achieved by means of the creation of multiple, nested, and overlapping neural coalitions, in which each neural element is a member of multiple different coalitions and cooperates with a different set of partners at different times. Neural reuse has profound implications for how we think about our continuity with other species, for how we understand the (...)
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  7.  89
    The problem with brain GUTs: Conflation of different senses of “prediction” threatens metaphysical disaster.Michael L. Anderson & Tony Chemero - 2013 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36 (3):204-205.
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  8. The massive redeployment hypothesis and the functional topography of the brain.Michael L. Anderson - 2008 - Philosophical Psychology 21 (2):143-174.
    This essay introduces the massive redeployment hypothesis, an account of the functional organization of the brain that centrally features the fact that brain areas are typically employed to support numerous functions. The central contribution of the essay is to outline a middle course between strict localization on the one hand, and holism on the other, in such a way as to account for the supporting data on both sides of the argument. The massive redeployment hypothesis is supported by case studies (...)
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  9.  50
    A Prima Facie Duty Approach to Machine Ethics Machine Learning of Features of Ethical Dilemmas, Prima Facie Duties, and Decision Principles through a Dialogue with Ethicists.Susan Leigh Anderson & Michael Anderson - 2011 - In M. Anderson S. Anderson (ed.), Machine Ethics. Cambridge Univ. Press.
  10. Content and action: The guidance theory of representation.Gregg H. Rosenberg & Michael L. Anderson - 2008 - Journal of Mind and Behavior 29 (1-2):55-86.
    The current essay introduces the guidance theory of representation, according to which the content and intentionality of representations can be accounted for in terms of the way they provide guidance for action. The guidance theory offers a way of fixing representational content that gives the causal and evolutionary history of the subject only an indirect role, and an account of representational error, based on failure of action, that does not rely on any such notions as proper functions, ideal conditions, or (...)
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  11.  24
    Extended Skill Learning.Edward Baggs, Vicente Raja & Michael L. Anderson - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
  12. Massive redeployment, exaptation, and the functional integration of cognitive operations.Michael L. Anderson - 2007 - Synthese 159 (3):329 - 345.
    Abstract: The massive redeployment hypothesis (MRH) is a theory about the functional topography of the human brain, offering a middle course between strict localization on the one hand, and holism on the other. Central to MRH is the claim that cognitive evolution proceeded in a way analogous to component reuse in software engineering, whereby existing components-originally developed to serve some specific purpose-were used for new purposes and combined to support new capacities, without disrupting their participation in existing programs. If the (...)
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  13.  14
    The Massive Redeployment Hypothesis and the Functional Topography of the Brain.Michael L. Anderson - 2007 - Philosophical Psychology 20 (2):143-174.
  14.  14
    On the status of inhibitory mechanisms in cognition: Memory retrieval as a model case.Michael C. Anderson & Barbara A. Spellman - 1995 - Psychological Review 102 (1):68-100.
  15. Neural reuse in the evolution and development of the brain: Evidence for developmental.Marcie Penner-Wilger & Michael L. Anderson - unknown
    This paper lays out some of the empirical evidence for the importance of neural reuse—the reuse of existing (inherited and/or early-developing) neural circuitry for multiple behavioral purposes—in defining the overall functional structure of the brain. We then discuss in some detail one particular instance of such reuse: the involvement of a local neural circuit in finger awareness, number representation, and other diverse functions. Finally, we consider whether and how the notion of a developmental homology can help us understand the relationships (...)
