BackgroundFrance has long been a country of immigration and in some respects may be seen to have a generous policy with respect to asylum seekers and access to health care for migrants. The French state notably provides healthcare access for undocumented migrants, through state medical aid and since 1998 has had a humanitarian policy for granting temporary residence permits for medical reason to migrants. Within a context of political debate, reform and tightening immigration control we will examine this latter policy (...) focusing especially on the dilemmas that arise for physicians of migrant patients when they are requested to write medical certificates as part of a TRPMR application. In a 2017 reform the key role of making recommendations on the granting or not of permits was handed over to Ministry of the Interior health inspectors. Recommendations are made after perusal of medical certificates established by the migrant’s physician and complementary evidence.Main bodyThe writing of medical certificates by a physician would seem straightforward. This is far from the case since it raises a number of ethical dilemmas. These occur within a physician-patient relationship embedded within a social contract between the State, the physician and the migrant patient. To clarify the ethical issues arising 3 vignettes based on practice within an infectious disease unit at a large Paris hospital have been developed. The vignettes highlight ethical dilemmas in the care for migrants with tuberculosis, chronic hepatitis, and HIV / AIDS. We will go on to reflect on issues of social justice and responsibility for the health of migrants within a globalized world.ConclusionsCriteria for residence permit delivery appear less than clear-cut and are interpreted in a restrictive way. Neither are the consequences of refusing a residence permit taken into account. We call for an empirical transnational ethics study involving countries implementing similar TRPMR policies. We also call for inclusion of lobbying competences into the medical undergraduate curricula, in order to breed future generations of physicians skilled in defending social justice. (shrink)

Different sort of people are interested in personal identity. Philosophers frequently ask what it takes to remain oneself. Caregivers imagine their patients’ experience. But both philosophers and caregivers think from the armchair: they can only make assumptions about what it would be like to wake up with massive bodily changes. Patients with a locked-in syndrome suffer a full body paralysis without cognitive impairment. They can tell us what it is like. Forty-four chronic LIS patients and 20 age-matched healthy medical professionals (...) answered a 15-items questionnaire targeting: global evaluation of identity, body representation and experienced meaning in life. In patients, self-reported identity was correlated with B and C. Patients differed with controls in C. These results suggest that the paralyzed body remains a strong component of patients’ experienced identity, that patients can adjust to objectives changes perceived as meaningful and that caregivers fail in predicting patients’ experience. (shrink)

Personhood is ascribed on others, such that someone who is recognized to be a person is bestowed with certain civil rights and the right to decision making. A rising question is how severely brain-injured patients who regain consciousness can also regain their personhood. The case of patients with locked-in syndrome is illustrative in this matter. Upon restoration of consciousness, patients with LIS find themselves in a state of profound demolition of their bodily functions. From the third-person perspective, it can be (...) expected that LIS patients might experience a differential personal identity and may lose their status as persons. However, from the patients’ perspective, it is uncontested that they retain their personal identity and that they consider themselves to be persons. We here include results from a survey with patients with LIS aimed at identifying the primary expectations of patients for their care by non-medical professionals. Based on these first-hand reports, we argue that personhood in LIS is progressively regained as the widening circle of others recognizes them as persons. (shrink)

Personhood is ascribed on others, such that someone who is recognized to be a person is bestowed with certain civil rights and the right to decision making. A rising question is how severely brain-injured patients who regain consciousness can also regain their personhood. The case of patients with locked-in syndrome is illustrative in this matter. Upon restoration of consciousness, patients with LIS find themselves in a state of profound demolition of their bodily functions. From the third-person perspective, it can be (...) expected that LIS patients might experience a differential personal identity and may lose their status as persons. However, from the patients’ perspective, it is uncontested that they retain their personal identity and that they consider themselves to be persons. We here include results from a survey with patients with LIS aimed at identifying the primary expectations of patients for their care by non-medical professionals. Based on these first-hand reports, we argue that personhood in LIS is progressively regained as the widening circle of others recognizes them as persons. (shrink)

Après une présentation du public qui peut accéder au diplôme de cadre de santé, pour une mission soit en hôpital, soit en institut de formation, une approche historique permet de mieux comprendre la lente évolution du dispositif de formation. Celle-ci, dans sa mise en œuvre à l’IFCS de Strasbourg, associe des valeurs humanistes à une construction de compétences. En outre, ses méthodes et moyens privilégient fortement un apprentissage en groupe ainsi que l’interactivité.

