Our view is that fundamental appetitive and defensive motivation systems evolved to mediate a complex array of adaptive behaviors that support the organism’s drive to survive—defending against threat and securing resources. Activation of these motive systems engages processes that facilitate attention allocation, information intake, sympathetic arousal, and, depending on context, will prompt tactical actions that can be directed either toward or away from the strategic goal, whether defensively or appetitively determined. Research from our laboratory that measures autonomic, central, and somatic (...) reactions when processing emotional scenes is described which indicates that motivationally relevant cues, whether appetitive or defensive, capture attention preferentially, prompt enhanced perceptual processing and information gathering, and occasion metabolic arousal that mobilizes the organism for coping actions. (shrink)

The influence of Napoleon Bonaparte on the Ecole Polytechnique has long been a matter for debate. In this article, the extent of this influence is illustrated, together with resistance within the school itself to Napoleon's attempts to bend it to his own will and use it for purposes of military adventure. Manuscript material, including Napoleon's own private plans for the reorganization of the school, is reproduced to throw light on his intentions and his own attitudes to education.

Political difficulties and adverse working conditions during the Restoration period obliged many French scientists and technologists to seek employment elsewhere. Lamé and Clapeyron made the most of their years of exile, and in this paper their contribution to the development of Russian engineering is studied, together with their work for the future of French industry. Their scientific and technological research is also considered. Archival sources throw new light on the significance of their ten years in Russia.

In this article an attempt is made to determine what financial support was given between 1790 and 1815 to some of the principal French scientific institutions situated in Paris. Systematic budgeting was not established until after 1815, so it has not been possible to provide a complete picture of development. The financial and economic background have been surveyed, together with some political arguments for and against investment in science and education. Eight institutions have been chosen as representative of the general (...) situation, and archive sources have been studied to provide, as far as possible, an analysis of their varying budgets. This gives an indication of government attitudes to the financing of science. (shrink)

The facilities provided for practical teaching at the Ecole Polytechnique, at the time of its foundation and during the Napoleonic period, have been the subject for much research and conjecture. Documents are discussed and presented which throw light on the actual situation, the number of laboratories, their equipment and apparatus, and the amount of practical instruction provided for the students.

This paper is based on manuscripts found in the Archives du service historique de la marine, Vincennes, France. Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait visited England in 1790 with his colleague Daniel Lescallier , and was much impressed by England's superior naval organization. He was persuaded that the only way to defeat the old enemy was by invasion, and for several years he tried to convince Bonaparte of the necessity for action. Forfait dedicated himself to the planning and organization of an invasion fleet which (...) was never used. In the Appendix, documents are reproduced to illustrate military plans and Bonaparte's relationship with Forfait; others throw light on life in the French ports during this turbulent period of history. (shrink)

This paper is based on the discovery of illustrated reports by French engineers describing their visits to the British Isles between 1783 and 1790, a brief period of peace between France and England after the ending of the American War of Independence. The manuscript reports are in the library of the Paris École des ponts et chaussées, which began to send students to Britain in the 1780s, but the engineers studied were of mature years and already well qualified. Two of (...) them, in fact, were the marine engineers Forfait and Lescallier, who brought samples and materials back to France for testing and experiment. They all wrote in great detail of what they had seen, and this included the coastline, ports and arsenals as well as industry. The reports are significant for the wealth of information they contain, which would be of immense value to a hostile power. The reasons for their being in the Ponts et chaussées library are considered. We examine the origins of that school, the engineers who came, their careers, their particular expertise, why they came to Britain, and the reports of their findings. Tables of contents of these are provided in section 10, together with representative or especially meaningful exerpts. (shrink)