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  16.  13
    Reconsidering unconscious persistence: Suppressing unwanted memories reduces their indirect expression in later thoughts.Yingying Wang, Andrea Luppi, Jonathan Fawcett & Michael C. Anderson - 2019 - Cognition 187 (C):78-94.
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  17.  10
    An approach for combining ethical principles with public opinion to guide public policy.Edmond Awad, Michael Anderson, Susan Leigh Anderson & Beishui Liao - 2020 - Artificial Intelligence 287 (C):103349.
  18. The status of machine ethics: A report from the AAAI symposium. [REVIEW]Michael Anderson & Susan Leigh Anderson - 2007 - Minds and Machines 17 (1):1-10.
    This paper is a summary and evaluation of work presented at the AAAI 2005 Fall Symposium on Machine Ethics that brought together participants from the fields of Computer Science and Philosophy to the end of clarifying the nature of this newly emerging field and discussing different approaches one could take towards realizing the ultimate goal of creating an ethical machine.
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  19.  14
    Emotional and non-emotional memories are suppressible under direct suppression instructions.Kevin van Schie, Elke Geraerts & Michael C. Anderson - 2013 - Cognition and Emotion 27 (6):1122-1131.
  20. Cognitive science and epistemic openness.Michael L. Anderson - 2006 - Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 5 (2):125-154.
    b>. Recent findings in cognitive science suggest that the epistemic subject is more complex and epistemically porous than is generally pictured. Human knowers are open to the world via multiple channels, each operating for particular purposes and according to its own logic. These findings need to be understood and addressed by the philosophical community. The current essay argues that one consequence of the new findings is to invalidate certain arguments for epistemic anti-realism.
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  21.  20
    Towards Moral Machines: A Discussion with Michael Anderson and Susan Leigh Anderson.Michael Anderson, Susan Leigh Anderson, Alkis Gounaris & George Kosteletos - 2021 - Conatus 6 (1).
    At the turn of the 21st century, Susan Leigh Anderson and Michael Anderson conceived and introduced the Machine Ethics research program, that aimed to highlight the requirements under which autonomous artificial intelligence systems could demonstrate ethical behavior guided by moral values, and at the same time to show that these values, as well as ethics in general, can be representable and computable. Today, the interaction between humans and AI entities is already part of our everyday lives; in the near future (...)
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  22.  26
    Culture in the world shapes culture in the head (and vice versa).Edward Baggs, Vicente Raja & Michael L. Anderson - 2019 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 42:e172.
    We agree with Heyes that an explanation of human uniqueness must appeal to cultural evolution, and not just genes. Her account, though, focuses narrowly on internal cognitive mechanisms. This causes her to mischaracterize human behavior and to overlook the role of material culture. A more powerful account would view cognitive gadgets as spanning organisms and their (shared) environments.
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  23. Circuit sharing and the implementation of intelligent systems.Michael Anderson - manuscript
    One of the most foundational and continually contested questions in the cognitive sciences is the degree to which the functional organization of the brain can be understood as modular. In its classic formulation, a module was defined as a cognitive sub-system with nine specific properties; the classic module is, among other things, domain specific, encapsulated, and implemented in dedicated neural substrates. Most of the examinations—and especially the criticisms—of the modularity thesis have focused on these properties individually, for instance by finding (...)
     