The Textual Criticism of Sumerian Literature. By Paul Delnero. The Journal of Cuneiform Studies Supplemental Series, vol. 3. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2012. Pp. viii + 230. $89.95. [Distributed by ISD, Bristol, Conn.].

Motivation plays an important role in students’ school behavior, and research has established that students’ learning environment experiences such as teachers’ behavior toward them contribute to their motivation and behavior at school. Self-determination theory offers an interesting frame of reference in the study of the relationship between students’ learning experiences at school and their school behavior. Considering three basic psychological needs, the SDT points to the importance of nutriments and support in the social environment in order to allow growth in (...) motivation, engagement, and well-functioning. In addition, thwarting these needs is supposed to contribute to maladaptive functioning. Teachers can play an important role in the fulfillment of students’ basic psychological needs by delivering support ; however, controlling instructional behavior, chaos in the classroom, and teacher rejection and neglect are supposed to be a treat to the fulfillment of students’ basic psychological needs. In the current innovative longitudinal study, teachers’ need-supportive behavior as well as teachers’ thwarting of these needs are considered and their relationship with students’ academic engagement and procrastination behavior is studied. In addition, attention is paid to differential effects of teachers’ behavior with regard to boys and girls. Participants were 566 students belonging to 20 mathematics/English grade 1 secondary education classes in the Netherlands. Multilevel analyses revealed evidence for the importance of both teachers’ need-supportive and need-thwarting behaviors in relation to students’ academic engagement and procrastination behavior. In addition, the findings revealed that teachers’ need-supportive behavior is more important for students’ academic engagement, while teachers’ need-thwarting behavior has larger effects on students’ procrastination behavior. Furthermore, evidence was found that boys often seemed to be more sensitive to their teachers’ behavior than girls. The findings highlight the importance of both teachers’ need-supportive and need-thwarting behaviors in daily classrooms and contribute to deepen our insight into and understanding of factors leading to adaptive and maladaptive functioning of boys and girls in relation to learning tasks at school. (shrink)

The account of the death of Patroklos occupies a strategic position in the narrative economy of the Iliad: before this event, Achilles has withdrawn from combat out of indignation against Agamemnon; afterwards, his anger turns against Hector, whom he holds responsible for his friend's death. Achilles returns to battle and kills Hector in an act of vengeance that, as we have known from the beginning of the poem, will lead to his own demise, which is not actually recounted in the (...) Iliad. This episode stands out because it is atypical both in the contents of the narration and in the means of expression used (what are generally termed “formulas”). I will give some examples of these oddities and then propose an interpretation. Here is the text, in the translation by Richmond Lattimore:So long as the sun was climbing still to the middle heaven, so long the thrown weapons of both took hold, and men dropped under them; but when the sun had gone to the time for unyoking of cattle, then beyond their very destiny the Achaians were stronger and dragged the hero Kebriones from under the weapons and the clamour of the Trojans, and stripped the armour from his shoulders. And Patroklos charged with evil intention in on the Trojans. Three times he charged in with the force of the running war god, screaming a terrible cry, and three times he cut down nine men; but as for the fourth time he swept in, like something greater than human, there, Patroklos, the end of your life was shown forth, since Phoibos came against you there in the strong encounter dangerously, nor did Patroklos see him as he moved through the battle, and shrouded in a deep mist came in against him and stood behind him, and struck his back and his broad shoulders with a flat stroke of the hand so that his eyes spun. Phoibos Apollo now struck away from his head the helmet four-horned and hollow-eyed, and under the feet of the horses it rolled clattering, and the plumes above it were defiled by blood and dust. Before this time it had not been permitted to defile in the dust this great helmet crested in horse-hair; rather it guarded the hear and the gracious brow a godlike man, Achilleus; but now Zeus gave it over to Hektor to wear on his head, Hektor whose own death was close to him. And in his hands was splintered all the huge, great, heavy, iron-shod, far-shadowing spear, and away from his shoulders dropped to the ground the shield with its shield sling and its tassels. The lord Apollo, son of Zeus, broke the corselet upon him. Disaster caught his wits, and his shining body went nerveless. He stood stupidly, and from close behind his back a Dardanian man hit him between the shoulders with a sharp javelin: Euphorbos, son of Pantho(s, who surpassed all men of his own age with the throwing spear, and in horsemanship and the speed of his feet. He had already brought down twenty men from their horses since first coming, with his chariot and his learning in warfare. He first hit you with a thrown spear, o rider Patroklos, nor broke you, but ran away again, snatching out the ash spear from your body, and lost himself in the crowd, not enduring to face Patroklos, naked as he was, in close combat. (shrink)

