Reichenbachian approaches to indexicality contend that indexicals are "token-reflexives": semantic rules associated with any given indexical-type determine the truth-conditional import of properly produced tokens of that type relative to certain relational properties of those tokens. Such a view may be understood as sharing the main tenets of Kaplan's well-known theory regarding content, or truth-conditions, but differs from it regarding the nature of the linguistic meaning of indexicals and also regarding the bearers of truth-conditional import and truth-conditions. Kaplan has criticized these (...) approaches on different counts, the most damaging of which is that they make impossible a "logic of demonstratives". The reason for this is that the token-reflexive approach entails that not two tokens of the same sentential type including indexicals are guaranteed to have the same truth-conditions. In this paper I rebut this and other criticisms of the Reichenbachian approach. Additionally, I point out that Kaplan's original theory of "true demonstratives" is empirically inadequate, and claim that any modification capable of accurately handling the linguistic data would have similar problems to those attributed to the Reichenbachian approach. This is intended to show that the difficulties, no matter how real, are not caused by idiosincracies of the "token-reflexive" view, but by deep facts about indexicality. (shrink)

Descriptive semantic theories purport to characterize the meanings of the expressions of languages in whatever complexity they might have. Foundational semantics purports to identify the kind of considerations relevant to establish that a given descriptive semantics accurately characterizes the language used by a given individual or community. Foundational Semantics I presents three contrasting approaches to the foundational matters, and the main considerations relevant to appraise their merits. These approaches contend that we should look at the contents of speakers’ intuitions; at (...) the deep psychology of users and its evolutionary history, as revealed by our best empirical theories; or at the personal-level rational psychology of those subjects. Foundational Semantics II examines a fourth view, according to which we should look instead at norms enforced among speakers. The two papers aim to determine in addition the extent to which the approaches are really rival, or rather complementary. (shrink)

Sin ningún afán polémico, el presente artículo aspira a presentar algunos rasgos de Menéndez Pelayo, que puedan legitimar su caracterización como filósofo ; faceta esta, quizá, la menos vistosa de este gran historiador y crítico, incansable lector y escritor fecundo. Rastreando sus obras más específicas sobre el particular, se expone su pensamiento al respecto, no solo para saber como entiende los conceptos filosóficos más básicos, sino también para ver la posibilidad de enmarcarlo en alguna corriente filosófica que admita su clasificación.

Espino, Santamaria, and Garcia-Madruga (2000) report three results on the time taken to respond to a probe word occurring as end term in the premises of a syllogistic argument. They argue that these results can only be predicted by the theory of mental models. It is argued that two of these results, on differential reaction times to end-terms occurring in different premises and in different figures, are consistent with Chater and Oaksford's (1999) probability heuristics model (PHM). It is argued that (...) the third finding, on different reaction times between figures, does not address the issue of processing difficulty where PHM predicts no differences between figures. It is concluded that Espino et al.'s results do not discriminate between theories of syllogistic reasoning as effectively as they propose. (shrink)

Al elegir el tema de «Hermenéutica y responsabilidad» como núcleo central de los VII Encuentros Internacionales de Filosofía en el Camino de Santiago, la Sociedad Interuniversitaria de Filosofía (SIFA) quiso mostrar el compromiso perenne de la filosofía con la realidad humana. Una realidad sometida a profundas transformaciones que deben ser examinadas para valorar su oportunidad y sus fines. Tal como expresa el subtítulo de este Simposio Internacional, la SIFA acordó rendir un homenaje al filósofo francés Paul Ricoeur, quien fatigado y (...) convaleciente de una reciente enfermedad, realizó un notable esfuerzo para estar con nosotros. Contraviniendo los prudentes consejos de sus médicos, pronunció la conferencia inaugural. En el transcurso de la edición del presente libro llegó la noticia del fallecimiento del maestro, el 20 de mayo de 2005. Santiago de Compostela fue la última ciudad europea a la que Ricoeur se desplazó para participar en una reunión científica internacional. (shrink)