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  24. A brief introduction to the guidance theory of representation.Gregg H. Rosenberg & Michael L. Anderson - unknown
    Recent trends in the philosophy of mind and cognitive science can be fruitfully characterized as part of the ongoing attempt to come to grips with the very idea of homo sapiens--an intelligent, evolved, biological agent--and its signature contribution is the emergence of a philosophical anthropology which, contra Descartes and his thinking thing, instead puts doing at the center of human being. Applying this agency-oriented line of thinking to the problem of representation, this paper introduces the Guidance Theory, according to which (...)
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  25.  46
    What phantom limbs are.Michael L. Anderson - 2018 - Consciousness and Cognition 64:216-226.
  26. Logic, self-awareness and self-improvement: The metacognitive loop andthe problem of brittleness.Michael Anderson - manuscript
    This essay describes a general approach to building perturbation-tolerant autonomous systems, based on the conviction that artificial agents should be able to notice when something is amiss, assess the anomaly, and guide a solution into place. This basic strategy of self-guided learning is termed the metacognitive loop; it involves the system monitoring, reasoning about, and, when necessary, altering its own decision-making components. This paper (a) argues that equipping agents with a metacognitive loop can help to overcome the brittleness problem, (b) (...)
     
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  27. The roots of self-awareness.Michael L. Anderson & Donald R. Perlis - 2005 - Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 4 (3):297-333.
    In this paper we provide an account of the structural underpinnings of self-awareness. We offer both an abstract, logical account.
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  28. Representation, evolution and embodiment.Michael L. Anderson - 2005 - Theoria Et Historia Scientarum.
    As part of the ongoing attempt to fully naturalize the concept of human being--and, more specifically, to re-center it around the notion of agency--this essay discusses an approach to defining the content of representations in terms ultimately derived from their central, evolved function of providing guidance for action. This 'guidance theory' of representation is discussed in the context of, and evaluated with respect to, two other biologically inspired theories of representation: Dan Lloyd's dialectical theory of representation and Ruth Millikan's biosemantics.
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  29. The metacognitive loop I: Enhancing reinforcement learning with metacognitive monitoring and control for improved perturbation tolerance||.Michael Anderson - manuscript
    Maintaining adequate performance in dynamic and uncertain settings has been a perennial stumbling block for intelligent systems. Nevertheless, any system intended for real-world deployment must be able to accommodate unexpected change—that is, it must be perturbation tolerant. We have found that metacognitive monitoring and control—the ability of a system to self-monitor its own decision-making processes and ongoing performance, and to make targeted changes to its beliefs and action-determining components—can play an important role in helping intelligent systems cope with the perturbations (...)
     
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  30. A critique of multi-voxel pattern analysis.Michael L. Anderson - unknown
    Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) is a popular analytical technique in neuroscience that involves identifying patterns in fMRI BOLD signal data that are predictive of task conditions. But the technique is also frequently used to make inferences about the regions of the brain that are most important to the tasks in question, and our analysis shows that this is a mistake. MVPA does not provide a reliable guide to what information is being used by the brain during cognitive tasks, nor where (...)
     
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  31.  31
    Forgetting our facts: the role of inhibitory processes in the loss of propositional knowledge.Michael C. Anderson & Theodore Bell - 2001 - Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 130 (3):544.
  32.  23
    Dialogue and scrutiny in organizational ethics.Kevin Morrell & Michael Anderson - 2006 - Business Ethics, the Environment and Responsibility 15 (2):117–129.
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  33.  69
    The Leabra architecture: Specialization without modularity.Alexander A. Petrov, David J. Jilk, Randall C. O'Reilly & Michael L. Anderson - 2010 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 (4):286.
    The posterior cortex, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex in the Leabra architecture are specialized in terms of various neural parameters, and thus are predilections for learning and processing, but domain-general in terms of cognitive functions such as face recognition. Also, these areas are not encapsulated and violate Fodorian criteria for modularity. Anderson's terminology obscures these important points, but we applaud his overall message.
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  34.  58
    Evidence for massive redeployment of brain areas in cognitive functions.Michael Anderson - 2006
    sides of the argument. MRH is supported by some case studies of redeployment, and an empirical review of 135..
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  35.  51
    How Machines Can Advance Ethics.Susan Leigh Anderson & Michael Anderson - 2009 - Philosophy Now 72:17-19.
  36. Sex differences in general intelligence.Michael Anderson - 2004 - In R. L. Gregory (ed.), The Oxford Companion to the Mind. Oxford University Press. pp. 828--829.
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  37.  17
    Dialogue and scrutiny in organizational ethics.Kevin Morrell & Michael Anderson - 2006 - Business Ethics 15 (2):117-129.
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  38. What mindedness is.Michael Anderson - manuscript
    Because I don’t know what a cultural imaginary is, nor how to put (or find) something in one, I propose instead to provide a brief, general account of what, when we think and write about, and thereby determine, the characteristics of mindedness, the members of my tribe imagine themselves to be doing.
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  39.  13
    A more ecological perspective on human–robot interactions.Varun Ravikumar, Jonathan Bowen & Michael L. Anderson - 2023 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 46:e42.
    Drawing from two strands of ecological psychology, we suggest that even if social robots are interactive depictions, people need not mentally represent them as such. Rather, people can engage with the opportunities for action or affordances that social robots offer to them. These affordances are constrained by the larger sociocultural settings within which human–robot interactions occur.
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  40. Affordances and Intentionality: Reply to Roberts.Michael L. Anderson & Anthony Chemero - 2009 - Journal of Mind and Behavior 30 (4):301.
    In this essay we respond to some criticisms of the guidance theory of representation offered by Tom Roberts. We argue that although Roberts’ criticisms miss their mark, he raises the important issue of the relationship between affordances and the action-oriented representations proposed by the guidance theory. Affordances play a prominent role in the anti-representationalist accounts offered by theorists of embodied cognition and ecological psychology, and the guidance theory is motivated in part by a desire to respond to the critiques of (...)
     