This monograph is a fundamental theme in Thomism. It deals with the basic ontological principles. From the Thomistic perspective and based on Aristotle, it studies the nature and roles of the essential principles on which reality itself is constructed. <BR> The work starts with a brief historical survey of first principles from the classical period through the modern/post-modern philosophical schools. <BR> The monograph proceeds to study Thomas Aquinas' understanding and use of the principles along with the possibility of the knowledge (...) of these first principles especially through their habits. It underlines the central position of the habits of the first principles in realistic philosophy.<BR> To determine their proper character, the volume juxtaposes the first ontological principles with some transcendental notions followed by the most basic practical ethical principles. Since there are no demonstrations for the first principles, the work further investigates the evidence and indirect demonstration of these first realistic crucial principles and ends with an accent on transition from principles to a wise vision that culminates in man's relationship to reality and especially to God. (shrink)

Faire de la biologie et penser la biologie constituent deux activités indispensables l'une à l'autre. L'exemple de la " métaphore du programme génétique " nous montre, qu'entre l'explication atomique des physiciens et l'explication vitaliste, il peut y avoir un niveau moléculaire spécifique d'analyse des propriétés du vivant. Cet ouvrage a pour double ambition de montrer comment cette métaphore s'est constituée et quels en sont les éléments discutables. Il se propose d'analyser le processus à travers lequel elle est passée historiquement de (...) l'état de concept dynamique et opératoire à celui d'une image figée de plus en plus décalée de la réalité de la connaissance biologique. (shrink)

Physicists, chemists and geologists in the USA and Europe propose that the search for extraterrestrial life is an important justification for the exploration of Mars. Biologists, however, much more excited by the advent of the postgenome sequencing era, in general display little enthusiasm for planetary exploration. We argue that the search for traces of life on Mars represents a major thought‐provoking challenge for the life sciences that should be taken up by the biological community. BioEssays 23:977–978, 2001. © 2001 John (...) Wiley & Sons, Inc. (shrink)

Entre tradiciones y procesos de transformación, asistimos a una poética del pensar del poema extenso en las Antillas hispanas. Desde la “décima”, venida de Europa, se desarrolla una creatividad lingüística por medio de una apertura pragmática, en estrecha relación con la particularidad colonial: entre mito del progreso y mito de la edad de oro. Para entender la inventiva caribeña, recordamos la práctica del Neobarroco, elaborado a base de las confluencias de lo heterogéneo. Vemos como a través de una heteroglosia discursiva, (...) el poema extenso se asienta en este espacio cultural que son las islas antillanas y subrayamos su papel actual en el relato de historias mínimas que alimentan por otro cariz la historia universal. (shrink)

This review studies the representation of director Louis Malle's experiences as a child in the Holocaust in the film Au Revoir les enfants. The film blurs the lines between the controversial categories of Holocaust participants as victims, bystanders, and perpetrators. This ambiguity and overlapping of roles in the film presents the question of treatment of Holocaust memory.

