O presente artigo começa por mostrar até que ponto a influência cultural derivada da publicação, em 1927, de Sein und Zeit de Martin Heidegger contagiou também o campo psicopatológico, tendo sido especialmente Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966) quem colheu e transferiu estes conteúdos filosóficos para o campo psiquiátrico. A autora salienta que enquanto Heidegger se ocupava com os aspectos ontológicos do ser, Binswanger se interessava particularmente pelos aspectos ônticos, factuais do ser, ou melhor, pela presença humana que se exprime mediante a sua (...) estrutura a priori de ser-no-mundo e de ser-com. O artigo mostra também até que ponto ao homo natura das ciências positivistas e da psicanálise Binswanger contrapoõe o homo existentia, superando dessa forma a dicotomia sujeito-objecto. Finalmente, coincidindo a nossa existência com a nossa possibilidade de ser no mundo, ou seja, de nos exprimirmos no mundo, o artigo mostra ainda até que ponto os conceitos de são e de doente constituem duas categorias que pertencem ao mesmo mundo, ou seja, ao mesmo modo de estar no mundo, pelo que da antropoanálise se pode dizer ela não fazer uma distinção de fundo entre a saúde e a doença. /// The present article seeks to demonstrate to what degree the publication of Heidegger's Sein und Zeit in 1927 had a cultural influence that extended to the field of psychopathology. It was particularly Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966) who received and then transferred the work's philosophical contents into the domain of psychiatry. The author underscores the fact that, while Heidegger was concerned with the ontological aspects of being, Binswanger focused his interest on the ontical, factual dimension of being, i. e., on the human presence expressed in his a priori structure as being-in-the-world and as being-with. The article also demonstrates the degree to which the homo natura conceived in the positive sciences and psychoanalysis can be countered by Biswanger's concept of homo existentia, that overcomes the subject/object dichotomy. Finally, recognizing the coincidence of our existence with our possibility of being, i. e., of expressing the world, the article endeavors to show how the concepts of healthy and sick constitute categories belonging to the same world. It is thus that anthropoanalysis can be said to make no fundamental distinction between the two aforesaid concepts. (shrink)

In this article we will present the Conjoint Family Drawing, a graphic-interactive tool developed to evaluate family relationships. This tool allows an analytical and clinical evaluation of families and their relationships while facilitating the understanding of the overall family functioning through a synthetic coding system which distinguishes families from each other. First of all, a presentation of the analytical coding system is provided; such system consists of a grid, formed by two distinct levels of observation: the analysis of the product, (...) which, in turn focuses on two levels, the global-familiar one and the individual one, and the analysis of the drawing process, which is made up of the observations of family interactions at the individual and group level. Consistently with our objectives and the theoretical and methodological literature on family drawing in its various forms and ways of implementation, 10 indicators for product analysis and 9 indicators for process analysis have been identified. A sample of 117 Conjoint Family Drawings was analyzed in order to verify the coding system’s applicability and effectiveness. The sample was constituted according to a convenience criterion. Following, a computing system was developed to allow the investigation of the overall family functioning through three steps: the analysis of the frequency distribution of each indicator, in order to verify the non-determinability rates and the distribution of the different answer options; a two-step cluster analysis, to determine homogeneous groups of Conjoint Family Drawings and identify, within each cluster, the indicators and answer modalities that mostly affect the clusters’ aggregation itself; the development of a synthetic system to code the Conjoint Family Drawing, beginning with the indicators that define the typological profiles of the clusters obtained. The synthetic system was developed through a summative and logical-combinatorial method, merging the most discriminating and clinically significant coding items, that is, those that are best associable to specific ways of family functioning. Seven family types emerged from these analyses: families characterized by optimal functioning, families characterized by adequate functioning, families characterized by chaotic functioning, families characterized by fragile paternity, families characterized by separate functioning, families with multiproblematic functioning and residual families. The characteristics of these family types will be outlined in this article. (shrink)

Frost presents an explanatory theory of reading that generalizes across several languages, based on a revised role of orthographic coding. Perceptual and psychophysical evidence indicates a decay of letter position encoding as a function of the eccentricity of letters ; this factor may account for some of the differences in the languages considered by Frost.

