In this article, we describe the influence of violations of community standards of fairness (Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler, 1986a) on subsequent ethical decision-making and emotions. Across two studies, we manipulated explanations for a common action, and we find that explanations that violate community standards of fairness (e.g., by taking advantage of an in crease in market power) lead to greater intentions to behave unethically than explanations that are consistent with community standards of fairness (e.g., by passing along a price increase). (...) We find that perceptions of justifiability mediate this relationship. We also find that individuals derive significant psychological benefits (greater satisfaction, greater happiness, and reduced anger) from engaging in unethical behavior following perceived violations of fairness. (shrink)

In this article, we describe the influence of violations of community standards of fairness on subsequent ethical decision-making and emotions. Across two studies, we manipulated explanations for a common action, and we find that explanations that violate community standards of fairness lead to greater intentions to behave unethically than explanations that are consistent with community standards of fairness. We find that perceptions of justifiability mediate this relationship. We also find that individuals derive significant psychological benefits from engaging in unethical behavior (...) following perceived violations of fairness. (shrink)

A growing literature has focused on understanding how to detect and deter unethical consumer behavior. In this work, we focus on a particularly important type of unethical consumer behavior, consumer insurance fraud, and we analyze a unique dataset to understand how experts investigate suspicious claims. Two separate but related literatures inform the process of investigating suspicious insurance claims. The first literature is grounded in field research and emphasizes the importance of secondary sources. The second literature is grounded in laboratory studies (...) that emphasize the importance of interpersonal interactions. Here we draw upon both literatures to consider the importance of claimant interviews within the context of many investigative actions and the potential for claimants to avoid interviews. In an empirical study using qualitative and quantitative data from auto insurance claim investigations, we analyze investigative chronologies conducted by skilled experts. In doing so, we find that even when investigators can access information from a variety of sources such as witnesses, databases, and physical evidence, claimant interviews are the most important step in determining whether or not claims are denied or paid. Furthermore, we identify interpersonal avoidance as an important signal of unethical claimant behavior. Our findings inform deception detection theory and practice. We identify implications for deception detection in business, particularly for consumer unethical behavior and insurance fraud investigations. (shrink)

Many unethical decisions stem from a lack of awareness. In this article, we consider how mindfulness, an individual's awareness of his or her present experience, impacts ethical decision making. In our first study, we demonstrate that compared to individuals low in mindfulness, individuals high in mindfulness report that they are more likely to act ethically, are more likely to value upholding ethical standards (self-importance of moral identity, SMI), and are more likely to use a principled approach to ethical decision making (...) (formalism). In our second study, we test this relationship with a novel behavioral measure of unethical behavior: the carbonless anagram method (CAM). We find that of participants who cheated, compared to individuals low in mindfulness, individuals high in mindfulness cheated less. Taken together, our results demonstrate important connections between mindfulness and ethical decision making. (shrink)

A growing literature has focused on understanding how to detect and deter unethical consumer behavior. In this work, we focus on a particularly important type of unethical consumer behavior, consumer insurance fraud, and we analyze a unique dataset to understand how experts investigate suspicious claims. Two separate but related literatures inform the process of investigating suspicious insurance claims. The first literature is grounded in field research and emphasizes the importance of secondary sources. The second literature is grounded in laboratory studies (...) that emphasize the importance of interpersonal interactions. Here we draw upon both literatures to consider the importance of claimant interviews within the context of many investigative actions and the potential for claimants to avoid interviews. In an empirical study using qualitative and quantitative data from auto insurance claim investigations, we analyze investigative chronologies conducted by skilled experts. In doing so, we find that even when investigators can access information from a variety of sources such as witnesses, databases, and physical evidence, claimant interviews are the most important step in determining whether or not claims are denied or paid. Furthermore, we identify interpersonal avoidance as an important signal of unethical claimant behavior. Our findings inform deception detection theory and practice. We identify implications for deception detection in business, particularly for consumer unethical behavior and insurance fraud investigations. (shrink)

Self-confidence is associated with many positive outcomes, and training programs routinely seek to build participants’ self-efficacy. In this article, however, we consider whether self-confidence increases unethical behavior. In a series of studies, we explore the relationship between negotiator self-efficacy—an individual’s confidence in his or her negotiation ability—and the use of deception. We find that individuals high in negotiator self-efficacy are more likely to use deception than individuals low in negotiator self-efficacy. We also find that perceptions of the risk of deception (...) mediate this relationship. By identifying negotiator self-efficacy as an antecedent to unethical behavior, our findings offer important theoretical and empirical insights into the use of deception, the role of individual differences in ethical decision making, and the broader consequences of self-confidence in business and society. (shrink)