This review studies the representation of director Louis Malle's experiences as a child in the Holocaust in the film Au Revoir les enfants. The film blurs the lines between the controversial categories of Holocaust participants as victims, bystanders, and perpetrators. This ambiguity and overlapping of roles in the film presents the question of treatment of Holocaust memory.

The Soviet government utilized a variety of tactics while attempting to secularize the U.S.S.R. Oppression of the Russian Orthodox Church demonstrates how interconnected faith and the former tsarist regime were. It is ironic that while trying to wipe out religion, the Bolsheviks replacement methods carried religious-type qualities as well.

The Soviet government utilized a variety of tactics while attempting to secularize the U.S.S.R. Oppression of the Russian Orthodox Church demonstrates how interconnected faith and the former tsarist regime were. It is ironic that while trying to wipe out religion, the Bolsheviks replacement methods carried religious-type qualities as well.

L'œuvre de Michel Foucault, à l'écart des modes intellectuelles de son temps, et à la croisée de la philosophie et de l'histoire, ne propose ni vision globale du monde ni théorie générale de la société.

Résumé Du travail à l’action publique, les dispositifs d’évaluation font aujourd’hui système en exerçant une emprise croissante sur nos vies. Si chacun de ces dispositifs apparaît vulnérable à la critique, la machinerie de l’évaluation, soudée par un même esprit de classement et de comparaison systématique, est devenue largement autonome. Ce qui rend la critique de l’évaluation si difficile, c’est le fait qu’elle allie l’exercice de la rationalité instrumentale, caractéristique de la modernité, avec la poursuite de finalités éthiques peu contestées telles (...) que la justice ou la démocratie. (shrink)

Le conflit social autour de la réforme du régime d'assurance chômage des intermittents du spectacle a été marqué par son intensité et par sa durée. La thèse défendue ici est que la maîtrise du temps constitue l’un des enjeux majeurs de ce conflit. L'affrontement sur le terrain économique de la régulation de l'emploi et de l'industrie culturelle s'est doublé de l'affrontement sur le temps. La question du temps ne se limite pas à la régulation du temps de travail, elle concerne (...) la maîtrise du temps et les « formes de vie » auxquelles les individus aspirent. Les deux plans de l'emploi et du temps ne sont pas exclusifs l’un de l’autre, ils coexistent, mais le conflit autour de la maîtrise du temps est relativement imperceptible. L'objectif de cet article est de lui donner de la visibilité et d'en questionner le sens. (shrink)

Ce compte rendu a déjà paru le 1er novembre 2015 dans la Nouvelle revue du travail, n° 7 S. Montchatre et B. Woehl, Temps de travail et travail du temps, Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2014, 250 p. « Comment le temps nous travaille-t-il, nous et nos sociétés, à partir du temps demandé par le travail? » Le titre retenu Temps de travail et travail du temps n'est pas un simple jeu de mots. Issu d'une série de séminaires organisés à (...) Strasbourg en 2010-2011, l'ouvrage collectif - Recensions. (shrink)

D'où vient la première cellule vivante ? L'histoire des sciences révèle la persistance de cette interrogation concernant les origines de la vie. Le développement de la biologie, de la biochimie et même de l'astronomie a permis de concevoir de nombreuses hypothèses. Les origines de la vie ne peuvent plus s'expliquer aujourd'hui en termes d'origine d'une substance responsable de tous les processus vitaux, ni même en termes d'origine d'une molécule, gène ou enzyme, aussi complexes soient-ils. Au fur et a mesure que (...) la cellule vivante actuelle révèle sa complexité, le mystère des origines de la vie s'épaissit, devient de plus en plus difficile à élucider... à moins de considérer la vie comme un phénomène emergeant... Wherefrom does the first living cell come ? The history of science acknowledges the persistance of such a quest about the origins of life. The development of biology, of biochemistry, nay of astronomy enabled one to raise a few hypotheses. The origins of life cannot today be explained in terms of the origin of a substance responsible for all vital processes not even in terms of the origin of a molecule, be it a gene or an enzyme, however complex they may be. The more the present living cell reveals its complexity, the more the mystery of the origins of life thickens and becomes more and more difficult to study. (shrink)