Lo studio nasce da due constatazioni tra loro contrastanti: la prima è che Hobbes e Locke sono considerati tra i maggiori teorici della società e dello stato laici; la seconda è che nei loro scritti è presente una decisa riserva sull’affidabilità sociale dell’ateo. Solo nel caso in cui la prima constatazione potesse essere incrinata, le posizioni di Hobbes e di Locke in tema di affidabilità sociale degli atei, ovviamente, sarebbero inscrivibili all’interno della loro filosofia politica. Ma dato che la prima (...) constatazione sembra irresistibile, la ricerca della sua compatibilità con la seconda va condotta in un livello di discorso diverso da quello della filosofia politica. Attraverso un’analisi dei testi dei due filosofi e una discussione della letteratura critica al riguardo, si è cercato dunque di individuare l’ambito nel quale rintracciare le premesse in grado di dare ragione delle opinioni di Hobbes e di Locke in materia di ateo. (shrink)

Despite the remarkable advances in behavioral and brain sciences over the last decades, the mind/body (brain) problem is still an open debate and one of the most intriguing questions for both cognitive neuroscience and philosophy of mind. Traditional approaches have conceived this problem in terms of a contrast between physicalist monism and Cartesian dualism. However, since the late sixties, the landscape of philosophical views on the problem has become more varied and complex. The Multiple Realization Thesis (MRT) claims that mental (...) properties can be (or are) realized, and mental processes can be (or are) implemented by neural correlates of different kinds. Thus, MRT challenges the psychoneural type-identity theory and the corresponding reductionism. Many philosophers have acknowledged the a priori plausibility of MRT. However, the existence of empirical evidence in favor of intraspecific, human multiple realizations of mental processes and properties is still controversial. Here we illustrate some cases that provide empirical evidence in support of MRT. Recently, it has been proposed that foveal agnosic vision, like peripheral vision, can be restored by increasing object parts’ spacing (Strappini et al., 2017a; Crutch and Warrington, 2007). Agnosic fovea and normal periphery are both limited by crowding, that impairs object recognition, and provides the signature of visual integration. Here we define a psychological property of restored object identification and we cross-reference the data of visually-impaired patients with different etiologies. In particular, we compare the data of two stroke patients, two patients with posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), six cases of strabismic amblyopia, and one case with restored sight. We also compare these patients with unimpaired subjects tested in the periphery. We show that integration (i.e. restored recognition) seems to describe quite accurately the visual performance in all these cases. While the patients have different etiologies and different neural correlates, the unimpaired subjects have no neural damage. Thus similarity in the psychological property given the differences in the neural substrate can be interpreted in relation to MRT and provide evidence in its support. Finally, we will frame our contribution within the current debate concerning MRT providing new and compelling empirical evidence. (shrink)

BackgroundInformed consent forms for clinical research are several and variable at international, national and local levels. According to the literature, they are often unclear and poorly understood by participants. Within the H2020 project CORBEL—Coordinated Research Infrastructures Building Enduring Life-science Services—clinical researchers, researchers in ethical, social, and legal issues, experts in planning and management of clinical studies, clinicians, researchers in citizen involvement and public engagement worked together to provide a minimum set of requirements for informed consent in clinical studies.MethodsThe template was (...) based on a literature review including systematic reviews and guidelines searched on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, NICE, SIGN, GIN, and Clearinghouse databases, and on comparison of templates gathered through an extensive search on the websites of research institutes, national and international agencies, and international initiatives. We discussed the draft versions step-by-step and then we referred to it as the “matrix” to underline its modular character and indicate that it allows adaptation to the context in which it will be used. The matrix was revised by representatives of two international patient groups.ResultsThe matrix covers the process of ensuring that the appropriate information, context and setting are provided so that the participant can give truly informed consent. It addresses the key topics and proposes wording on how to clarify the meaning of placebo and of non-inferiority studies, the importance of individual participants’ data sharing, and the impossibility of knowing in advance how the data might be used in future studies. Finally, it presents general suggestions on wording, format, and length of the information sheet.ConclusionsThe matrix underlines the importance of improving the process of communication, its proper conditions (space, time, setting), and addresses the participants’ lack of knowledge on how clinical research is conducted. It can be easily applied to a specific setting and could be a useful tool to identify the appropriate informed consent format for any study. The matrix is mainly intended to support multicentre interventional randomized clinical studies, but several suggestions also apply to non-interventional research. (shrink)

This article aims at proposing the construct of living and working together in organizations as an interpretation and tool proposed in a Juvenile Criminal Mediation Service, in order to highlight how important it was as a turning point in activating the working group's reflexive function as far as their sense of belonging, otherness, culture of diversity, and work subject matter are concerned and start an important transformation process in the very service delivery. Our proposal finds its roots in a follow-up (...) experience regarding the aforementioned service, which has been taking place for almost three years. It was structured in three different phases: a research phase evaluating process and results of the activity that was carried out; a phase of monitoring the mediation practice; a research-action phase in a clinical perspective on the working group's operating mode. The leverage of living and working together in organizations is specifically proposed as far as this last working phase is concerned, las... (shrink)

In heterologous artificial insemination, the donation of gametes from a third person allows infertile and same-sex couples to become parents. Therefore, the child is genetica...