Scholars have assumed that trust is fragile: difficult to build and easily broken. We demonstrate, however, that in some cases trust is surprisingly robust—even when harmful deception is revealed, some individuals maintain high levels of trust in the deceiver. In this paper, we describe how implicit theories moderate the harmful effects of revealed deception on a key component of trust: perceptions of integrity. In a negotiation context, we show that people who hold incremental theories reduce perceptions of their counterpart’s integrity (...) after they learn that they were deceived, whereas people who hold entity theories maintain their first impressions after learning that they were deceived. Implicit theories influenced how targets interpreted evidence of deception. Individuals with incremental theories encoded revealed deception as an ethical violation; individuals with entity theories did not. These findings highlight the importance of implicit beliefs in understanding how trust changes over time. (shrink)

Deception is pervasive in negotiations and organizations, and emotions are critical to using, detecting, and responding to deception. In this article, we introduce a theoretical model to explore the interplay between emotional intelligence (the ability to perceive and express, understand, regulate, and use emotions) and deception in negotiations. In our model, we propose that emotional intelligence influences the decision to use deception, the effectiveness of deception, the ability to detect deception, and the consequences of deception (specifically, trust repair and retaliation). (...) We consider the emotional intelligence of both deceivers and targets, and we consider characteristics of negotiators, their interaction, and the negotiation context that moderate these relationships. Our model offers a theoretical foundation for research on emotions, emotional intelligence, and deception and identifies a potential disadvantage of negotiating with an emotionally intelligent counterpart. Though prior work has focused on the advantages of being and interacting with people high in emotional intelligence, we assert that those most likely to deceive us may also be those highest in emotional intelligence. (shrink)

Zénon d’Élée est connu par les paradoxes que nous a transmis Aristote, « Achille et la Tortue » étant le plus célèbre. Dans l’histoire de la philosophie, les questions ainsi posées n’ont pas cessé de stimuler la réflexion des plus grands penseurs, et de susciter des réponses très divergentes, dont l’érudition et l’épistémologie modernes se sont saisies à leur tour. Mais en France il n’existait pas d’ouvrage faisant le point de ces controverses.Celui-ci procède à un examen systématique de tous les (...) textes pertinents légués par l’Antiquité sur la pensée de Zénon, essentiellement ceux de Simplicius, Aristote et Platon. Le lecteur trouvera pour chacun d’eux, après une traduction nouvelle, un commentaire suivi, tant sur le plan de la critique textuelle que du point de vue scientifique. Il disposera aussi d’une discussion méthodique des interprétations proposées par les modernes. La signification des arguments de l’Éléate dans leur contexte intellectuel et leur unité d’inspiration sont ainsi mis en lumière.La dialectique zénonienne est replacée dans les débats philosophiques de son temps et sa portée historique explicitée. Pointant les contradictions des conceptions régnantes, elle marque une étape préliminaire dans l’histoire du concept du continu, dont Aristote donna la première théorie cohérente. (shrink)

Rule of law and constitutionalist ideals are understood by many, if not most, as necessary to create a just political order. Defying the traditional division between normative and positive theoretical approaches, this book explores how political reality on the one hand, and constitutional ideals on the other, mutually inform and influence each other. Seventeen chapters from leading international scholars cover a diverse range of topics and case studies to test the hypothesis that the best normative theories, including those regarding the (...) role of constitutions, constitutionalism and the rule of law, conceive of the ideal and the real as mutually regulating. (shrink)

Fac-similés des Manuscrits Grecs datés de la Bibliothèque Nationale du ixe au xive siècle. Par Henri Omont. Paris. Ernest Leroux, 1890—1891. 60 francsFac-similés des Manuscrits Grecs des xie et xvie siècles d'après les Originaux de la Bibliothique Nationals. Par Henri Omont. Paris. A. Picard, 1887. 12fr. 50 c.Manuel de Paléographie Latine et Française du vie au xviie siècle. Par Maurice Prou. Paris. A. Picard, 1890. 12 francs.

BackgroundKnowledge development depends on an unbiased representation of the available evidence. Selective citation may distort this representation. Recently, some controversy emerged regarding the possible impact of swimming on childhood asthma, raising the question about the role of selective citation in this field. Our objective was to assess the occurrence and determinants of selective citation in scientific publications on the relationship between swimming in chlorinated pools and childhood asthma.MethodsWe identified scientific journal articles on this relationship via a systematic literature search. The (...) following factors were taken into account: study outcome (authors’ conclusion, data-based conclusion), other content-related article characteristics (article type, sample size, research quality, specificity), content-unrelated article characteristics (language, publication title, funding source, number of authors, number of affiliations, number of references, journal impact factor), author characteristics (gender, country, affiliation), and citation characteristics (time to citation, authority, self-citation). To assess the impact of these factors on citation, we performed a series of univariate and adjusted random-effects logistic regressions, with potential citation path as unit of analysis.ResultsThirty-six articles were identified in this network, consisting of 570 potential citation paths of which 191 (34%) were realized. There was strong evidence that articles with at least one author in common, cited each other more often than articles that had no common authors (odds ratio (OR) 5.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1–8.8). Similarly, the chance of being cited was higher for articles that were empirical rather than narrative (OR 4.2, CI 2.6–6.7), that reported a large sample size (OR 5.8, CI 2.9–11.6), and that were written by authors with a high authority within the network (OR 4.1, CI 2.1–8.0). Further, there was some evidence for citation bias: articles that confirmed the relation between swimming and asthma were cited more often (OR 1.8, CI 1.1–2.9), but this finding was not robust.ConclusionsThere is clear evidence of selective citation in this research field, but the evidence for citation bias is not very strong. (shrink)