Chile and Colombia have undergone very different postconflict processes. Whereas in Chile there was an elite-based negotiated transition from a state terror regime, Colombia presents a gradual exit from an armed conflict involving multiple actors and taking place in one of Latin America’s most stable democracies. A strong common feature nevertheless exists in these two countries: important social movements—notably, student, afro-descendant, Indigenous, and peasant movements—that put forward memory, but which reach beyond the circle of direct victims. These “memory from below” (...) movements in both countries cannot be understood from their institutional contexts, since these are so different: while Chile’s democratic governments strengthened the amnesty law and led only to timid commemorative initiatives twenty years after the end of the dictatorship, Colombia adopted numerous laws that allowed an institutional presence of memory—notably, through the creation of the National Center for Historic Memory—while the armed conflict was still fully fledged. From a comparative politics perspective, these institutional differences lead one to investigate other causes for the presence of “memory from below” movements in both countries: interviews of participants show that these movements stem from a common understanding of the political role of memory, as well as from a common social imaginary of “shared suffering” that seeks to uncover state violence and that understands past human rights violations as being part of a historic continuum of structural and colonial violence aimed at criminalizing and crushing social movements in democracy. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungDie Diskussionen um Sterbehilfe und Patientenverfügung sowie der Ruf nach einer Stärkung der Palliativmedizin nehmen viel Platz in der deutschen Presselandschaft ein. Da Zeitungen einerseits Meinungen und Wissen der Bevölkerung abbilden, andererseits auch zu deren Meinungsbildung und Information beitragen, wurde eine Analyse der Darstellung der Sterbehilfedebatte und der Palliativmedizin durchgeführt. Als empirisches Material dienten 433 Artikel aus den Jahren 2006 und 2007, die mithilfe einer Suche nach den Schlagworten „Palliativmedizin“, „Hospiz“, „Sterbebegleitung“, „Patientenverfügung“, „Patientenautonomie“ und „Sterbehilfe“ in den Print-Archiven verschiedener deutscher (...) Zeitungen identifiziert wurden. Diese Artikel wurden einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse unterzogen. Mit Würde, Selbstbestimmung, Unterversorgung und Unsicherheit zeigten sich vier Hauptargumente innerhalb der Sterbehilfedebatte. Würde wird dabei als Argument sowohl für wie gegen aktive Sterbehilfe benutzt. Eine Unsicherheit zeigt sich in der Terminologie der Sterbehilfe. Das Bild der Palliativmedizin ist gekennzeichnet von der Hoffnung, dass sie eine Alternative zur Sterbehilfe bieten kann, sofern sie weiter ausgebaut und besser finanziert wird. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die in verschiedenen Studien aufgezeigte Bedeutung der Begriffe Würde und Selbstbestimmung für die Einstellung der Bevölkerung zu Sterbehilfe, Suizidbeihilfe und Patientenverfügungen. Das Potential und die noch zu gering ausgebauten Strukturen der Palliativmedizin werden zunehmend erkannt. Demgegenüber erschwert das mangelnde Wissen um die Sterbehilfe-Terminologie und die rechtlichen Grundlagen der Therapiebegrenzung und Patientenverfügungen eine Diskussion um die Sterbehilfe auch auf fachlicher Ebene. (shrink)