In this 2004 book, Noah Lemos presents a strong defense of the common sense tradition, the view that we may take as data for philosophical inquiry many of the things we ordinarily think we know. He discusses the main features of that tradition as expounded by Thomas Reid, G. E. Moore and Roderick Chisholm. For a long time common sense philosophers have been subject to two main objections: that they fail to give any non-circular argument for the reliability of memory (...) and perception; and that they pick out instances of knowledge without knowing a criterion for knowledge. Lemos defends the appeal to what we ordinarily think we know in both epistemology and ethics and thus rejects the charge that common sense is dogmatic, unphilosophical or question-begging. Written in a clear and engaging style, this book will appeal to students and philosophers in epistemology and ethics. (shrink)

A stochastic version of the Noether theorem is derived for systems under the action of external random forces. The concept of moment generating functional is employed to describe the symmetry of the stochastic forces. The theorem is applied to two kinds of random covariant forces. One of them generated in an electrodynamic way and the other is defined in the rest frame of the particle as a function of the proper time. For both of them, it is shown the conservation (...) of the mean value of a random drift momentum. The validity of the theorem makes clear that random systems can produce causal stochastic correlations between two faraway separated systems, that had interacted in the past. In addition possible connections of the discussion with the Ives Couder’s experimental results are remarked. (shrink)

A lexicografia constitui, na atualidade,uma ãrea de estudos lingüísticos que, fundamentadana observação das necessidades dos usuários,mostra novas orientações no sentido de satisfazê-las. A idéia de elaborar um dicionário noqual as palavras se encontrem organizadas deacordo com seus múltiplos enlaces, tanto paradigmáticosquanto sintagmáticos, e ao qual o consulente,premido por problemas de esquecimento oude desconhecimento lexical, recorra com o objetivode encontrar a expressão exata de um conteúdoque queira vincular, além de constituir-se numprojeto extremamente ousado, certamente preencheráuma lacuna e representará um significativoavanço no (...) mundo lexicográfico. (shrink)

ABSTRACTIn recent years, with Europe witnessing its worst refugee crisis since the Second World War, the process of applying for asylum in a foreign country has become the focus of numerous studies and research programs. The aim of the present article is to explore the subject through a case study of the issues and complexities surrounding the interpreting and translation services offered by the Spanish Asylum and Refugee Office. The data is based on two surveys: the first focused on the (...) professionals’ views of the role of translators and interpreters, and the second on translators and interpreters working in the field of international protection. The findings obtained from these studies may prove useful for improving the various interpreting and translation training programs and services that are crucial for managing the refugee crisis and the multiple problems associated with it. (shrink)

O presente texto pretende analisar o instituto da mediação, através de uma leitura dialogada com o pensamento waratiano expresso na obra A ciência jurídica e seus dois maridos, enfatizando a postura dual que aquele instituto pode assumir, quando, de um lado pretender a sistematização normativa e, de outro, relegar tal normatização para reforçar o foco na alteridade, visando a transformação dos conflitos e resgatando a sensibilidade. No intuito de se verificar essa postura dual, formulou-se o seguinte problema de pesquisa: A (...) sistematização do instituto da mediação de conflitos, pode assumir o perfil de Theodoro, afastando o viés Vadinho, como referido por Warat na obra A ciência jurídica e seus dois maridos? Visando responder ao problema proposto, o trabalho tem por objetivo geral discutir a sistematização normativa da mediação a partir do pensamento waratiano. E, por objetivos específicos: a) estudar as faces dos conflitos; b) o instituto da mediação e suas escolas; c) estudar a mediação por meio da perspectiva waratiana e, da obra A ciência jurídica e seus dois maridos e, sua sistematização normativa para o tratamento dos conflitos. Já o aprofundamento teórico do estudo pauta-se na pesquisa bibliográfica, consubstanciada nas leituras de diversas obras legadas por Luis Alberto Warat, apoiando-se em um método dedutivo. Existem muitos modelos de mediação, entretanto, a mediação proposta por Luis Alberto Warat ressalta o resgate da sensibilidade, visando restabelecer os vínculos esmagados pelos conflitos, reconhecendo as diferenças e promovendo a alteridade, afastando assim, uma rigidez normativa para identificar um perfil mais solto, mais Vadinho. (shrink)

