Cyberspace is the non-physical space by which the whole world is connected. Cyberspace is made possible by the inventions of the computer and the internet. With this interconnectivity comes danger and fear as well. In this non-physical space, people never know what could be happening on the other end. Someone at this moment could be trying to get into the nation's computer infrastructure to plan an attack against America. However, the organization of the government, cooperation with other countries, and the (...) awareness of citizens combine to help to greatly to relieve some of the fear of the possibility of cyber attack. (shrink)

The European Union (EU) has developed a vast body of environmental law, relying on a treaty title setting out normatively and descriptively complex environmental principles and approaches, as well as on those parts of the treaties focusing on the internal market. This chapter provides some introductory insights into EU environmental law. It explores that the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) shows the potential of an approach to governance that sets environmental norms in a collaborative, problem‐solving forum beyond the face of legislation. (...) The chapter shows harmonization is not a straightforward category in EU environmental law. Much was made of the decentralization and local or national flexibility in the predecessor to the IED. By comparison, the IED places greater emphasis on the mandatory application of EU‐wide environmental standards. However, both the initial decentralization and the recentralization are highly ambiguous. (shrink)