BackgroundThe spread of COVID-19 has disrupted the lifestyles of the world’s population. In the workplace, the pandemic has affected all sectors and has changed the way work is organized and carried out. The health sector has been severely impacted by the pandemic and has faced enormous challenges in maintaining healthcare services while providing care to those infected by the virus. At the heart of this battle, healthcare managers were key players in ensuring the orchestration of operations and the physical and (...) mental availability of employees during the crisis. Although few studies have been conducted to identify organizational practices or leadership skills to be adopted in a crisis context, the concrete behaviors of managers have not been documented yet. Therefore, this study aims at filling this gap by studying middle managers’ behaviors facing COVID-19 crisis in the healthcare sector.MethodsUsing a qualitative approach, eight focus groups were conducted online during the pandemic with 37 middle managers from the healthcare community of a Quebec health establishment from April to June 2020. Thematic analyses were conducted, and a mixed-methods approach was used to analyse the data based on Viitala’s hierarchical model of management skills.ResultsBased on the six managerial skills proposed in the model of Viitala, 21 specific management behaviors were identified as having been deployed by middle managers at the beginning of the pandemic. Considering that the health sector has been profoundly shaken by this health crisis, in addition to being an environment likely to experience other crises, managers need to develop practical skills in various crisis management situations. Thus, the results guide practitioners by highlighting the importance of team-oriented management behaviors, especially in a crisis context. (shrink)

Les témoignages archéologiques, épigraphiques et littéraires concordent sur ce point : contrairement aux étages, les structures souterraines sont très rares dans l'habitat antique. À Délos, ce sont d'ailleurs des demi sous-sols, qui profitent d'un terrain en pente. On connaît davantage de véritables sous-sols ou caves à Mégare, Olbia Pontique et Rhodes, pour diverses raisons qui sont examinées ici. Ces sous-sols servent de magasins, pour du vin ou d'autres denrées.

La publication de 49 balles de fronde inscrites, provenant de la coll. Froehner, entrée au Cabinet des Médailles de Paris, utilise les remarques et les lectures de Froehner. 14 balles sont attribuables à des chefs rhodiens, 12 à des Athéniens, 2 sont supposées béotiennes, 3 corcyréennes ; 6 se rapportent aux campagnes des princes macédoniens ou de leurs successeurs ; les autres sont d'origine diverse ou indéterminée.

Οἱ λίθοι τῆς Δήλου, ὅπως καί ἄλλες ὁμάδες ἐπιγραφών πού ἔχουν ἤδη μελετηθεί καλύτερα, ἀποκαλύπτουν πολλούς ἀρχιτεκτονικούς τεχνικούς ὅρούς, άγνωστους ἤ πού χρησιμοποιοῦνται σπάνια. Πρόκειται γιά λέξεις πού προσδιορίζουν μέρη θυρυῶν καί πιό εἰδικά τά ὑπέρθυρα καί τούς παραστάτες, πού ἐξετάζονται ἐδῶ · προσπαθούμε συγχρόνως νά διακρίνουμε παραλλαγές στήν ἔννοια. Μέ αὐτά τά παραδείγματα θά θέλαμε νά ἀποδείξουμε, γενικώτερα, τό ἑνδιαφέρον πού ἔχει ἕνα ἑλληνικό ἀρχιτεκτονικό λεξιλόγιο στήν προσπάθεια νά λυθοῦν προβλήματα ἑρμηνείας πού ἐμφανίζονται διαρκῶς.

RésuméSoixante‐cinq ans après sa publication, la controverse que l'article #Einstein, Podolsky et Rosen suscita à propos de I'image de l'univers physique suggérée par le formalisme de la théorié quantique n'est pas close. Elle oppose une minorité«localiste», petit cercle de physiciens réalistes partisans de la localitéd’ Einstein, á une majorité«non localisten» adepte – non uniformément, cependant – des prédictions non locales de la thhrie quantique et de l'Interprétation dite positiviste de Copenhague érigée principalement sur la philosophie de Bohr et de Heisenberg.Les (...) arguments, les modèles avands par des physiciens de ces deux camps philosophiques et les tests expkrimentaux, passb ou futurs, destinb depuis les InBgalités de Bell à trancher cette controverse sont présidera à la lumière de I'enjeu percu par une minorité d'entre eux: quelle définition du réalisme physique: Locale on non‐locale, présidera à la construction de l'«image du monde», requise par la théorie quantique? (shrink)