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  41. A review of recent research in metareasoning and metalearning. [REVIEW]Michael Anderson - manuscript
    Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in the use of metacognition in intelligent systems. This essay is part of a small section meant to give interested researchers an overview and sampling of the kinds of work currently being pursued in this broad area. The current essay offers a review of recent research in two main topic areas: the monitoring and control of reasoning and the monitoring and control of learning.
     
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  42. Time-Situated Agency: Active Logic and Intention Formation.Michael L. Anderson - unknown
    In recent years, embodied cognitive agents have become a central research focus in Cognitive Science. We suggest that there are at least three aspects of embodiment| physical, social and temporal|which must be treated simultaneously to make possible a realistic implementation of agency. In this paper we detail the ways in which attention to the temporal embodiment of a cognitive agent (perhaps the most neglected aspect of embodiment) can enhance the ability of an agent to act in the world, both in (...)
     
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  43.  4
    Diagram processing: Computing with diagrams.Michael Anderson & Robert McCartney - 2003 - Artificial Intelligence 145 (1-2):181-226.
  44.  25
    Some dilemmas for an account of neural representation: A reply to Poldrack.Michael L. Anderson & Heather Champion - 2022 - Synthese 200 (2).
    “The physics of representation” aims to define the word “representation” as used in the neurosciences, argue that such representations as described in neuroscience are related to and usefully illuminated by the representations generated by modern neural networks, and establish that these entities are “representations in good standing”. We suggest that Poldrack succeeds in, exposes some tensions between the broad use of the term in neuroscience and the narrower class of entities that he identifies in the end, and between the meaning (...)
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  45.  17
    The emperor has no blanket!Vicente Raja, Edward Baggs, Anthony Chemero & Michael L. Anderson - 2022 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 45:e204.
    While we applaud Bruineberg et al.'s analysis of the differences between Markov blankets and Friston blankets, we think it is not carried out to its ultimate consequences. There are reasons to think that, once Friston blankets are accepted as a theoretical construct, they do not do the work proponents of free energy principle (FEP) attribute to them. The emperor is indeed naked.
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  46. Index to Volume 39.Kathleen Gallagher, Michael Anderson & Peter J. Arnold - 2005 - Journal of Aesthetic Education 39 (4).
  47.  1
    Representations, symbols, and embodiment.Michael L. Anderson - 2003 - Artificial Intelligence 149 (1):151-156.
  48. Embodied cognition: The teenage years.Michael L. Anderson - 2006
    A review of Gallagher, S. (2005). How the Body Shapes the Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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  49. We would like to thank the following for contributing to the journal as reviewers this past year: Rebecca Abraham Fred Adams.Ken Aizawa, Anna Alexandrova, Sophie Allen, Michael Anderson, Holly Anderson, Kristin Andrews, Andre Ariew, Edward Averill & Andrew R. Bailey - 2008 - Philosophical Psychology 21 (6):859-860.
  50. Philosophical Psychology would like to thank the following for contributing to the journal as reviewers this past year: Fred Adams Kenneth Aizawa.Joshua Alexander, Mark Alicke, Holly Andersen, Michael Anderson, Kristin Andrews, István Aranyosi, Nomy Arpaly, Robert Audi & Andrew R. Bailey - 2012 - Philosophical Psychology 25 (1):161-163.
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