The main objectives of the present paper is to present the difference between the prudent and the unscrupulous in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, or even try to understand if these two moral types differ only morally, or also rationally. It must be subjected, to this end, with: a) the presentation of prudence, cleverness and unscrupulousness; b) the presentation of the intellectual dispositions that accompany prudence, sýnesis, gnóme and noûs; c) an analysis about these dispositions: if they are actually dispositions or intellectual (...) capacities. (shrink)

Farmers in Andean communities depend on complex farming systems that combine native and introduced crops, production for subsistence, and production for the market. Home to the well-known potato, the Andean region is also the native place of hundreds of lesser known varieties of tubers such as oca, ulluco, and mashua. Using data from interviews and field observation in the Peruvian community of Picol, we describe the economic and social relevance of these tuber crops in the context of the local farming (...) system. A cross-case comparison of households is used to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status and the allocation of family resources. We also explore how different agricultural practices relate to the biodiversity of indigenous tuber crops. (shrink)

We examine the role of working memory's central executive in the mental model explanation of propositional reasoning by using two working memory measures: the classical “reading span” test by Daneman and Carpenter (1980) and a new measure. This new “reasoning span” measure requires individuals to solve very simple anaphora problems, and store and remember the word solution in a growing series of inferential problems. We present one experiment in which we check the involvement of the central executive in conditional and (...) disjunctive inference tasks and compare predictions of the new reasoning span test with those of the classical reading span test. The results of the experiment confirm that reasoning responses, which according to mental model theory require high cognitive work, are predicted by working memory measures. Results also show that some reasoning responses are probably obtained by means of superficial biases or strategies that do not load working memory. The reasoning span test, which involves the central executive to a greater degree, predicts reasoning performance better than the reading span test. The significance and possibilities of the new measure in studying reasoning are discussed. (shrink)

The United Nations World Tourism Organization has acknowledged 2020 as the worst year in tourism history due to the worldwide pandemic COVID-19. Destinations, tourists, local communities, stakeholders, and residents, and their daily activities were affected. Thus, wellbeing and resilience are two crucial variables to help the industry and the people recover. This research aims to analyze early positive approaches and attitudes to respond to the negative impact of COVID-19 in tourism everyday activities that have at its core wellbeing and resilience, (...) the two main variables of the Positive Psychology field of studies. A systematic literature review was conducted, following PRISMA guidelines to achieve this aim. The research was done using the Online Knowledge Library and all the available databases. The research led to 32 articles that were screened using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 18 scientific articles met all criteria. Overall, results show that a positive and resilient approach to deal with the adverse outcomes of the pandemic is a concern for stakeholders and the future of the organizations in the tourism and hospitality sector, as is tourists’ wellbeing. However, less research has been done on wellbeing and a clear lack of research regarding residents’ wellbeing and resilience is evident. A deeper study of wellbeing and resilience in tourism is needed, and actual practices and interventions to ensure that all tourism actors have the resources to overcome the pandemic and restart the industry’s daily lives feeling well and safe. (shrink)

Publics are key stakeholders in population genomic screening and their perspectives on ethical considerations are relevant to programme design and policy making. Using semi-structured interviews, we explored social views and attitudes towards possible future provision of personalised genomic risk information to populations to inform prevention and/or early detection of relevant conditions. Participants were members of the public who had received information on their personal genomic risk of melanoma as part of a research project. The focus of the analysis presented here (...) is participants’ views regarding ethical considerations relevant to population genomic screening more generally. Data were analysed thematically and four key themes related to ethical considerations were identified: personal responsibility for health: ‘forewarned is forearmed’; perceptions of, and responses to, genetic fatalism; implications for parenting and reproduction; divided views on choosing to receive genomic risk information. Ethical considerations underlying these themes include the valorisation of information and choice, paternalism, non-directiveness and increasing responsibilisation of individuals in health and healthcare. These findings arguably indicate a thin public conceptualisation of population genomic testing, which draws heavily on how these themes tend to be described in existing social discourses. Findings suggest that further public engagement is required to increase complexity of debate, to consider the appropriate place of individual and social interests in population genomic testing. Further discernment of relevant ethical approaches, drawing on ethical frameworks from both public health and clinical settings, will also assist in determining the appropriate implementation of population genomic screening for complex conditions. (shrink)