Ces deux essais tournent autour des deux thèmes de prédilection de Maurice Clavelin. Le premier, Galilée ou la naissance de la science moderne, interroge l'un des tournants les plus importants de l'histoire des sciences : le " moment Galilée ". L'auteur montre que ce n'est pas une simple critique des idées traditionnelles ou une meilleure attention portée aux données de l'observation qui caractérise la science de ce génie. Rallié aux théories de Copernic, Galilée crée une vraie science mathématisée du (...) mouvement, véritable révolution conceptuelle qui ouvre une ère nouvelle à la spéculation sur la Nature, et signe ainsi l'acte de naissance de la science moderne. Le second aborde sous un angle inédit le rapport entre science et philosophie. Il montre qu'au début du XXe siècle, et après une longue stagnation, la théorie empiriste de la connaissance reprend forme et rigueur sous l'influence combinée de la logique symbolique et de l'interprétation logiciste des mathématiques. Le rôle de Russell est ici décisif, comme ses réinterprétations par Wittgenstein, Quine, et le cercle de Vienne. Un livre qui clôt l'oeuvre d'un grand philosophe des sciences. (shrink)

Per non aver cercato nel cristianesimo il suo essere reale, ma una ristretta ideologia, si è tutto compromesso; si è imprigionato il dogma vivente nelle bende che lo fanno assomigliare a un morto, riducendo i teologi a guardiani di museo, e gli storici simili ad archeologi alla ricerca del più antico reperto. Si è condannata, così, la storia a diventare un'allegoria; e a un chiodo dipinto sul muro si appenderà sempre una catena dipinta». Siamo nel 1904, dalle parole di (...) class='Hi'>Maurice Blondel emerge la preoccupazione per le forti tensioni che dividono il cattolicesimo. Per i più le bende della dottrina mummificata non devono essere sciolte, ma al massimo impegnarsi a ristrutturare il sepolcro. Egli cercherà una soluzione tra esegesi e teologia, per conciliare storia e dogma, che nella loro divaricazione riflettono la ricorrente tentazione di strappare il Verbo dalla carne. Dopo una severa analisi critica delle due principali teorie antagoniste, storicismo ed estrinsecismo, che in diverso modo convergono nel separare natura e soprannatura, indicherà una sintesi, una mediazione, attraverso il principio della Tradizione, proposto non come collegamento solo teorico alle radici, non «una catena dipinta», ma come fonte di progresso, pulsante vita. Il cristianesimo, allora, potrà manifestarsi «come metafisica in atto, tensione unitiva tra Dio e l'umanità, e non come religione di pergamene e scribi». Un testo che pur venendo dal passato, guadagna nel presente la sua evidente attualità. (shrink)

Title: Revolutionary Humanism and Historicism in Modern Italy Publisher: Yale University Press ISBN: 0300024797 Author: Edmund E. Jacobitti Title: Gramsci's Philosophy: A Critical Study Publisher: Humanities Press ISBN: 0391021060 Author: Thomas Nemeth.

Lo scritto blondeliano sulla Doctrine de Kant sur la connaisssance comparée à celle de Hume et de Leibniz del 1885 è una testimonianza preziosa delle riflessioni con le quali il giovane Blondel prepara quel modello di conoscenza, proposto nell’Action del 1893, che gli permetterà di individuare l’origine del vincolo causale non nella condizione del puro pensiero, come sembrava aver fatto Kant, senza superare il fenomenismo di Hume, ma, in accordo con la tradizione filosofica inaugurata da Leibniz e precisata da Maine (...) de Biran, nelle necessità pratiche della ragione. Il saggio blondeliano - che ha alle spalle la lettura delle opere più diffuse in Francia sul pensiero kantiano, condotta nella prospettiva della formazione filosofica ricevuta negli anni di liceo e nel periodo dell’École Normale - permette così di far luce su un aspetto assai significativo e poco conosciuto del lavoro storico-filosofico con cui il giovane Blondel va costruendo il suo progetto sull’Action. (shrink)

1. partie. Fondement apologétique d'une pensée : une question de méthode pour une solution dialogique. Foi et raison : un rapport en question -- Foi et raison, mise en perspective d'une dialogique blondélienne -- 2. partie. Ouverture épistémologique et perspectives théologiques. Perspectives épistémologiques d'un mystère assomptif -- De la philosophie à la théologie : une dialogique symphonique.